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HARVARD UNIVERSITY

Library of the

Museum of

Comparative Zoology

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE
Vol. XCII, No. 1

THE LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA

By Theodore E. White

With Fourteen Plates

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

November, 1942

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NOtf 20 3842

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No. 1. — The Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida
By Theodore E. White

TABLE OF CONTEXTS

Palaeontology

a. Preface .

b. Systematic list

c. Summary
Geology .

a. Local details

b. Paleogeography

c. Environment

d. Conclusions .

e. Geological literature

page

1. PALAEONTOLOGY

PREFACE

In the Spring of 1931, Mr. Clarence Simpson of the Florida State
Geological Survey discovered some fragments of bone on the dump of
an abandoned well on the Raeford Thomas farm, 8 miles north of Bell
in Gilchrist Co., Florida. Later in the same year he opened a pit about
60 feet west of the old well. From this pit he obtained some vertebrate
fossils which were studied by Dr. G. G. Simpson of the American Mu-
seum of Natural History. Pure science had to give way to economic
research in the Florida Survey, however, and the work in this area was
set aside for an indefinite period. In 1938, Dr. Thomas Barbour, who
had spotted the specimens in the Museum of the Florida Survey in
Tallahassee, was given permission to continue the excavation. The
next year, accompanied by Mr. and Mrs. William E. Schevill, he
found and reopened the site and obtained some additional material.
The Museum of Comparative Zoology has worked at this locality each
year since, and plans to do so as long as the returns justify the expendi-
tures. From the beginning the Museum has enjoyed the cordial co-
operation of the Florida State Geological Survey.

4 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

I would like to call attention to Dr. Thomas Barbour's contribution
to science in this enterprise. He initiated the reopening of the quarry
and has been an enthusiastic supporter from the beginning. Credit is
due, not so much that he gambled and won, but that he continued to
gamble, in the face of adverse returns, on a project in which he had
faith, for the results of the first year's work were not reassuring, nor
were those of the second. It was not till the third year that the richness
of the deposit and the scientific value of the fauna became apparent.
In 1940 Dr. Barbour bought forty acres of land about the location of
the excavation on the Thomas Farm from the Georgia Loan and Trust
Co. in Macon, Georgia, which years ago had foreclosed a mortgage on
the property. This land has now been deeded to the University of
Florida at Gainesville under certain stipulations concerning its use by
representatives of Harvard University, the University of Florida, or
the State Geological Survey. Acknowledgment is also due to the Com-
mittee on the Milton Fund of Harvard University as well as to those
of the Marsh Fund and the Bache Fund of the National Academy of
Sciences for grants which have cared for part of the expenses in connec-
tion with the excavations and the preparation of the material.

Many helpful suggestions on the local geology and the paleogeo-
graphy have been given by Prof. P. E. Raymond, Mr. H. C. Stetson,
and Mr. Frank Whitmore.

The intelligent observations of specimens during preparation have
made Mr. Russell Olsen's contribution very much more than an exhibi-
tion of manual skill.

The superior quality of the graphic art of Mr. Eugene N. Fischer
has portrayed the characters of the specimens much better than many
printed pages.

The citations to literature relative to the fauna are given in the text.
That prior to 1935 is given by year and letter corresponding to that in
the published bibliographies. For material written since that date full
reference is given.

SYSTEMATIC LIST

CARNIVORA

The Carnivora range in size from a small mustelid, no larger than a
weasel, to the huge Amphicyon, as large as a grizzly. To date six genera,
embracing eight species, have been identified. At least half as many
more species are represented by material which will not permit even
generic identification.

white: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA o

MUSTELIDAE

Mephititaxus ancipidens White

Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 18, p. 92, PI. 14, figs. 1 and 2, 1942.

Unfortunately no additional material referable to this species has
been found. In addition to this form, four genera of Mustelidae are
known from fragmentary material. Two of the genera are represented
by lower jaws without teeth and two by lower carnassials which cannot
fit either of the jaws. Also there are three isolated first upper molars
which may or may not represent one of the above genera.

CANIDAE
Daphaenus caroniavorus spec. nov.

Type. M.C.Z. 3727 (Plate 1, fig. 1), left M1"3.

Horizon and Locality. Lower Miocene, L. Arikareean; Thomas
Farm, Gilchrist Co., Florida.

Diagnosis. About the size of D. hartshornianus, protocone of M1
less well developed, paracone and metacone conical and larger, medial
portion of tooth broader, protocone and metacone of M2 vestigial,
paracone larger, medial end of tooth as broad as lateral, M3 button-like.

This species is only provisionally referred to this genus. The teeth
appear to be somewhat degenerate, and when it becomes better known
it may be necessary to erect a new genus for it.

Paradaphaenus nobilis (Simpson)

Plate 2, fig. 1 ; Plate 3

Cynodesmus nobilis Simpson. Fla. State Geol. Survey, Bull. 10, p. 17, fig. 1,
1932.

Two skulls, a nearly complete jaw, and several fragmentary jaws
are referred to this species. Except for Amphicyon this is the largest
canid yet found in the Florida Miocene. It is very nearly the same size
as Cynodesmus thooides Scott.

Paradaphaenus tropicalis spec. nov.

Type. M.C.Z. 3729 (Plate 1, fig. 2), right half of palate with
P4-M2.

6 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Paratype. M.C.Z. 3714 (Plate 4), left mandible with P4-M2.

Horizon and Locality. L. Miocene, L. Arikareean; Thomas Farm,
Gilchrist Co., Florida.

Diagnosis. One-seventh (15%) smaller than P. nobilis, protocone
and metacone of M2 better developed, hypoeone reduced.

Two skulls, a crushed rostrum, and some fragmentary jaws are
referred to this species.

I have placed these two species in this genus on the character of the
heel of Mi. Cope (1884 O, p. 900) says of Amphicyon cuspigerus: "The
inferior sectorial tooth is characterized by its great robustness; the
internal medial tubercle is much elevated, while the principal cusp is
short. The heel is wide and basin-shaped, with the inner border as
much elevated as the outer." Wortman and Matthew (1899 A, p. 129)
made this species the type of a new genus, Paradaphacnus . Scott's
figure (1895 C, PI. 1, Fig. 5) shows the entoconid of Mi as very much
smaller than the hypoconid. Since the entoconid and hypoconid are
nearly equal in nobilis and tropicalis, their affinities are with Para-
daphaenus rather than Cynodesmus. The latter genus appears to be
restricted to the Upper Miocene and the former is otherwise known
only from the Upper John Day.

Amphicyon intermedius White

Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 18, p. 32, pi. 3-4, 1940.

Skeletal material and isolated teeth are the only additional material
referable to this species. Its affinities are somewhat confused by the
combination of advanced and seemingly retarded characters.

Amphicyon longiramus spec. nov.

Type. M.C.Z. 3919 (Plate 5), right mandible with P2-M2.

Horizon and Locality. L. Miocene, L. Arikareean; Thomas Farm,
Gilchrist Co., Florida.

Diagnosis. Size and proportions very close to the jaws with skull
referred by Matthew (1924 C) to A. sinapius, Pi and M3 single rooted,
M3 with groove in the outer side of root but not on the inner side, P4
with heel and accessory cusp, two mental foramina.

white: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA

Measurements

Length, condyle to incisors

328

" Pi to M3

153

" Mi

" M2

diastema C to Pi

P,-P2

P2-P3

Depth of jaw at posterior border of M2

This species is about one fourth larger than the preceding, and differs
from it also in the double rooted P2 and in the single rooted M3.

In dental characters, in size, and in the relative proportions this
form is difficult to distinguish from the jaws from the Snake Creek
beds referred by Matthew (1924 C) to A. sinapins Matthew, and per-
haps does not merit specific designation.

One of the peculiar features of this individual is that P4 developed
but failed to erupt. The tip is gone from the tooth and perhaps was
injured while the tooth was forming.

This genus presents many of the characteristics of being a hyper-
pituitary Daphacnus. In fact, size is the principal character which
separates the two genera. It seems to me that M3 of Daphaenodon is
too much reduced for that genus to stand intermediate between
Daphaenus and A mphicyon. It is more logical that it should be inter-
mediate between Daphacnus and Cy nodes mm.

Xothocyon insularis spec. nov.

Type. M.C.Z. 3812 (Plate 1, fig. 3), right P4"2.

Referred Material. Portion of left maxilla with P4, an isolated un-
erupted M1, and a left mandible with Mi.

Horizon and Locality. L. Miocene, L. Arikareean; Thomas Farm,
Gilchrist Co., Florida.

Diagnosis. A large species of Nothocyon, metaconule of M1-2 well
developed, hypocone of M1 conical with faint ridge anteriorly and pos-
teriorly, hypocone of M2 elongate antero-posteriorly, postero-lateral
angle of M2 nearly a right angle and not obtuse as Tomarctns. The
lower jaw referred to this species is rather slender and lightly built.
The first molar is the only tooth preserved but the distribution of the

8 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

sockets indicate that the anterior premolars were spaced. The cusps
of Mi do not differ from those of Tomarctus.

Measurements

M1 M2

Length x Width 11.3x13.5 7.5x10.8

This species is provisionally referred to Nothocyon because of the
spacing of the first and second molars, the quadrangular M2, and the
conical hypocone on M1. It may eventually prove to be a primitive
species of Tomarctus. It is well advanced toward that genus, however,
but in nearly all species of that genus the postero-lateral angle of M2
approaches one-hundred and thirty-five degrees. This species is about
the same size as Tomarctus thomsoni, but M1 is much narrower medially.

Tomarctus canavus (Simpson)

Plate 2, fig. 2; Plate 6

Cynodesmus canavus Simpson. Fla. State Geol. Survey, Bull 10, p. 19, fig. 4,
1932.

A crushed skull with P4 to M1 of both sides, a right mandible (M.C.Z.
3628) with P2 to Mi, and a jaw fragment with P4-M1 are referred to
this species.

This form is only slightly larger than T. thomsoni but does not have
the broad medial end of M1 of that species. M2 is missing but the
sockets indicate that the postero-lateral angle of this tooth is the
greatest in this form of any of the species of Tomarctus. In the lower
jaw the premolars are spaced as in Nothocyon and probably were in the
upper jaw.

Tomarctus thomasi White

Plate 7

Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 18, p. 94, pi. 14, fig. 3, 1941.

A crushed skull (M.C.Z. 3728) with nearly all of the teeth, a palate
with most of the teeth, and a right lower jaw (M.C.Z. 3712) with P2
to M2 are referred to this species.

This species is not much larger than the preceding (6% as indicated
by the molar-premolar length), but the individual teeth are about 12%
larger and are crowded together as in T. brevirostris. As near as can be
determined from the crushed skull with unworn teeth this species is
very close to the skulls figured by Matthew (1924 C) and referred to
T. brevirostris.

white: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA

It seems reasonable to suppose that Matthew (1930 E) had the
species thomsoni and minor in mind when he placed Cynodesmus

Cams oorophayus

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s

PiiocLjon

Aelur

'odon

Ostec

Sorus

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i

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Cunoa

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Lcuon

Paradcji

?/?aenus

Tomai

-ctus

DaphaenoJon

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Nothc

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'enus

Fig. 1 . Diagrammatic representation of the relationships of a few genera of
American Tertiary dogs. Modified from Matthew (1930) and, Vanderhoof
and J. T. Gregory (1940).

between Nothocyon and Tomarctus in his phylogenetic arrangement.
Since these and other species have been removed from Cynodesmus,

10 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

it has become a monotypic genus. Certainly the affinities of Cynodes-
mus thooides Seott are closer to Daphacnodon than to Nothocyon. In
the light of the recent taxonomic changes (Vanderhoof and J. T.
Gregory, Univ. Calif. Bull. Dept. Geol. Sei., 25, p. 160, 1940; and White,
Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 18, p. 95, 1941.) it seems desirable to
make some modifications in the graphic representation of the relation-
ship of these genera. See Text fig. 1, which is modified from Mat-
thew (1930 E) and Vanderhoof and J. T. Gregory (ibid, p. 145).

Two genera, Paradaphacniis and Nothocyon, of the fossil dogs found
in this deposit are restricted to the Upper John Day and the Lower
Rosebud of the great Plains. Two species of Tomarctus are present,
one T. canavus, exhibits a less advanced character in the small size
and in the spacing of the premolars, and the other appears to be more
advanced and very similar to T. brevirostris. One of the species of
Amphicyon (A. longiramus) is very advanced and very close to A.
sinapius of the Middle and Upper Miocene. The affinities of the other
species are not altogether clear. The specimen referred to Daphaenus
appears to be somewhat degenerate and therefore worthless for corre-
lation. On the whole the Canidae exhibit a basal Miocene aspect.

ARTIODACTYLA

While there is considerable variety among the artiodactyls (eight
species and as many genera) found in these deposit, certain groups are
conspicuously absent (Entelodontidae, Merycoidodontidae, and
Agriochoeridae). Since they are so abundantly represented in the
Miocene deposits of the Plains it seems reasonable to suppose that they
did not inhabit Florida at this time. Of the artiodactyls present only
the Cervidae and the Protoceratidae are represented by more than one
specimen in each species.

TAYASSUIDAE

Floridachoerus olseni White

Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 18, p. 96, pi. 14, fig. 4, 1941.

A few isolated teeth are the only additional material of this species
found. It appears to be more advanced than Desmathyus and less so
than Prosthcnops.

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA 11

CAMELIDAE

OXYDACTYLUS FLORIDANUS Simpson

Fla. State Geol. Survey, Bull. 10, p. 35, figs. 20-21, 1932.

No additional material certainly referable to this form has been
found. Concerning the affinities of this species Simpson (1932 D, p. 16)
says: "Oxydactylus fioridanus belongs to a lower Miocene group, so far
as its affinities can now be read, and appears to be a rather advanced
member of that group. The Midway camels seem to be somewhat more
progressive, although the evidence is very poor, and this may be
illusory".

Paratylopus graxdis White

Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 18. p. 33, pi. 5, 1940.

No additional material certainly referable to this species has been
found. Isolated molars and premolars are rather common, but it is
difficult to be certain whether they belong to this form or to Oxydac-
tylus. This is the largest species of this genus known, but its affinities
are not altogether clear.

HYPERTRAGULIDAE

There are three genera of this family represented, all of which seem
to be peculiar to this deposit. The smallest and more nearly normal is
represented by a fragment of a right mandible with Dp2-3 and Mi.
It seems better to withhold a specific diagnosis until better material is
obtained.

Hypermekops genus nov.

Genotype, olseni spec. nov.

Diagnosis. A large brachyodont hypertragulid with three incisors
in the premaxillary, fourth premolar and molars similar in form to
those of Leptomeryx, P3 three rooted and probably with a median spur,
P2 double rooted, elongate entero-posteriorly and without median spur,
I1 to P1 caniniform and slightly recurved, I1 largest.

Hypermekops olseni spec. nov.

Type. M.C.Z. 3711 (Plate 8), a skull containing I1"2, P2 and 4, and
M1"3 of the right side, and l1 and P4 to M3 of the left side.

12 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Horizon and Locality. L. Miocene, L. Arikareean; Thomas Farm,
Gilchrist Co., Florida.

Diagnosis. Same as generic.

The skull was crushed flat when found but has been expertly re-
stored for exhibition by Mr. Russell Olsen. Fully realizing the im-
portance of this specimen, he performed this feat without disturbing
the palate from the condition in which it was received at the museum.
The bone of the anterior end of the snout was sufficiently dense and
heavy so that the crushing did not shatter the bone but mashed it
down in clean breaks which fitted together perfectly when the matrix
was removed. Consequently there can be no doubt about the restora-
tion of the end of the snout. There were good contacts for the pieces
of bone of the dorsal side of the face all of the way back to the frontal
crest. Both postorbital processes are complete so there can be no
doubt about the position of the orbits. The occiput is moderately well
preserved, and also the inferior and the antero-inferior borders of the
orbits. Taking these into consideration there can be little doubt about
the height of the frontal region of the skull.

The nasals are separated from each other and from the adjacent
bones by suture. The exact nature of the fronto-nasal suture cannot be
determined, but it appears to be W-shaped with the apices directed
posteriorly. The frontals are separated from each other by suture.

The two halves of the palate are separated by suture, but no trace
of the maxillo-premaxillary suture can be found.

The first incisor shows wear on the antero-medial and posterior sides.
This indicates that it occluded with the first and second incisors of the
lower jaw, which would enable the animal to get a firm grip on some
fleshy part of a plant, such as roots and tubers, and rip it loose. The
closed maxillo-premaxillary suture lends support to this hypothesis.
Also the bones of the snout have the same dense, polished appearance
that those in the snouts of pigs and peccaries have. However, the tip
of the snout of this form seems to be too lightly constructed for any
strenuous rooting.

The second incisor is smaller than the first and strongly recurved.
It shows no wear except on the tip. The third incisor, the canine, and
the first premolar are missing, but, judging by the sockets, they were
about half the size of the first incisor.

Mr. Olsen took very careful measurements of the palatal side of the
skull before beginning the restoration. The distances from the tip of
the snout were taken at the tip of the tooth.

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA

Condylo-basal length

Condyles to M3

Anterior border of orbit to tip of snout

M3 to tip of snout

M1 "

it a a

P2 "

t a tt

Pi «

t (( (I

C "

c a it

I3 "

t a a

I2 "

t tt tt

I1 "

i a it

To these may be

added:

Length

P2 to M3

381

130

275

251

214

185

134

114

Floridatragulus dolichantherius White
Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 18, p. 34, pi. 7, 1940.

A few isolated teeth are the only additional material referable to this
species which has been found.

Since both Hypermekops and Floridatragulus have extenuated
snouts, it seems reasonable to suppose the former to be the ancestor
of the latter, which has the longer snout. However, until we find corre-
sponding parts of both forms we cannot be sure.

The presence of all three upper incisors in Hypermekops indicates
that it developed from some Upper Eocene hypertragulid which was
able to find a satisfactory ecological niche here.

PROTOCERATIDAE
Syndyoceras australis White
Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 18, p. 97, pi. 15, 1941.

Although two additional mandibles of this form have been found
they do not greatly increase our knowledge of it. As with Protoceras
this form seems to be quite variable, and in view of the kinship of the
two genera the differences presented are probably sexual rather than
specific.

If the premolar-molar index is any indication of the degree of ad-
vancement of a species, australis is slightly less advanced than cooki.

14 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

The indices of the two species are: australis, 28/58 — 49%; and cooki,
32/61 — 52%. As far as we know this genus is restricted to the Lower
Miocene.

CERVIDAE

Machaeromeryx gilchristensis White

Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 18, p. 97, pi. 14, fig. 5, 1941.

The first and second upper molars with a fragment of the maxillary,
and a lower jaw with well worn teeth are the only additional speci-
mens of this species which have been found. The longer premolar
series would seem to indicate that this species was more advanced than
M. tragulus. This genus appears to be restricted to the Lower Miocene.

Parablastomeryx floridanus White

Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 18, p. 34, pi. 6, 1940.

Three additional lower jaws of this species have been found. Its
size is about that of P. gregorii. For comparison I have copied the
premolar-molar indices given by Frick (Bull. A.M.N.H., 69, p. 227,
1937) for the species of this genus.

<rablastomeryx gregorii

23/33

70%

olcotti

20/38

71%

primus

19.3/28

69%

falkenbachi

20/27.5

73%

schultzi

17.5/27

65%

advena

19/25.5

75%

floridanus

20/33

60%

An examination of the table shows that P. floridanus has relatively
the shortest premolar series of any species of this genus. If, as is
commonly accepted, this is any indication of the evolutionary status
of an artiodactyl species, this is the least advanced form in the genus.

A larger species is indicated by two lower jaws with Dpi-3andMi-3,
but cannot be properly diagnosed at this time.

Floridachoerus and the Camelidae are not sufficiently well known to
be of help in correlating these deposits with those of the Great Plains.
The members of the Hypertragulidae are peculiar to this deposit.
Machaeromeryx and Syndyoceras are limited to the Lower Miocene,

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA 15

and Parablastomeryx floridanus appears to be the least advanced
member of that genus. On the whole the Artiodactyla agree with the
Carnivora in the Lower Miocene age of this deposit.

PERISSODACTYLA

As yet no evidence of either tapirs or chalicotheres have been found
in the deposit on the Thomas Farm.

RHINOCEROTIDAE

The material belonging to this group has been turned over to Dr.
Horace E. Wood, 2nd for study.

EQUIDAE

Anchitherium clarencei Simpson

Fla. State Geol. Survey, Bull. 10, p. 32, figs. 18-19, 1932.

Only a single left lower jaw (M.C.Z. 3810, Plate 9) referable to this
species has been found. It bears Dpi-3 and Mi-2. This specimen does
not allow us to add anything to Simpson's analysis of this form.

Miohippus sp.

A few isolated upper cheek teeth in which the metaloph is not con-
nected to the ectoloph are referred to this genus. None show any indi-
cation of a crochet. The posterior cingulum and the metaselene are
well developed.

Parahippus blackbergi (Hay)

Plate 10

Miohippus blackbergi Hay, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 37, p. 2, pi. 1, figs. 4-5, 1924.
Archaeohippus 7ia?ius Simpson, Fla. State Geol. Survey, Bull. 10, figs. 14-15,
1932.

Mr. C. J. Hesse, of the Museum of the Texas Agricultural and
Mechanical College, has kindly loaned me his manuscript of his analy-
sis of the Archaeohipjms material from Garvin Gully. In it he suggests
that these two forms are the same. His analysis compares so well with
the Florida specimens that I see no reason for retaining them as dis-
tinct species.

Sixteen specimens, represented by a nearly complete upper dentition

16 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

of at least one side, are referred to this species. Also there are three
pairs of lower jaws and three single lower jaws. All of the tooth char-
acters are extremely variable but no one character seems to be asso-
ciated with any other sufficiently well to permit a separation. There
is a 16% variation in size but like the other characters it cannot be
associated with any other one variation. The major variations are set
forth in the accompanying table (Text fig. 2).

Crochet. The crochet, when present, is usually strong, but is not
necessarily present on all of the molars. Some of the specimens which
I indicated as being without a crochet have a slight wave in the enamel
of the metaloph which could be interpreted as an incipient crochet.
On one isolated tooth (M2?) there appears to be a slight secondary fold
on the crochet.

"Anticrochet" . I have chosen this name for a plication on the pos-
terior wall of the metaloph which is usually opposite the crochet but
its position is not fixed. Usually it is associated with the crochet but
this is not invariably the case, for one may be present without the
other.

Plications on the Metaloph. Those on the anterior wall seem to be
more or less independent of the crochet, but are usually present on the
posterior wall only when the anticrochet is absent. When present the
plications usually number two or three but may be as few as one.

Cement. When present, the cement is only a thin film, usually re-
stricted to the outside of the tooth and the deeper parts of the fossette.
The third molar always has the most cement. In the others it appears
to be restricted to the outer base of the tooth. However, this may be
due to wear. No. 3831 appears to have cement on P2~3. The presence
or absence of cement does not appear to be correlated with any par-
ticular one of the variations.

Size. Most of the specimens are very nearly the same size. Nos.
3820 and 3829, which present the greatest difference in size, are almost
identical in the other characters. No. 3829 is 16% smaller than No.
3820, but is only 5% smaller than the average, while No. 3820 is 10%
larger than the average.

Third Molar. In most of the specimens the third upper molar bears
the same size relationship to the second in this species that it does in
Parahippus leonensis. However, in some, M3 is notably smaller than
M2. Among the isolated teeth referred to Miohippvs is a single M3
which is much smaller than the molars. In view of this, in those speci-
mens in which it occurs, the small M3 of this species is probably a
holdover from the ancestral stock rather than a matter of reduction.

WHITE: LOWER MIOCEXE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA

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measurements and variations of Parahippus blackbergi

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

In the lower jaw the posterior lobe of the third molar is very little
relatively than in the next species of Parahippus found in this deposit.
Four of the lower dentitions have cement on the molars.

Protocone. In most specimens there is only a constriction between
the protocone and the protoconule, but in Nos. 3820, 3831, and 3815
the tip of the protocone is separate in a few of the teeth, usually the
premolars. This is also the case in some of the isolated teeth. Hesse
(manuscript) reports that he finds the same condition in the specimens
from Garvin Gully.

Milk Teeth. One specimen (M.C.Z. 3840, Plate 10, figs. 2 and 3) still
has the milk teeth. The protocone is large and deeply constricted from
the protoconule. The metaloph is connected to the ectoloph but shows
no plications. The hypoloph is well developed and projects into the
postfossette. The hypostyle and posterior cingulum are well developed.

Plihypostyle. Ever since the name plihypostyle was first applied to a
feature in the postfossette of horse teeth, there has been considerable
confusion regarding the homologies of structures bearing that name.
It appears to have been used, at one time or another, for any structure
in this area which could not be identified as the hypostyle. Obviously
the plihypostyle of Parahippus cf. ncbrascensis (Stirton, Journ. Mamm.,
22, p. 434, fig. 3, 1941) is not the homologue of the element bearing

Protoconule
Protocone

MQZ3922

Hupo/oph
Hypodtu/e

ocone

Fig. 3. Third upper premolar of Parahippus blackbergi (Hay) showing
hypoloph. x 2.

that name in Neohipparion cf. eurystyle (ibid, p. 435, fig. 7). By extreme
good fortune the fossil Equidae from the Thomas Farm demonstrate
the development of the principal features in this area. Some of the
specimens of P. blackbergi (Nos. 3820, 3815, and 3829), and a number
of isolated teeth, show, on unworn or little worn premolars, a high thin

white: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA 19

ridge (M.C.Z. 3922, Text fig. 3) extending from the hypocone to the
posterior cingulum near the metastyle. By all of the rules of tooth
terminology this ridge is the hypoloph and makes up the posterior half
of the metaselene. In two of the specimens (Nos. 3815 and 3829) the
metaselene is complete on one or more of the molars.

In its simplest form (P2 of No. 3815) the hypostyle is a small conical
tubercle on the posterior cingulum. However, in most cases it takes
the form of a spur, projecting postero-medially from the inner end of
the hypoloph. This condition is especially well demonstrated in the
milk teeth of Mcrychippvs paniensis and to a lesser degree in the milk
teeth of M. primus.

The hypoloph, in the form it takes in the premolars of P. blackbergi,
is present in the molars of 'P. Iconcnsis and the less progressive specimens
of M. gimteri, but this is not true of the premolars of P. Iconcnsis. In
the more progressive specimens of the latter species the postfossette
wall of the hypoloph often bears a plication near the postero-lateral
end. This appears to be homologous with the plihypostyle of Neohip-
parion cf. Eury style (ibid, p. 435, fig. 7) and for the sake of clearness
and compatibility, I propose that this name be restricted, so that it will
apply only to plications on the inner wall of the hypoloph. While this
may not be in strict accordance with the customary practice in mor-
phological names, it will make the terminology of the upper teeth
more consistent with that of the lower.

This species presents many variations which are departures, in the
direction of Parahippus, from a simple pattern similar to Miohippus.
It is possible to find all of the generic characters of the teeth of Para-
hippus in this series of specimens. The greatest number of characters
found in combination in one individual (Xo. 3S31) is four, and many
have three. These characters are:

1. Well developed crochet.

2. Plications on the anterior and posterior walls of the metaloph.

3. Protocone separate at tip.

4. Hypoloph and posterior cingulum closing the postfossette.

5. Cement on molars.

6. Height of unworn M2 at paracone only slightly less than external

length.

These characters, occurring in combinations of as many as four in
one individual, indicates that this species stands genetically very close
(and is probably ancestral) to some of the earlier species of this genus.

The simple and stable pattern of the cheek teeth presented by the
Upper Miocene species of Archaeohippus and the more complex and

20 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

highly variable character of the teeth of this species presents us with
two possibilities. Either the Florida stock retrogressed, or, the Plains
were unsuited ecologically to this stock and they remained in the vicin-
ity of the Gulf. Owing to the nature of the deposits in that area they
are recorded only in Garvin Gully. In view of the Miocene geography
of the Florida region (see that section), this stock can, at best, be only
remotely related to that of the Plains, probably only in that they have
Miohippus for a common ancestor. Consequently, to leave the Florida
and Plains stocks in the same genus is a purely artificial classification,
which defeats one of the primary purposes of taxonomy, in that it
should be an expression of the genetics of groups of animals or plants.
According to the available evidence this form is a very primitive species
of Parahippus, bridging the gap between fhat genus and Miohippus.
The weight of the characters lean more toward Parahippus than
Miohippus, and it would not simplify matters any to name a new genus
for this intermediate and highly variable form.

Parahippus barbouri spec. nov.

Type. M.C.Z. 3646, (Plate 11), a crushed skull which has been re-
stored for exhibition, M3 unworn.

Paratype. M.C.Z. 3814 (Plate 12) right lower jaw with P2 to M3.

Referred Material. M.C.Z. 3736, upper dentition lacking left M3;
and No. 3742, a well worn upper left dentition.

Horizon and Locality. L. Miocene, L. Arikareean; Thomas Farm,
Gilchrist Co., Florida.

Diagnosis. A small Parahippus with a moderately heavy coat of
cement on all cheek teeth, plications on anterior and posterior walls
of metaloph, crochet simple and usually not in contact with proto-
conule, protocone joining protoconule on all teeth by the time M3 has
begun to receive wear, postprotoconal valley open except on M1, post-
fossette may or may not be open on M1-2, external styles well developed
teeth subhy sidont.

Measurements

Number

3646

3736

3742

Length, P2~M3

' ' p2— 4

42.5

" M1"3

39.5

Width P4

17.5

" M1

16.5

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA • 21

The limited amount of material referable to this species, each show-
ing a different stage of wear, does not give us any data on the amount of
variation in the enamel pattern. The enamel pattern of this species is
very close to that of P. crenidens (Scott) from the Deep River, U.
Miocene of Montana and to P. coloradcnsis Gidley from the Pawnee
Creek Beds of Northeast Colorado. So similar are their enamel pat-
terns that it seems logical to suppose that the Florida stock persisted
till near the close of the Miocene with only a slight increase in size.

Parahippus leonensis Sellards
Plate 13, figs. 1 and 2

Eighth Ann. Report of Fla. State Geol. Survey, p. 83, pi. 11, fig. 7, pi. 13,

fig. 2-3, 1916.
Merychippus vellicans Hay, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 37, p. 7, pi. 1, figs. 18-19,

1924.

At first I referred this material to Parahippus vellicans (Hay), be-
cause most of the specimens were nearly identical with Hay's types.
However the last three skulls which have been cleaned have convinced
me that Sellard's type is an unusual varient of this population and
consequently the species must be known as P. leonensis. Only one or
two of the teeth bear the peculiar type of crochet found in the type of
P. leonensis, nor is it always on M1, but may be found on any tooth
except P2.

Mr. C. J. Hesse wrote, after examining a small series of teeth sent
him; that in his opinion the Thomas Farm and Garvin Gully popula-
tions were conspecific.

Thirty-three specimens, represented by the upper cheek tooth series
of at least one side, are referred to this species. A nearly equal number
of lower jaws probably belong here. However, none of the lower jaws
were found associated with the upper.

This species appears to embrace as wide a range of variation as
P. blackbergi. Several of the specimens exhibit characters of size and
enamel pattern suggestive of P. barbouri. It is hoped that further
excavation will complete this gap in the record. The other extreme is
with difficulty distinguishable from M. gunteri.

At first, I divided this series of specimens into three groups on the
basis of the extremes of enamel patterns. For a period of about three
weeks I reviewed them once or twice a day. Each time I shifted a few
specimens from one group to another. Since it was impossible to
make any division that would last over night, I concluded that only

22 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

one species was represented. The individuals of this species seem to
represent three groups in the population; a conservative, a progressive,
and an aberrant. The intergradation between these three groups seems
to be complete.

Cement. The amount of cement varies from a very heavy coat
(more than M . •primus) to a very thin film. The usual amount seems
to be a little less than M. primus. The third molar always has the
most cement and the first has the least.

Crochet. The crochet is usually T-shaped with the crossbar of the
T abutting against the protoconule. Sometimes it is only a V-shaped
projection on the metaloph with the apex of the V directed toward
the protoconule. Or, it may be a long narrow loop projecting between
the protocone and the hypocone.

Metaloph. Unworn or slightly worn teeth bear plications on the
anterior and posterior walls of the metaloph. Those on the posterior
wall are smaller and fewer than those on the anterior, and soon disap-
pear with wear. The plication nearest the metaconule is the strongest
and may persist as long as those on the anterior wall.

The plications on the anterior wall are usually three or four in
number, with those nearest the crochet the strongest. M3 and P2 usu-
ally have only one or two plications on the anterior wall.

Hypoloph. On the molars and sometimes on P4 the hypoloph ex-
tends from the metaconule to the posterior cingulum near the meta-
style. This is the same condition found in the premolars of P. black-
bergi. In the premolars the hypoloph projects into the posterior part
of the postfossette and does not reach the posterior cingulum. -Its
direction is more nearly lateral than postero-lateral as in the molars.
A plihypostyle may or may not be present. It is more common on the
molars than on the premolars.

Hypostyle. The unworn hypostyle is usually covered with cement,
so that its shape cannot be determined. After a small amount of wear
it is usually triangular in the molars and elliptical in the premolars,
with the long axis parallel to the hypocone. It often appears as a spur
directed postero-medially from the inner end of the hypoloph. In the
more advanced specimens the hypostyle has gained the ascendency in
growth over the hypoloph and receives wear first. It has the form of
a long narrow loph paralleling the hypocone. The inner end usually
projects into the postfossette. This projection cannot be considered
a plihypostyle because of its origin as demonstrated by this material.
Both features occur in some specimens. This condition is prophetic
of that found in M. gunteri on all teeth except M3.

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA 23

Protocone. The protocone is usually joined to the protoconule by
the time M3 has begun to receive wear. It usually, but not always,
displays a spur. There seems to be a positive correlation between the
amount of cement and the length of time which the protocone is
separate. In the two specimens with a very heavy coat of cement the
protocones are separate even though M3 has received considerable
wear.

Milk Teeth. A number of specimens show the milk dentition in
various stages of wear. No. 3759, with P1 and M1 just beginning to
receive wear, displays the characters of these teeth the best.

The enamel pattern of the milk teeth is very similar to that of the
permanent premolars. The crochet is well developed but usually does
not abutt against the protoconule, more often it is broader at the base
than at the outer end. The metaloph is connected to the ectoloph
and has plications on both walls. Those on the posterior wall dis-
appear first. Hypoloph and hypostyle are like those of the permanent
premolars. Cement absent except for a thin film on the exterior base
of two specimens.

The milk teeth of this species are very similar to a cast of the type of
Parahippus eognatus Leidy and the permanent teeth are very close to
the type of P. brcvidens (Marsh). Certainly these three species are
very close genetically and possibly should bear the same name, in
which case, they should be known as P. eognatus Leidy, since that is
the earliest available name. The scarcity of the remains of eognatus
and bremdens would lead one to believe that this stock was well past
its prime in the Upper Miocene. It does not seem unreasonable that a
stock which received its inception in the Lower Miocene should
persist with diminishing abundance till near the close of the Miocene.

Merychippus gunteri Simpson

Plate 13, fig. 3

Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 59, p. 165, fig. 10, 1930.

This species unquestionably arose #from Parahippus leonensis
Sellards. The transition between the two species is well represented
by complete dentitions. Fortunately it is still possible to set up an
arbitrary rule which will distinguish the conservative members of
this species from the progressive members of the preceding one. This
rule is:— The crochet must have joined the protoconule on M1-2 by
the time wear has exposed the principal cusps on M3 before the speci-

24 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

men can be placed in M. gunteri. At this time both species have a
height of tooth at the mesostyle on M2 of 10 mm. When the teeth of
the progressive specimens of P. leonensis are worn so that M2 has a
height of 7.5 mm at the mesostyle they display most of the characters
of M. gunteri. None of the unworn teeth of either species have a
height of crown to exceed 15 mm at the paracone.

Unfortunately the material representing this species is not plentiful ;
a badly broken skull with good teeth, a complete upper dentition of
both sides, three specimens with five cheek teeth in series, and three
with three or four teeth.

Cement. x\ll specimens have a uniformly heavy coat of cement on
the outside of the tooth, about the same as the most advanced speci-
mens of P. leonensis. M1 always has the least amount of cement in the
fossettes and M2 is next. In M3 and the premolars the fossettes are
usually nearly filled. The postprotoconal valley has less cement than
the fossettes.

Crochet. On the molars the crochet has joined the protoconule
before the tooth has received much wear, often on M1-2 before M3
has erupted. A greater amount of wear is necessary in the premolars
for these two structures to join, and apparently they never join in
P2. Usually there is only a single plicabellin and pliprotoconule but
one specimen displays two of each on M1.

Hypoloph. The hypoloph and hypostyle are very little different
from those in the premolars of P. leonensis except on M3 in which,
on most specimens, it exhibits its earlier characteristics. A plihypo-
style is often present on the premolars but is not so common on the
molars.

Metaloph. The plications on the metaloph do not differ materially
in size and distribution from those on P. leonensis, except that they
seem to persist longer in those species. One rather unusual specimen
shows five plications on the anterior wall and four on the posterior
wall of M1.

Protoeonc. The protocone always has a spur except in the early
stages of wear on P2. It usually joins the protoconule on all teeth by
the time M3 has begun to receive wear.

Milk Teeth. An isolated Dp2 seems referable to this species. The
tooth has received considerable wear but not enough to obliterate the
details. No trace of cement can be found. The crochet has joined the
protoconule and there is a suggestion of a plicabellin and a pliproto-
conule. There is one large and one small plication on the anterior
wall of the metaloph. The posterior wall is smooth. The hypoloph is

white: lower miocene mammal fauna of Florida 25

well developed and separated from the hypocone by a thin line of
enamel. The hypostyle is small and triangular in outline with the
apex directed toward the inner end of the hypoloph. The protocone
bears a spur and is separated from the protoconule by a thin line of
enamel.

It would be comparatively easy to derive the enamel pattern of
most of the species of Merychippus from that of this stock. The sim-
plest pattern exhibited is only slightly more complex than that of
M. primus and the most complex is about equal to that of M. sphenodus
(Cope) and M. calamarius (Cope). The pattern of most of the speci-
mens is about the same as that of M. secundus Osborn (if that is a
valid species). However, if, as Stirton (1940, Univ. Calif. Bull. Dept.
Geol. Sci., 25, p. 181, Footnote 12) suggests, M. secundus, tertius, and
quint us are synonyms of M. primus, the size and height of crown
become the principal differences between gunteri and primus. This
difference is sufficiently great to justify retaining them as distinct
species. Simpson (1932 D, p. 27, Footnote 5) suggests that M . gunteri
and primus arose from different species of Parahippus. In the light of
this material I believe it more likely that the latter is the descendant
of the former.

Merychippus westoni Simpson
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 69, p. 164, fig. 9, 1930.

In the material from the Thomas Farm I have not been able to
identify with certainty this species. In the isolation of the protocone
it seems to be more advanced than gunteri and probably represents a
later stage in evolution.

These horses are less advanced than those of the Middle and Upper
Miocene, although their closest relatives are found in deposits of those
ages. They appear to have very little in common with the Lower
Miocene horses of the Great Plains. On the whole they are of very
little help in correlating the age of this deposit.

Development of Tooth Form in Horses as Indicated by this Material

x\lthougb this series is far from complete, there are a sufficient
number of stages so that a moderately clear picture can be obtained.

Separation of Protocone. In P. blackbcrgi the protocone appears to
be separated from the protoconule first on P3~4. The protocone is
usually deeply constricted from the protoconule on P2 and M1 but the
tips are seldom separate. It may be separate on M1 and not on P2.

26 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Unfortunately there are no specimens showing the protoeone becoming
separated on M2-3. In the other species of Parahippus and in Mery-
chippvs the tip of the protoeone is separate in the early stages of wear.

Cement. The cement first appears on M1 or 2 in P. blackbergi. In
the cases in which it is present only on M2-3 1 cannot be certain that it
never had been on M1. It is thought to be present on the premolars of
No. 3820 but it is difficult to be certain. In the other species of Para-
hippus and in Meryckippus M1 always has the least cement and M3
has the most. Among the premolars P2 has the least and P4 the most
but none as much as M3. There seems to be a positive correlation be-
tween the amount of cement and the order of tooth succession.

Hypoloph and Hypostyle. The development of these two features
were fully treated in the consideration of P. blackbergi.

Crochet and Plications on the Metaloph. The form of these features
are fairly well catalogued under the various species. There is, how-
ever, a plausible explanation of their mode of formation based on the
embryological principal of Unequal Growth.

Both embryology and the observations of unerupted teeth show
that the durable layers of the teeth are deposited from the crown to
the base. The general form of the tooth is determined by the meso-
dermal papillae which outline in a general way the principal cusps and
lophs, which grow down (or up in the lower jaw) to meet the dental
germ and is enveloped by it. As the dental germ (enamel depositing
cells) spreads over the sides of the lophs into the fossettes the cells
must divide rather rapidly to supply the necessary amount of en-
velope. If the cell division is more rapid than necessary, or if it con-
tinues after the loph is covered, it creates more surface than there is
space to accommodate it. This internal pressure, pushing against the
already established cusps, which act as buttresses, causes the surface
to buckle and be thrown into folds. The crochet, after the metaloph
has joined the ectoloph, occurs in the logical place for the surface to
buckle from the internal pressure set up by the rapidly multiplying
cells of the dental germ layer; i.e.; at the apex of the curve of the
metaloph. The location of the "anticrochet" is determined in the
same way. That the secondary folds are formed subsequent to the
formation of the principal features is indicated by the fac1> that they
always occur in the areas of thin enamel. There are a number of un-
erupted teeth in the material from Florida in which the deposition of
enamel is complete and which contain no dentine on the inside of
the tooth. This indicates that the details of tooth form are determined
by the proliferation of the enamel depositing cells.

white: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA 27

Union of Crochet and Protoeonvlc. The embryology of the tooth
permits us to postulate the steps through which the crochet becomes
united to the protoconule.

In some specimens of P. blackbergi the crochet abuts against the
protoconule. This is true of nearly all of the specimens of the other
species of Parahippus found in Florida. The protoconule must have
been well established by the time the crochet began to form. This
resulted in the latter flattening its end against the protoconule. To
create additional space for the over abundant enamel depositing cells
the crochet became constricted at the base by the process mentioned
above. By this time the crochet is T-shaped. The crossbar of the T
in the crochet of Parahippiis becomes the plicabellin and the pliproto-
conule of Mcrychippus. Eventually the crochet came abreast of the
protoconule in its order of development and these two areas of growing
tissue met, fused, and split in the same manner as the foetal mem-
branes. I have been unable to find a statement of this principle in any
of the textbooks of embryology at hand but I think the following will
express the idea sufficiently well; "When two outpouchings of growing
tissue from the same germ layer meet, first there is a fusion of the two
surfaces, then a fission in a plane parallel to the axis of juncture but at
right angles to the plane of fusion. It seems highly probable that this
same process was involved in the union of the metaloph and ectoloph,
and also in the isolation of the protocone in Hipparion (sensu latu).

SUMMARY

Eighteen genera and twenty-two species of mammals have been
identified from the Thomas Farm in Gilchrist County, North Florida.
In order to determine the age of this deposit the closest relatives of
these species were sought in the deposits of the Great Plains. The
Artiodactyla present a decided Lower Miocene aspect. Two of the
genera are restricted to deposits of that age on the Plains. Two genera
of one family (Hypertragulidae) seem to be peculiar to the deposit in
North Florida. Among the Carnivora are two genera which did not
persist on the Plains beyond the Upper John Day - Lower Rosebud
age. There is one species in each of two other genera which are very
closely related to plains species in the same genera of the Late Middle
and Upper Miocene. The Equidae are all progressive and their only
relatives are found in the Late Middle and Upper Miocene deposits
of the Plains. Since the vertebrates give such a paradoxical correla-
tion, other sources were examined for data to aid in determining the

28 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

age of this deposit. Overlying the deposit in which the mammalian
fossils occur is an erosional remnant of what is believed to be a mem-
ber of the marine Hawthorne formation. However, no identifiable in-
vertebrates have been found in it. Invertebrate fossils, as well as
cobblerock, from the Ocala and Suwannee limestones are found mixed
with the vertebrate fossils. It would seem then that the mammalian
remains were buried during the interval between the deposition of the
Suwannee limestone and the deposition of the upper part of the Haw-
thorne formation.

An examination of the geologic map of Florida shows that this local-
ity was near the northern end of an island during the Lower Miocene.
This gives a plausible explanation of the anomalies in the correlation
of the vertebrate fauna. The forms in this fauna closely related to the
Upper Miocene forms of the Plains developed on the island and were
unable to escape to the mainland till after the Early Middle Miocene.

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA 29

2. GEOLOGY

LOCAL DETAILS

Plate 14

The Raeford Thomas Farm is located 8 miles north of Bell in
northern Gilchrist Co., Florida. It is near the eastern edge of the
watershed which separates a series of small lakes on the east (which
drain by an unnamed creek into the Santa Fe River) from the Su-
wannee River on the west. On this watershed frozen (or fossil) sand
dunes are the principal topographic features, with sinkholes running a
close second. The top soil, in some places to a depth of many feet, is
yellowish sand which may be the result of the weathering of the
Hawthorne formation.

The pit from which the fossils are being taken is on the eastern
edge of a circular depression about 250 feet in diameter and about 20
feet deep. The form of the depression with its gently sloping sides and
shallow depth is closer to that of a "blow out" between sand dunes
than it is to a sink hole. A test hole, dug with a six inch auger, en-
countered a rocky stratum at eight feet. The data obtained was not
sufficient to determine whether this stratum was the Ocala limestone
or a boulder bar similar to the one encountered in the pit. Although
the evidence concerning the origin of this depression is not conclusive,
there is no reason to suppose that it played any part in the deposition
of the sediments which carry the mammalian remains.

For additional information concerning the area around the pit I am
greatly indebted to the Florida State Geological Survey for contribut-
ing the time of Mr. Clarence Simpson, who spent two days boring
testholes around the excavation. He took numerous samples from the
test holes which were analyzed in the laboratory of the Survey.

The main part of the pit is about 100 feet long and about 60 feet
wide (Plate 14, fig. 1). The pit is about 14 feet deep in the deepest
part. To facilitate the removal of the refuse earth a narrow trench,
wide enough to permit a mule with a scrape to pass, was dug from the
pit to the deepest part of the depression mentioned above.

The surface of the area from which the fossils are taken is covered
by loose, yellowish sand which varies in depth from a few inches to a
few feet. The color and texture of this sand suggests that it may be the
result of the disintegration of the calcareous sandstone members of
the Hawthorne formation. Below the loose sand is a layer of joint

30 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

clay which varies in thickness from one to about four feet. In the area
west of the boulder bar (Plate 14, fig. 4) the clay grades into the lime
sand below it. It was here that the Florida State Geological Survey
dug its pit and the Museum of Comparative Zoology started its
excavation. A few species were found in this part of the excavation
which have not been found in the deeper part. These forms are;
Anchitheriwrn clarencei, Merychippus gunteri, and Mephititaxus
ancipidens. The only identifiable specimens of Oxydactylus floridaivus,
Paratylopus grandis, and Floridatragulus dolichanthcrvus were found
here. However loose teeth and other fragments were found deeper in
the pit. The joint clay contains much broken bone and loose teeth.
A few horse skulls were found in this layer but were very badly broken
although not badly crushed.

At the eastern end of the pit, between the surface sand and the
joint clay, is about three feet of cream colored, pumice-like sandstone
with brown spots. Lithologically it resembles the upper members of
the Hawthorne formation exposed in the Devil's Mill Hopper near
Gainesville and that in a road cut between the Seaboard Railway Sta-
tion at Gainesville and Bivin's Arm. Sandstone similar to that found
at the pit, is exposed in road cuts along the highway north of Bell.
The test holes, bored by Mr. Clarence Simpson, indicate that this
sandstone once covered the area now being excavated. If the correla-
tion of this sandstone is correct, this cycle of fluvial deposition was
brought to a close by the invasion of the Hawthorne sea.

Below the Joint clay is a layer of clay balls, which as near as could
be determined, are eight to twelve inches in diameter. In some places
they are piled four or five deep. In reality they are a mass of bone
fragments and teeth held together by clay. Occasionally a nearly
complete leg bone or jaw is found, but is usually very badly broken.
There is a strong possibility that the bone fragments and isolated teeth
are reworked material.

At the west end of the pit, lying partly below the clay balls and
partly below the joint clay, is a lens of lime sand whose greatest
thickness is about three feet. The lime sand grades in the joint clay
where the two are not separated by the clayballs. Also there is a lens
of lime sand below the thin southwestern edge of the boulder bar
(Plate 14, fig. 3). Most of the lime sand is moderately coarse but
some of it is fine enough to be classed as silt. Most of the bones found
in the lime sand are whole, but often they are so soft that it is im-
possible to save them. Most of the specimens obtained by the Florida
State Geological Survey came from the lime sand above the boulder

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA 31

bar. Merychippus gunteri and advanced specimens of Parahippus
leonensis occur here.

Lying immediately below the beds mentioned above and extending
diagonally across the excavation (Plate 14, fig. 1) is a bed of boulders
which vary in size from two or three inches in diameter to as much as
fifteen in the largest ones. However, the majority have a diameter of
six or seven inches. The interstices between the boulders are filled with
gravel and lime sand. All of this material appears to have been derived
from the Suwannee and Ocala limestones. The material is entirely un-
sorted. The bed is thickest at the middle and thins out at the edges.
This bed contains many horse skulls which are hopelessly crushed.
Some are moulded around boulders so that it is impossible to save
them. Many invertebrates characteristic of the Suwannee and Ocala
limestones are found in the boulder bar.

Below the boulder bar the excavation has penetrated about six
or seven feet into a bed of laminated bluish clay. Many of the laminae
are separated by a thin layer of clean, white quartz sand, while others
are separated by a thin layer of silt. There are local pebble layers
which may be two or three inches thick. The bedding is very lenticular
with most of the lenses only a few feet across. The preservation of
the bone is the best in this part of the excavation. Although the
skulls are crushed the bone is quite firm so that restoration is
possible.

The lack of sorting of the material which makes up the boulder bar,
and the lenticular nature of the laminated clays below it, indicate that
these sediments are not of marine or lacustrine, but of fluvial origin.
The general outlines of the history of this stream are fairly obvious.
The initial stage was a period of erosion during which the stream
scoured out its channel in the soft Ocala and Suwannee limestones.
Next the force of the stream was lessened so that it began to silt up
its channel, burying the remains of the animals which perished along
its course. Later the stream was rejuvenated and its carrying capacity
increased to the extent that it was able to transport the large boulders
which make up the boulder bar. Still later the transporting power was
again reduced so that it was able to carry only fine sand and silt.
Eventually the lower reaches of the stream were drowned by the ad-
vance of the Hawthorne sea.

The data for limiting the period of time represented by this deposit
are the presence of Ocala and Suwannee invertebrates in the deposit
and the Hawthorne formation lying above it. Thus this period of
time began after the deposition of the Suwannee limestone (Upper-

32 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

most Oligocene) and came to a close before the end of Hawthorne time
(Late Lower Miocene).

Unfortunately there are no data concerning the duration of the
period of channel cutting. The Ocala and Suwannee limestones are
poorly consolidated and would erode very easily. If the structure of
the Central Florida Dome at this time was at all similar to what it is
today the gradient would be about four feet per mile. This would be
sufficient gradient to cut a considerable channel in a relatively short
time.

The events which caused this stream to silt up its channel are not
at all evident. Although Mansfield (1937, p. 42) presents evidence that
the Tampa was a transgressing sea and that the upper zones overlap
the lower, I believe this part of the stream was too far from the
shoreline to have been affected. In view of the purity of the Ocala and
Suwannee limestones this stream must have drained a very large area
to have accumulated the amount of clay found in this deposit.

Mansfield (1937, p. 44) insists that there was a period of uplift at
the close of Tampa time. As near as can be determined from the
distribution of the Tampa and Hawthorne sediments, the western
edge of the Florida Plateau was elevated at this time. It seems logical
that this would increase the size of the drainage basin and lengthen
the stream. The increased drainage basin would increase the head of
water and the transporting power so that it would be able to pile up
the boulders found in the boulder bed. As the Hawthorne sea ad-
vanced the stream again lost its power to transport boulders and
cobble rock, and deposited sand and clay in its channel. Eventually
this portion of the stream was drowned by the Hawthorne sea.

PALEOGEOGRAPHY

An examination of the geologic map of Florida shows that the area
in which the mammalian fossils are found was undoubtedly an island
during Lower Miocene time. In order to get a better concept of the
sequence of events it seemed desirable to compile maps of the Early
Tertiary formations of the southeastern United States. In these maps
the solid lines represent the known limits of the outcrops and are not
intended to represent old shore-lines. The dashed lines indicate the
probable limits of the formation in areas in which it is buried under
younger formations. Although I have covered most of Florida by
auto during the past three winters, I have taken the data for these

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA

maps from the more recent literature. For convenience I have in-
cluded a correlation chart of the Oligocene and Miocene taken from
Cooke (1935), except the Alabama Miocene which is from Semmes
(1929) after Cooke.

S. CAROLINA

GEORGIA

FLORIDA

ALABAMA

Eastern

Western

Eastern Western

K
Z

o
t-<

5=
3

-
<

Shoal

River

Oak

Grove

Sand

Hattiesburg Clay

o
o

Hawthorne

Hawthorne
Tampa Is.

Chipola
Marl

Catahoula sandstone

Tampa Is.

Flint
River

Suwannee
limestone

Flint
River

Chichasawhav
Marl

Absent?

Repre-
sented

Absent?

Bucatunna
Clay

I— 1

Absent

Glendon
limestone

Absent

Glendon
limestone

Absent?

Absent

Marianna
Is.

Marianna limestone

/Red
/Bluff
/ lay

Cooper
Marl

Barn-
well

Ocala
Is

Tivola
tongue
of Ocala
Is.

Ocala
LS.

c
o
m

.5
-

M-l

d
o

03
1-5

Yazoo Clay

•

f
f
c
t

Santee
Is.

'ocoa Sand

34 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

The time interval to be considered here is that between the deposi-
tion of the Ocala limestone of Upper Eocene age and the withdrawal
of the Hawthorne sea. During this time Florida alternated between
an island and a peninsular condition several times. This unstableness
appears to have been due as much to minor crustal movements as to
major variations in sea level. No attempt has been made to correlate
the crustal movements of this area with those of the Caribbean.

All available data indicate that Florida was a submerged plateau
throughout the Eocene. The close of the Eocene was marked by the
beginning of a series of crustal movements which resulted in the
formation of the Central Florida Dome. The distribution of the
Oligocene and Miocene sediments indicate that the dome is the result
of two sets of pressures working at nearly right angles to each other
and at different times. That initiated at the close of the Eocene was
a northwest-southeast pressure which affected the whole of the plateau
and forced all but the southern portion out of water. At the same time
there was a compensatory downwarping of the strata across the
northern end of the plateau to form the Okefenokee Trough. At dif-
ferent times the sea invaded this trough and cut Florida off from the
mainland.

During the Lower Oligocene, while the Marianna limestone was
being deposited, the sea invaded the Okefenokee Trough only far
enough to form a large bay at either end (Text fig. 5). The
evidence for the bay in southeastern Georgia is the unusual thickness
of the Oligocene sediments reported by Pretty man and Cave (1923)
as being encountered in deep wells. However these sediments were
identified mainly on lithological grounds.

There was a renewal of the crustal movements at the close of
Marianna time, which resulted in the formation of the Hatchatigbee
Arch in western Alabama and in deepening of the Okefenokee Trough
so that the Gulf communicated with the Atlantic across North Florida
and South Georgia (Text fig. 6) through a strait, probably not
over 50 or 60 miles wide. At this time the Glendon limestone was
deposited. This period of deposition appears to have been brought
to a close by a period of general emergence without any noticeable
deformation of the land mass, and Florida was again connected with
the mainland.

The late Upper Oligocene was a period of general submergence
which reduced Florida to a relatively small island in what is now the
northwestern part of the peninsula (Text fig. 7). The strait which
separated Florida from the mainland must have been nearly 150

white: lower MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA

miles wide. During this time the Flint River and Suwannee limestones
were laid down. This period of deposition was brought to a close by a
renewal of the crustal movements which marked the opening of the

STRUCTURE MAP OF
FLORIDA AND ADJACENT AREAS
CONTOURS ON TOP OF
OCA LA LIMESTONE

Fig. 4. Structure map of Florida and adjacent areas from Mossom (1926),
Cooke and Mossom (1928), and Prettyman and Cave (1923).

Oligocene. At this time the Chattahoochie Arch in southwestern
Georgia and southeastern Alabama was formed. The distribution of
the Flint River sediments indicate that the main axis of the arch has
a northeast-southwest direction rather than a north-south one as

36 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

postulated by Stephenson and Veatch (1915, p. 58). The formation of
the arch seriously restricted the width of the trough in this area.
During this same time interval the Florida Plateau was subjected to
east-west pressure which shifted the long axis of the dome from an
east-west direction to a north-south one. Stephenson and Veatch
(1915, p. 59) applied the name Withlacoochie Anticline to the northern
part of the Central Florida Dome. I have used the latter term because
it seemed to convey a cleared concept of the doming of the Ocala
limestone.

Although the contact between the Suwannee and Tampa limestones
has not been observed, the very different distributional patterns of
the outcrops of the two limestones permit us to postulate an interval
of uplift and a land connection between the island and the mainland
during the interval between their depositions. Prettyman and Cave
(1923, p. 82) report that the Chattahoochie ( = Tampa) limestone is
conglomeratic in the southwestern part of Georgia and that it lies
unconf ormably above the Glendon ( = Flint River) limestone.

The very thin layer of limestone in the Ocala area containing Late
Tampa Fossils (Mansfield, 1937, p. 24) indicate that there was con-
tinuous subsidence of the island till the end of Tampa time. The
thickness of the Tampa limestone reported in the deep wells which
have been studied substantiate this. The thicknesses are: Monroe
Co.— 300 ft. (Cole, 1941, p. 10); Polk Co. 140 ft. (ibid, p. 5); Gulf Co.
84 ft. (Cole, 1938, p. 9). Mansfield (1937, p. 31) reported a thickness
of 89 ft. for the Tampa limestone in Gadsen Co. (Type locality of the
Chattahoochie formation). Small discrepancies are inevitable in well
records unless a continuous log is kept, but the differences shown
here are much too great to attribute to normal error. Consequently
it seems reasonable to assume that the younger zones of the Tampa
limestone overlap the older.

Concerning the interval between the Tampa and Hawthorne, Mans-
field (1937, p. 44) says: "The lithological and the faunal difference
between the Tampa limestone and the succeeding Alum Bluff group
seem too great to attribute solely to shifting of shore-line currents and
therefore strongly suggest a period of uplift at the end of Tampa time,
followed by subsidence and deposition of the Alum Bluff group."
Cushman and Ponton (1932, p. 31) say: "However, in the case of the
Chipola formation along the Chipola River, at and near its type
locality, we find the soft, greenish-gray shell marl of the Chipola lying
on what looks like the eroded surface of the hard, white to buff lime-
stone of the Tampa." This area appears to be rather close to the north

white: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA

boundary of the Okefenokee Trough and could be only a local uncon-
formity. However at Rock Bluff in Liberty Co. the section is very
different. Cooke and Mossom (1928, p. 119) say: "It is difficult to

SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE

MAR/ANNA LIMESTONE

Fig. 5. Distribution of Marianna limestone (stippled portion).

draw the line precisely between the Tampa limestone and the Haw-
thorne formation at Rock Bluff, for one seems to grade perfectly into
the other." Rock Bluff is about 20 miles north of what is believed to
have been the middle of the Okefenokee Trough. Consequently there
is no good evidence that the trough was drained at this time.

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

The distribution of the outcrops of the Tampa limestone and Haw-
thorne formation show that the western side of the Florida Plateau
was elevated at the close of Tampa time so that the bulk of the land

SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE
DISTRIBUTION OF THE
GL ENDON L IMES TONE

Fig. 6. Distribution of Glendon limestone.

lay west of the axis of the plateau. In the excavations in Gilchrist Co.,
a boulder bar (some of the boulders were fifteen inches in diameter)
was encountered in the old stream channel in which the fossils are
found. It seems logical that this bar should have been formed at this
interval of uplift. The elevation of the west coast alone would have

white: lower miocene mammal fauna of Florida

given the stream sufficient gradient to transport the boulders. There
is no evidence in the fossil mammals for postulating a land bridge be-
tween the island and the continent at this time.

SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE
DISTRIBUTION OF THE
FLINT RIVER AND
EQUIVALENT FORMATIONS

Fig. 7. Distribution of Flint River and equivalent formations.

Because of the very poor state of preservation of the fossils found in
the Hawthorne formation, there is considerable doubt concerning
the amount of time that it represents. Cooke and Mossom (1928, p. 98)
say: "In the Peninsula the Alum Bluff group is represented by the
Hawthorne formation. Fossils obtained from the Hawthorne show

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

that at least part of it is of Chipola age, but its fauna at some localities
seems to be younger than the Chipola." On page 110 of the same pub-
lication they report that the Oak Grove fauna is found on hilltops near

SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE
DISTRIBUTION OF FHE
TAMPA LIMESTONE

Fig. 8. Distribution of Tampa limestone.

Bainbridge, Georgia and Roberts, Escambia Co., Alabama. Cooke
(1935, p. 100) assigns the Alum Bluff of Georgia to the Hawthorne
formation. It would appear then that the Hawthorne included beds
equivalent in age to the Oak Grove Sand, but, as far as I have been
able to learn, the Shoal River fauna has not been recognized in the
Hawthorne formation.

white: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA

At Alum Bluff, 4j/£ miles north of Blountstown, Liberty Co., Florida
Cooke and Mossom (1928, p. 108) record an unconformity between the
Chipola formation and the overlying, plant-bearing beds whose age is

/ THOMAS FARM

2 MIDWAY

3 GRISCOM PLANTATION

SURFACE AND SUB5URFACE
DISTRIBUTION OF THE
HAWTHORNE AND
EQUIVALENT FORMATIONS

Fig. 9. Distribution of Hawthorne and equivalent formations.

still in doubt. This locality is so close to the north boundary of the Oke-
fenokee Trough that the unconformity could be caused by a fluctuation
of the shore line that would not necessarily drain the trough. As far as
I have been able to learn this is the only unconformity recorded in the
Hawthorne formation.

42 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Cushman and Ponton (1932) seem to be of the opinion that there
was no wide spread interruption in deposition during Alum Bluff time.
They (1932, p. 32) say: "The shore-line during this period was a very
variable feature, advancing and retreating, depositing beds of varying
thickness but all comparatively thin, and forming over-laps to such an
extent that it is possible that such over-laps might be mistaken for an
unconformity, even between successive zones at any one exposure."

If the unconformity above the Chipola formation at Alum Bluff is
only a local feature, the mammalian fauna of the island would have no
opportunity to communicate with that of the mainland till after the
close of Oak Grove time. This agrees very well with the present corre-
lation of the continental Miocene of the Great Plains. Tomarctus
thomasi, Amphicyon longiramus, Parahippus barbouri, P. leonensis,
and Merychippus gunteri of the Lower Miocene fauna of Florida are
very closely related to Tomarctus optatus and brccirostris, Amphicyon
sinapius, Parahippus coloradcnsis and brevidcns, P. cognatns and
brevidens, and Merychippus primus respectively, of the Late Middle
and Upper Miocene of the Plains. That the latter group have no close
relatives in the Lower Miocene fauna of the Plains lends support to the
idea that they descended from the Florida stock, but were unable to
reach the Plains till after Oak Grove time.

It seems probable that the mammalian fossils found at Quincy, Mid-
way, and Griscom Plantation (since they occur in marine sediments)
had been washed out to sea after severe storms either as carcasses or as
individual bones.

ENVIRONMENT

During the time period represented by the fluvial deposit in Gilchrist
Co., Florida was a limestone island cut off from the mainland by a
shallow sea fifty or sixty miles wide. In Tampa time Florida was an
elliptical island roughly 220 miles north-south by 100 east-west. The
crustal movements at the end of Tampa time shifted the shore line
some but only slightly increased the width. The strait which separated
the island from the continent was not appreciably wider during Haw-
thorne time than during the Tampa.

If the structure of Florida (Text fig. 4) during the Lower Mio-
cene was at all similar to that of today the highest part of the island
would have had an elevation of about 200 feet. This is not enough
seriously to affect the climate. There is no reason to suppose that the
climate was verv different then than now.

white: lower miocene mammal fauna ok Florida 43

The bedrock of the central part of the island was formed by the
Ocala limestone and the Suwannee limestone formed that around the
edges. Both of these limestones are granular and poorly consolidated.
Also both are very pure, but of the two the Suwannee limestone carries
a slightly higher content of impurities. Concerning the Ocala lime-
stone Cooke and Mossom (1928, p. 48) say: "Its texture is commonly
granidar, but parts of it have been converted to hard, compact rock
by the deposition of travertine or calcite in its interspaces. In some
places it consists of a loosely coherent mass of Foraminifera, Bryozoa,
and other small organisms, a mass so porous that water can percolate
freely through it; elsewhere it is finer grained and more compact, al-
though still pervious to water.

"In chemical composition, as in physical character, the Ocala lime-
stone is remarkably uniform. It consists almost entirely of carbonate
of lime, and in places contains as little as four-tenths of one percent of
impurities."

The same statements are essentially true of the Suwannee limestone.
Of it Mansfield (1937, p. 46) says: "The formation consists almost en-
tirely of limestone. The unweathered rock is granular to dense, com-
pact, usually cream-colored, rather pure limestone. The lower part
is at many places more granular than the upper. Mossom gives the
following analysis of Suwannee limestone for the quarry of the Florida
Hard Rock Products Co., Brooksville, Fla.:

"Silica (Si02)

(3.54

Iron and alumina (Fe+Al)

1.44

Calcium carbonate (CaC03)

91.09

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03)

trace

Undetermined

.93

100.00"

There is, in the Tampa area, a bed of "tough, plastic, greenish sandy
clay" 41 to 64 feet thick (Mansfield, 1937, p. 14) below the Tampa
limestone. This bed has been encountered in wells and is not known
as an outcrop. A somewhat similar deposit is recorded (Mansfield,
ibid, p. 29) below the Tampa limestone at Wyley Landing, Georgia.
Similar deposits of this age are as yet unknown elsewhere in Florida.
It is possible that both are delta deposits and very local in extent.

From the above it is evident that the soil of this island, during the
Lower Miocene, was a soft, porous, very pure limestone into which the
plants could force their roots without much difficulty. Also these

44 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

limestones are highly fossiliferous and the hard parts of marine organ-
isms are in sufficient abundance to supply more than the necessary
amount of phosphorus. The abundance of sinkholes in Florida today
is ample evidence that these limestones were sufficiently soluble to be
available to plants as food. Undoubtedly the soil conditions were
similar to that in the Miami-Homestead area today. This area sup-
ports abundant vegetation when it receives sufficient rainfall.

Unfortunately there are no fossil plants found in the deposit in
which the mammalian remains occur. However, it is permissible to
suppose that the vegetation was similar to that found in the Miami-
Homestead area today.

It is interesting that cement on the teeth of horses in quantity to be
functionally advantageous should make its geologically earliest appear-
ance in a region whose soil contained a superabundance of calcium and
phosphorus. The deposition of cement around the roots of the teeth
and a small amount at the base of the crown is nearly universal in the
mammals. That the cement depositing organ should suddenly begin
to deposit an excess of cement around the teeth is obviously the result
of a change in the animal's physiology. The progressive specimens
were able to utilize some of the abundant calcium, or what is just as
probable and just as important, they may have lacked the ability to excrete
the excess calcium and were forced to utilize it. The deposition of cement
on the crown of the teeth was a genetically unstable character in all
of the species of fossil horses in this deposit except Merychippus gun-
teri. In this species it arrived at a more or less stable quantity after a
series of progressive changes from species to species, each having more
than its parent, but each presenting a rather wide variation within the
species. It would seem then that the deposition of a large amount of
cement on the teeth was a hereditary factor which gained complete
dominance in this stock at the time it reached the Merychippus stage
of development.

CONCLUSIONS

The lenticular nature of the laminated clays and the unsorted ma-
terial in the boulder bar show that the mammal bearing sediments
were deposited in the channel of a stream which had arrived at grade.
Although the data are not available to date exactly the beginning and
end of the time interval represented by this deposit it is evident that
it began after the deposition of the Suwannee limestone and was
brought to a close by the invasion of the Hawthorne sea. The time
interval is undoubtedly equivalent to most of the Tampa limestone

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA 45

and the lower part of the Hawthorne formation. The Carnivora and
the Artiodaetyla have a decided Lower Miocene aspect, and both
groups contain at least one genus which is not found on the Great
Plains in deposits later than the Upper John Day. The Equidae and
some of the Carnivora are very progressive and have as their closest
relatives, forms which are found in the Middle and Upper Miocene
deposits of the Plains. This disagreement with the stratigraphical
data has a plausible explanation in that these forms developed on
insular Florida and were unable to escape to the mainland till the end
of Oak Grove time. It is thought (on the basis of the difference in the
distribution of the Flint River and Tampa sediments) that the conti-
nental fauna had an opportunity to reach Florida during the Flint
River-Tampa interval, but the evidence is not conclusive. If this
should eventually prove to be untrue and that the only opportunity
for this fauna to reach Florida was during the Glendon-Flint River
interval it will be necessary to revise downward the correlation of the
Upper Oligocene and Basal Miocene deposits of the Great Plains.

In only one species (Parahippus leonensis Sellards) are there
enough specimens to note the amount of variation. It is possible to
divide this series into three groups on the basis of the extremes of the
variations which I shall refer to as the conservatives, progressives, and
aberrant. The intergrades are sufficiently numerous that no specific
separation is possible. The aberrations are not of a lethal or deleterious
nature and show up occasionally in the milk teeth of Mcrychippus.
They usually express themselves in unusual patterns of the crochet
and as multiple plications on the metaloph. This may be the result of
unusual activity of the endocrine glands during the time of the forma-
tion of the permanent teeth. In the case of the conservative and pro-
gressive specimens the difference may be that between sexes. If the
principle of Unequal Growth is the correct explanation of the process
of the folding of the enamel on the metaloph, it seems reasonable to
suppose that the females, with a lower rate of metabolism, would have
a less rapid proliferation of the enamel depositing cells and a simpler
enamel pattern. However this question cannot be answered till asso-
ciated skeletons are found.

This series of fossil horses furnish relatively detailed data on specia-
tion in this group. Although the series is not complete, the gaps are so
small that they can be bridged with no difficulty. These species
{Parahippus blackbergi-barbouri-leonensis-Merychippus gunteri) are a
monophyletic series illustrating the development of Merychippus from
a very primitive species of Parahippus. In the end there is a condition

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

in which the difference between these two genera is no greater than
that which exists between two species of the same genus. Speciation

Mtohi,

LPP

rarah

ipp<

Merychtppui

Niobrara River
Lower Snaki
Creek

Cognatt

^Pa

Mascall
Deep River
vwnee Creek

crentdens
Coloraaens'is

breviaens

se/unctus

oheep Creek
Garvin Gully
Ce oar Run

blackbergi

Oak
Grove

ilL

yea 1 cans

nmus

Hawthorne

Tampa

•0

I
[2

leorjt

ensis

barbout
blackbergi.

aunt

Flint Rt ver
I am pa
Interval

Fig. 10. Graphic representation of the relationships of some of the species of
fossil horses.

proceeded rather rapidly and the whole process took place in a rather
short period of time. Nor was the entire population transformed from
one species into another but the new species split off from the parent

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA 47

species by series of progressive changes and the two existed side by
side for most of the remainder of the Miocene. Soon after the new
species split oft' from the parent species it gave rise to another new
species and so on. Unfortunately the record stops with the production
of Merychippus gunteri. It would seem that a "high biotic potential"
appeared in this stock and was passed on to each new species by robbing
the parent species, although the parent species persisted, with di-
minishing abundance, till near the close of the Miocene. The idea is
graphically represented in Text fig. 10. This is entirely compatible with
the record of the appearance of major groups in geologic time. The
data on speciation obtained from this series indicate that the phylo-
genetic relationships of species based on a series from a single time
unit are more nearly correct than formerly supposed, because this pic-
ture would be essentially the same whether the series was taken from
the Hawthorne, or Sheep Creek, or Deep River.

It is obvious from the above data that Natural Selection could have
played no part in the development of Meri/chippus and that the
causes of speciation are to be found within the animals themselves.
The identification of the causes is the work of the physiologist, the
endocrinologist, and the biochemist. The paleontologist can only
catalogue the changes after they have taken place.

48 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Geological Literature

Campbell, R. B.

1940. Outline of the Geological History of Florida. Proc. Fla. Acad. Sri.,
4, p. 87.

Cole, W. S.

1938. Stratigraphy and Micropaleontology of Two Deep Wells in
Florida. Florida Dept. Conserv., Geol. Bull., No. 16.

1941. Stratigraphic and Paleontologic Studies of Wells in Florida. Fla.
Dept. Conserv., Geol. Bull., No. 19.

Cooke, C. W.

1923. The Correlation of the Vicksburg Group. U.S.G.S. Prof. Paper
133.

1926. The Cenozoic Formations in the Geology of Alabama. Geol. Sur-
vey of Alabama, Special Report No. 14.

1935. Notes on the Vicksburg Group. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol., Bull., 19.
No. 8, p. 1162.

1936. Geology of the Coastal Plain of South Carolina. U.S.G.S., Bull.
867.

1939. The Boundary between the Oligocene and Miocene. Am. Ass. Pet"
rol. Geol., Bull., 23, p. 1560.

1940. Prefatory Note in W. C. Mansfield's Mollusks of the Chickasawhay
Marl. Journ. Paleont., 14, p. 171.

Cooke, C. W. and Mansfield, W. C.

1936. Suwannee Limestone of Florida. Proc. Geol. Soc. Amer. for 1935,

p. 71.

Cooke, C. W. and Mossom, Stuart

1928. Geology of Florida. Florida State Geol. Survey, Twentieth Ann.
Report.

Cushman, J. A. and Ponton, G. M.

1932. The Foraminifera of the Upper, Middle and part of the Lower
Miocene of Florida. Florida State Geol. Survey, Bull. No. 9.

Howe, Henry V.

1942. Fauna of the Glendon Limestone at its Type Locality. Journ.
Paleont., 16, p. 264.

Mansfield, W. C.

1937. Mollusks of the Tampa and Suwannee Limestones of Florida.
Fla. Dept. Conserv., Geol. Bull. No. 15.

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA 49

Matson, G. C. and Sanford, Samuel

1913. Geology and Ground Waters of Florida. U.S.G.S. Water-supply
paper 319.

Mossom, Stuart

1926. A Review of the Structure and Stratigraphy of Florida with
Special Reference to the Petroleum Possibilities. Florida State
Geol. Survey, 17th Ann. Report, p. 169.

Prettyman T. M. and Cave, H. S.

1923. Petroleum and Natural Gas Possibilities in Georgia. Geol. Survey
of Georgia, Bull. No. 40.

Semmes, D. R.

1929. Oil and Gas in Alabama. Geol. Survey of Alabama, Special Re-
port 15.

Stephenson, L. W. and Veatch, J. O.

1915. Underground Waters of the Coastal Plain of Georgia. U.S.G.S.
Water-supply Paper 341.

Toulmin, Lyman D., Jr.

1940. The Salt Mountain Limestone of Alabama. Geol. Survey of
Alabama, Bull. 46.

Veatch, J. O. and Stephenson, L. W.

1911. Geology of the Coastal Plain of Georgia. Geol. Survey of Georgia,
Bull. 26.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLATE 1

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 1

Fig. 1. Daphaenus caroniavorus spec. nov. Type, M.C.Z. No. 3727, Crown
view of left M1^. x 2%.

Fig. 2. Paradaphaenus tropicalis spec. nov. Type, M.C.Z. No. 3729, right
PMVR x2H-

Fig. 3. Nothocyon insularis spec. nov. Type, M.C.Z. No. 3812, occlusal view
of right P4-M2. x 2M.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL

White Lower Miocene Mammal
Fauna of Florida. Plate 1

M.C.Z. 372.7

rW-

MC.Z. 3729

M.C.Z. 3812

PLATE 2

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 2

Fig. 1. Paradaphaenus nobilis (Simpson). M.C.Z. No. 3725, occlusal view
of left P"-M2. x 23^.

Fig. 2. Tomarctus canavus (Simpson). M.C.Z. No. 3813, occlusal view of
leftPMVP. x2j^.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL

White: Lower Miocene Mammal
Fauna of Florida. Plate2

PLATE 3

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 3

Fig. 1. Lateral and Fig. 2, occlusal views of Paradaphaenas nobilis (Simp-
son). M.C.Z. No. 3724. x 1.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White Lower Miocene Mammal

Fauna of Florida. Plate 3

PLATE 4

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 4

Fig. 1. Occlusal, and Fig. 2, lateral views of Paradaphaenus tropicalis
spec. nov. Paratype, M.C.Z. No. 3714. x 1.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White: Lower M iocene Mammal

Fauna of Florida. Plate 4

PLATE 5

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 5

Fig. 1. Occlusal, and Fig. 2, lateral views of Amphicyon longiramus spec,
nov. Type, M.C.Z. No. 3919. x 1/2.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White Lower Miocene Mammal

Fauna of Florida. Plate 5

PLATE 6

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 6

Fig. 1. Medial, Fig. 2, occlusal, and Fig. 3, lateral views of Tomarctus
canavus (Simpson). M.C.Z. No. 3628. x 1.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White: Lower Miocene Mammal

Fauna of Florida. Plate 6

Fig. 2

M.CZ.3628

PLATE 7

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 7

Fig. 1. Occlusal, and Fig. 2, lateral views of Tomarctus thomasi White.
M.C.Z. No. 3712. x 1.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White: Lower Miocene Mammal

Fauna of Florida. Plate 7

<;f

PLATE 8

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 8

Fig. 1. Palatal, and Fig. 2, lateral views of skull of Hypcrmekops olseni
gen. et spec. nov. Genoholotype, M.C.Z. No. 3711. x 4/10. Fig. 3. Occlusal
view of left P2-M3. x 4/5.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White; Lower Miocene Mammal
Fauna of Florida. Plate 8

PLATE 9

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 9

Fig. 1. Lateral, and Fig. 2, occlusal views of left mandible of Aiichitherium
clarencei Simpson. M.C.Z. No. 3810. x 2/3.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White: Lower Miocene Mammal
Fauna of Florida. Plate9

PLATE 10

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 10

Fig. 1. Occlusal view of left upper dentition of Parahippus blackbergi
(Hay). M.C.Z. No. 3829. x iy2.

Fig. 2. Lateral, and Fig. 3, occlusal view of milk teeth and permanent
molars of Parahippus blackbergi (Hay). M3 has been artificially exposed.

A/I ri V -NT,, oo An -il/

M.C.Z. No. 3840. x \V2.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White Lower Miocene Mammal
Fauna of Florida. Plate 10

>/^

WHi

'■^imi

PLATE 11

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 11

Fig. 1. Occlusal, and Fig. 2, lateral views of upper right cheek teeth of
Parahippus barbouri spec. nov. Type, M.C.Z. No. 3646. x 1.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White Lower Miocene Mammal
Fauna of Florida. Plate 11

PLATE 12

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 12

Fig. 1. Occlusal, and Fig. 2, lateral views of right mandible of Parahippus
barbouri spec. nov. Paratype, M.C.Z. No. 3814. x 1/2.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White: LowerMiocene Mammal
Fauna of Florida. Plate 12

PLATE 13

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 13

Fig. 1. Conservative (M.C.Z. No. 3921), and Fig. 2, progressive (M.C.Z.
No. 3744) specimens of Parahippus leonensis Sellards. xl|.

Fig. 3. Merychippus gunteri Simpson. M.C.Z. No. 3801. Occlusal view of
upper right cheek teeth, x 4/5.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White; Lower Miocene Mammal

Fauna of Florida. Plate 13

-/^

'W7

3-TlH

PLATE 14

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 14

Details of the Excavation in North Florida. Fig. 1, diagrammatic plan of
excavation. The dotted line indicates the approximate limits of the boulder
bar, and the dashed line indicates the edge of the outlier of the Hawthorne
formation. Fig. 2, Generalized section along line BJ-B. Fig. 3, Generalized
section along line C'-C. Fig. 4, generalized section along line AJ-A.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White: Lower Miocene Mammal
Fauna of Florida. Plate 14

Hi ir,
CM -J

it II

N ^
^1

in
1
1

•1

I'll

m a

3-hr
0> *

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. XCII, No. 2

FIRST SUPPLEMENT TO THE LIST OF TYPES OF BIRDS
NOW IN THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

By James L. Peters

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

March, 1943

No. 2. — First Supplement to the List of Types of Birds now in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology

By James L. Peters

In March 1930 was published in this Bulletin (70, 4, p. 147-426) a
list of the types of birds then in the collection. The author was
Outram Bangs, Curator of Birds, who between 1909 and the time of
his death in 1932 built up the museum's bird collection from a small
and inadequate one to one of the finest anywhere.

The List of Types was published as an anniversary volume and was
first distributed on the evening of 17 March, 1930 at a meeting of the
Nuttall Ornithological Club, when Bangs' fiftieth anniversary of
election to membership in the Club was appropriately celebrated.

Since the publication of the first list of types, an open manuscript
has been kept in anticipation of publishing a supplement at some
future date. Comments on types made by Outram Bangs in the open
manuscript are initialed O. B. Otherwise the author is responsible for
such discussion. The time for publication of the supplemental list
has now arrived, since it seems probable that no important ornitho-
logical discoveries based on exploration and new field work will be
made for some years to come.

The order of this supplemental list is the same as that employed in
the first list, i.e., that of Sharpe's Hand-List. The dagger (f ) indicates
that the name is surely a synonym.

This also seems an opportune time to publish a bibliography of the
writings of Outram Bangs ; no such list has been published previously,
and since Bangs' period of activity extended for nearly forty years
and his articles appeared in many different journals, it is doubtful if a
complete bibliography could be prepared without access to his own
carefully kept set.

The task of preparing this bibliography was entrusted to Miss
Margaret D. Porter (now Mrs. Chandler Bigelow) formerly a Research
Assistant in the Bird Department, whose catalogues and card entries
bear testimony to the many hours of painstaking care she put into her
work.

54 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

TINAMIDAE

Crypturellus soui decolor Griscom and Greenway

Crypturellus soui decolor Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mas. Comp. Zool., 81,

2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 417.
Type. No. 173012, ad. c?; Brazil: Para; Pinhy, on the right bank of the Rio

Tapajoz; 15 June, 1933; A. M. Olalla.

Listed as No. 173021 in the original description due to typographical
error.

CRACIDAE

Penelope superctliaris argyromitra Neumann

Penelope superciliaris argyromitra Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 53, 31 Jan-
uary, 1933, p. 94.

Type. No. 160966, ad. 9 ; Brazil: Central Goyaz, Veadeiros, near Forte,
"2/12/" 1929; Jose Blaser.

Compared with birds from the Tapajoz and Santarem, Neumann's
type differs chiefly in that the whitish superciliaries meet across the
forehead; the superciliaries are broader than in specimens from
Bahia and Sao Paulo. The type is much grayer (less green or bronzy)
than any specimens of P. superciliaris in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology; it is also in much more worn plumage than any skins of the
species we possess.

Forte is in east-central Goyaz on the Rio Paranan, about 150 miles
from its junction with the Tocantins.

Ortalis wagleri griseiceps van Rossem

Ort-alis wagleri cinereiceps van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7, 29

December, 1934, p. 431.
Type. No. 224937, ad. <?; Mexico: Sonora, Alamos; 16 March, 1888; M. A.

Frazar.

Ortalis garrula mira Griscom

Ortalis garrula mira Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9, 19 January,

1932, p. 318.
Type. No. 156508, ad. o71 ," Eastern Panama: Ranchon, Caribbean slope;

20 January, 1931; H. Wedel.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 55

PHASIANIDAE

Francolinus squamatus uzungwensis Bangs and Loveridge

Francolinus squamatus uzungwensis Bangs and Loveridge, Proc. New Eng.
Zool. Club, 12, 1931, p. 93.

Type. No. 148262, ad. cf ; Tanganyika Territory: Kigogo, Uzungwe Moun-
tains; 30 January, 1931; A. Loveridge.

Ithaginis cruentus holoptilus Greenway

Ithaginis cruentus holoptilus Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 74, 5, 20

February, 1930, p. 113.
Type. No. 160786, ad. cf; China: Yunnan, Likiang district, Chou-yu-gko,

above Tao-mung-chung; east slopes of the Yangtse-Mekong Divide,

13,000 to 15,000 feet; April, 1931; Joseph F. Rock.

Pucrasia joretiaxa Heude

Pucrasia Joretiana Heude, Ibis, 1883, p. 225.
Cotype. No. 132657, from the La Touche Collection.

This skin is one of Heude's original specimens, and as such is a
cotype. It was given, with that assurance, to La Touche by Father
F. Courtois.

Heude gave no locality for his specimens, but without much doubt
they came from the mountains of Anhwei Province, where the species
has since been found to live.

Hartert is quite right, it seems to me, in carrying this peculiar short
crested form as a distinct species. [O. B.]

ODONTOPHORIDAE

Cyrtonyx ocellatus differens Griscom

Cyrtonyx ocellatus differens Griscom, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 13, 7 Novem-
ber, 1932, p. 56.

Type. No. 161001, ad. a" ; Honduras : Hatillo; 8 May, 1932; C. F. Underwood.

■

Rhynchortyx cinctus hypopius Griscom

Rhynchortyx cinctus hypopius Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9, 19

January, 1932, p. 320.
Type. No. 155038, ad. 9 ; Eastern Panama: Obaldia, Caribbean slope; 12

August, 1930; H. Wedel.

56 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

TURNICIDAE

Turnix sylvatica kinneari Neumann

Turnix sylvatica kinneari Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 59, 1939, p. 91.
Type. No. 270547, 9 ; Peling Island; 20 July, 1938; J. J. Menden.

PTEROCLIDIDAE

Pterocles senegallus remotus Neumann

Pterocles senegallus remotus Neumann, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 20, 1934, p. 471.
Type. No. 166790, ad. d"; India: Cutch, Kunaria, 300 ft.; 20 February, 1934;
Sir G. F. Archer.

Pterocles orientalis enigmaticus Neumann

Pterocles orientalis enigmaticus Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 55, 31 Decem-
ber, 1934, p. 73.

Type. No. 166788, ad. d1; India: near Rann of Cutch; 1 January, 1934; Sir
G. F. Archer.

Pterocles lichtensteinii nigricans Neumann

Pterocles lichtensteinii nigricans Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 55, 31

December, 1934, p. 72.
Type. No. 166786, ad. d1; southern Ethiopia: Suksuk River (between Lake

Zwai and Afchafdo); 6 April, 1925; Oscar Neumann.

COLUMBIDAE

Leucotreron subgularis restrictus Ripley

Leucotrcron subgularis restrictus Ripley, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,

8, 3 March, 1941, p. 349.
Type. No. 166923, ad. d1; Celebes: Gimpoe, 22 August, 1917; H. C. Raven.

Macropygia amboinensis atrata Ripley

Macro pygia amboinensis atrata Ripley, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 8,

3 March, 1941, p. 351.
Type. No. 270115, ad. d1; Togian Islands: Oena Oena, 3 September, 1939;

J. J. Menden.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 57

Streptopelia vinacea bailunduensis Neumann
now Streptopelia capicola bailunduensis Neumann

Streptopelia vinacea bailunduensis Neumann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 20,

Heft 1, 1933, p. 226.
Type. No. 165837, ad. o\- Benguella: Bailundu, Chipepe, 7 July, 1928;

Paul Koester.

This form is apparently most nearly related to S. c. damarensis
(Finish and Hartlaub). Neumann considers the "Artenkreise"
Streptopelia capicola and S. vinacea as belonging to the same "formen-
kreis", but I follow Sclater and other recent writers on African birds
in considering the two distinct. Those adhering to the latter as the
correct view will call this bird S. capicola bailunduensis.

Claravis mondetoura umbrina Griscom

Claravis mondetoura umbrina Griscom, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5,

1930, p. 288.
Type. No. 116433, ad. 9 ; Costa Rica: La Estrella de Cartago; 28 December,

1900; C. F. Underwood.

Claravis mondetoura pulchra Griscom

Claravis mondetoura pulchra Griscom, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5,

1930, p. 288.
Type. No. 109178, ad.d"; western Panama: Boquete; 27 March, 1901; W. W.

Brown.

Leptotila plumbeiceps notius Peters

Leptotila plumbeiceps notius Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, 1931, p. 298.
Type. No. 137625, ad. c? ; Panama: Almirante; 15 November, 1928; H. Wedel.

Leptotila rufaxilla hypochroos Griscom and Greenway

Leptotila rufaxilla hypochroos Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 419.
Type. No. 143253, ad. cf; Surinam: Paramaribo; 26 July, 1914; native

collectors for T. E. Penard.

Oreopeleia la wrench lentipes Peters

Oreopelia [sic] lawrencii lentipes Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, 1931,

p. 300.
Type. No. 121126, ad.c?; Costa Rica: Tenorio; 11 February, 1908; C. F.

Underwood.

58 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

RALLIDAE

Rallus longirostris belizensis Oberholser

Rallus longirostris belizensis Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, 3018,

30 June, 1937, p. 335.
Type. No. 119747, ad. 9 ; British Honduras: Ycacos Lagoon; 14 May, 1907;

Morton E. Peck.

Rallus striatus insulsus Greenway

Rallus striatus insulsus Greenway, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 14, 1

February, 1935, p. 28.
Type. No. 167023, ad. 9 ; northeastern New Guinea: Morobe district, Wau,

3800 feet; 15 May, 1932; Herbert Stevens.

PORZANA ALBICOLLIS TYPHOECA Peters

Porzana albicollis typhoeca Peters, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13, 19

December, 1932, p. 66.
Type. No. 141834, ad. 9 ; Colombia: Santa Marta, Rio Frio; 21 August,

1928; P. J. Darlington, Jr.

Porzana flaviventer bangsi Darlington

Porzana flaviventer bangsi Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, 1931,

p. 372.
Type. No. 141831, ad. cf; Colombia: Santa Marta region, Cienaga; April 13,

1929; P. J. Darlington, Jr.

COLYMBIDAE
Colymbus dominicus bangsi van Rossem and Hachisuka

Colyntbus dominicus bangsi van Rossem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego

Soc. Nat. Hist., 8, 15 June, 1937, p. 323.
Type. No. 218269, ad. 9 ; Lower California: Santiago; 15 November, 1887;

M. A. Frazar.

ALCIDAE

Catarractes californicus Bryant
now Uria aalge californicus (Bryant)

Catarractes californicus Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 8, 1861, p. 142.

Cotype. No. 46265, ad. <? ; Farallon Islands, California, (probably collected

by Ferdinand Gruber, summer of 1860). Bryant Collection No. 1156.

When Penard and I wrote an account of the types of the birds
described by Dr. Henry Bryant (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, 3,

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 59

June 1925) we did not claim type or cotype of Catarractes californicus.
At the time the type was supposed to be No. 17402 in the United
States National Museum, and our beautiful specimen, No. 1156
Bryant Collection, we, rather reluctantly, did not mention at all.

Lately Grinnell (Type Localities of Birds Described from Cali-
fornia, Univ. of Cal. Publ. Zool., 38, 3, 1932, p. 273) says that No.
17402 is not now in the National Museum, "having probably been
given away or exchanged under a policy of distribution obtaining
under the Bairdian regime". It seems to me that very likely it was
given to Dr. Bryant (and is No. 1156 of his collection) who at that
time received many skins from the National Museum.

I therefore immediately sent the Bryant Collection specimen to
Dr. Grinnell, who after carefully examining it very kindly wrote, "I
am sending back to you the undoubted cotype of Catarractes cali-
f omicus Bryant. I grant that it may be the type — in that it might
be the missing number 17402 of the National Museum. Its bill cer-
tainly fits Bryant's drawing 'No. 3. C. californicus adult' ".

I agree with Grinnell that it is, on the whole, best to regard this
skin and the one still in the National Museum No. 17407, as co types
rather than to assume that our specimen is the missing No. 17402 and
therefore the holotype.

Bryant followed the custom of his time and removed original labels
and substituted his own on all birds he acquired in exchange or by
purchase. For that reason we can now but guess the original number
of the present skin. [O. B.]

LARIDAE

Sterna bengalensis emigrata Neumann
now Thalasseus bengalensis emigratus (Neumann)

Sterna bengalensis emigrata Neumann, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 2, 8 March,

1934, p. 331.
Type. No. 160968, ad. 9 ; Morocco: Tangier Region; Oleese.

PSOPHIIDAE
Psophia viridis interjecta Griscom and Greenway

P sophia viridis interjecta Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 81,

2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 419. •
Type. No. 173207, ad.d"; Brazil: Para, Cavieta on the left bank of the Rio

Tocantins; 20 December, 1932; A. M. Olalla.

60 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

ARDEIDAE

Nycticorax caledonicus cancrivorus Neumann

Nycoticorax caledonicus cancrivorus Neumann, Orn. Monatsb., 38, 1930, p. 18.
Type. No. 153638, ad. 9 ; Bismarck Archipelago: Uatom Island; 13 December,
1928; Pater Otto Meyer. Bought from Professor Oscar Neumann.

SULIDAE

Sula leucogaster yamashinae Neumann

Sula leucogaster yamashinae Neumann, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 2, 1932, p. 146.
Type. No. 153637, ad. 9 ; Bonin Archipelago: Chichishima Island; 22 January,

1930; Marquis Yamashina's collectors. Bought from Professor Oscar

Neumann.

PHAETHONTIDAE

Phaethon aethereus mesonauta Peters

Phaethon aethereus mesonauta Peters, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5

April 15, 1930, p. 261.
Type. No. 238017, ad. 9 ; Panama: Swan Key, Almirante Bay; 3 June, 1927;

H. Wedel.

Phaethon aethereus limatus Peters

Phaethon aethereus limatus Peters, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5,

April 15, 1930, p. 261.
Type. No. 65699, ad. cf ; Galapagos Archipelago: Tower Island; 3 September,

1891; G. Baur.

ACCIPITRIDAE

Micrastur mirandollei extimus Griscom and Greenway

Micrastur mirandollei extimus Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 418.
Type. No. 155116, ad. 9 ; Panama: Perme, on the Caribbean coast of extreme

eastern Darien; 16 April, 1929; H. Wedel.

Geranospiza caerulescens flexipes Peters

Geranospiza caerulescens flexipes Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 48, 3 May,

1935, p. 72.
Type. No. 99141, ad. 9 ; Argentina: Chaco, Resistencia; 18 July, 1915; J.

Mogensen.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 61

Buteo jamaicensis solitudinis Barbour

Buteo jamaicensis solitudinis Barbour, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 8,

24 July, 1935, p. 207.
Type. No. 168467, 9; Cuba: Soledad, (near Cienfuegos); 20 March, 1935;

Thomas Barbour.

Chondrohierax uncinatus aquilonis Friedmann

Chondrohierax uncinatus aquilonis Friedmann, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., 24, 7,
15 July, 1934, p. 314.

Type. No. 113711, ad. a"; Mexico: Tamaulipas; 9 April, 1900; F. B. Arm-
strong.

No collector's name is given on the original label; the bird was
originally in the Bangs Collection and was given to Outram Bangs
by John E. Thayer who presumably purchased it from C. K. Worthen.
The original label is a small tag written in Frank B. Armstrong's hand.

Chondrohierax uncinatus immanis Friedmann

Chondrohierax uncinatus immanis Friedmann, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., 24, 7,

15 July, 1934, p. 315.
Type. No. 149835, not sexed (9 by plumage); Ecuador: Oriente, Ambata.

Reinberg.

This specimen was presented to the Museum by Dr. Alfred O.
Gross who purchased it while in Ecuador in 1927; prior to Friedmann's
work on Chondrohierax it was believed to represent megarhynchus.
The bird had no original label ; the data being transcribed onto one of
Dr. Gross' collection labels. The skin is not quite characteristic of the
well known "Quito Trade Skin", but is stuffed with the same kind of
dried moss. The locality should probably be spelled Ambato; Dr.
Chapman (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, 1926, p. 703) states that
this is "a town in a warm valley of the interandine table-land" but
that a small collection of native-made skins said to have come from
there proved to be from the eastern slope of the Andes.

STRIGIDAE

Bubo ketupu aagaardi Neumann
now Ketupa ketupu aagaardi (Neumann)

Bubo ketupu aagaardi Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 55, 30 April, 1935,

p. 138.
Type. No. 170620, 9 ; southern Siam: Bang Nara, 25 July, 1932; K. Gercke.

Purchased from Professor Oscar Neumann.

62 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Bubo ketupu pageli Neumann
now Ketupa ketupu pageli (Neumann)

Bubo ketupu pageli Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 55, 30 April, 1935, p. 138.
Type. No. 170619, no sex; British North Borneo: Bengkoka River, Marudo
Bay; 2 May, 1893; Pagel.

Purchased from Professor Oscar Neumann.

Bubo bubo inexpectatus La Touche

Bubo bubo inexpectatus La Touche. A Hand Book of the Birds of Eastern

China, Vol. 2, part 2, January, 1932, p. 113.
Type. No. 88359, ad.cf ; China: Chihli, Chin Lung Shan, 12 February, 1922;

F. R. Wulsin.

PULSATRIX PERSPICILLATA CHAPMANI GrisCOm

Pulsatrix perspicillata chapmani Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9,

January 19, 1932, p. 325.
Type. No. 155173, ad. d1; eastern Panama: Pernio, Caribbean slope of Darien;

2 May, 1929; H. Wedel.

Otus asio var enano "Lawr. Ms."
now Otus trichopsis trichopsis (Wagler)

Otus asio var enano "Lawr. Ms." Baird and Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5,
12, 1873, p. 200; "Eastern Mexico, south to Guatemala".

Scops trichopsis Wagler, Isis von Oken, 1832, col. 276.

Cotype. No. 72899; Guatemala. No exact locality, date and collector not
known; received from the Boston Society of Natural History.

In their original description of this bird, Baird and Ridgway state
definitely that "this well marked race is founded upon a specimen
from Mexico in Mr. Lawrence's cabinet and one from Guatemala in
the Museum of the Boston Society. The two are alike in colors, but
as might be expected, the southern one is smaller". Since neither
specimen is designated as the type, both of course rank equally as
cotypes, though the bird from the Lawrence collection, now no. 44811
in the American Museum of Natural History, has long arbitrarily been
considered the type and the equally valid claim of the Boston Society
bird overlooked or ignored.

For further discussion of the application of this name see Moore and
Peters, Auk, 56, 1939, p. 45-46.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 63

LOPHOSTRIX CRISTATA WEDELI GrisCOITl

Lophostrix cristata wedeli Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9, 19 January,

1932, p. 326.
Type. No. 155180, ad. 9 ; eastern Panama: Perme, Caribbean slope of Darien;

2 November, 1929; H. Wedel.

Glaucidium minutissimum rarum Griscom

Glaucidium minutissimum rarum Griscom, Proc. New. England Zool. Club,

12, 1931, p. 41.
Type. No. 155189, ad. d", Panama: Perme, Caribbean slope; 14 July, 1929;

H. Wedel.

TYTOXIDAE

Tyto alba hellmayri Griscom and Greenway

Tyto alba hellmayri Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 81, 2,

May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 421.
Type. No. 143296, ad. 9 ; Surinam: Paramaribo; 30 January, 1913; native

collectors for T. E. Penard.

Tyto rosenbergi pelengensis Neumann

Tyto rosenbergi pelengensis Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 59, 21 April, 1939,

p. 92.
Type. No. 270559, <?; Peling Island; 22 August, 1938; J. J. Menden.

Tyto capensis libratus Peters and Loveridge

Tyto capensis libratus Peters and Loveridge, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 48, 3 May

1935, p. 77.
Type. No. 168653, ad. 9 ; Kenya Colony: Kakamega district, Kaimosi; 21

February, 1834; Arthur Loveridge.

PSITTACIDAE

Trichoglossus (Charmosyxa) arfaki A. B. Meyer
now Oreopsittacus arfaki arfaki (A. B. Meyer)

Trichoglossus (Charmosyna) Arfaki A. B. Meyer, Verh. Zool-bot. Ges. Wien,

24, 1874, p. 37.
Cotype. No. 158946, 9 ; New Guinea: Arfak, Hattam, 3500 feet; July, 1873;

Dr. Adolf Bernard Meyer.

64 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Bought of Rosenberg in January, 1936, and presented by Dr.
Thomas Barbour.

This is the specimen figured in Rowley's "Ornithological
Miscellany", 1, pt. 3, 1876, pi. to text p. 145-148. According to
Rowley the plate was drawn from a female bearing the data set forth
above. Dr. Meyer described arfalci from a series and did not designate
a holotype, hence our specimen is a cotype. On the reverse of the
original label is the number 972 (in ink), which I judge to be the field
number of the specimen; it is probably not a Rowley collection number
since other specimens from the Rowley collection are not numbered.
Also on the reverse side is written in pencil "Trichoglossus Arfaki
Meyer, Type", but I am unable to identify the handwriting.

Nasiterna pygmaea geelvinkiana Schlegel

now MlCROPSITTA GEELVINKIANA GEELVINKIANA (Schlegel)

Nasiterna -pygmaea Geelvinkiana Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., 4, 1873

(1871), p. 7; Mafor and Misori.
Cotype. No. 158948, <?; "Nufoor", 13 February, 1869; [von Rosenberg]

original number 229.
Cotype. No. 158947; 9; "Nufoor", 13 February, 1869; [von Rosenberg]

original number 231.

Both these birds were figured in Rowley's "Ornithological Mis-
cellany" 1, pt. 3 pi. 1876, accompanying text, p. 152-160; on p. 157,
Rowley writes that the specimens figured are nos. 231 9 and 229 cf •

While Rosenberg's name was added in pencil on the original label,
this was done at a subsequent date, since the writing does not agree
with the hand that penned the data. There is no doubt, however, that
these birds were actually taken by Rosenberg and form a part of the
original type series on which Schlegel based geelvinkiana, since Schlegel
states that Rosenberg was on Numfor (now Mafor) from January to
March, 1869. In his original description Schlegel pointed out differ-
ences between the birds from Mafor and Misori but did not separate
them; later Salvadori renamed both forms as maforensis and misorien-
sis respectively because Schlegel's name covered two separate races;
this procedure is not in accord with ordinary nomenclatural practice
and Rothschild and Hartert in Nov. Zool., 8, 1901, p. 90, were quite
right in restricting Schlegel's name to one of the two forms, in this
case to the Mafor bird, and allowing one of Salvadori's to stand for
the Misori bird.

This nice little pair was bought from W. F. H. Rosenberg the

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 65

London dealer, in January 1936, and presented to the Museum by
Dr. Thomas Barbour.

Amazona amazonica micra Griseom and Greenway

Amazona amazonica micra Griseom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 420.
Type. No. 143325, ad. d"; Surinam: Paramaribo; 18 January, 1913; native

collectors for T. E. Penard.

Graydidascalus brachyurus insulsus Griseom and Greenway

Graydidasculus [sic] brachyurus insulsus Griseom and Greenway, Bull. Mus.

Comp. Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 420.
Type. No. 173516, ad. c? ; Brazil: Lago Grande on the south bank of the

Amazon; 9 September, 1932; A. M. Olalla.

Poicephalus reichenowi Neumann

Poicephalus reichenowi Neumann, Journ. f. Orn., 46, 1898, p. 501.

Cotype. No. 160972, ad. 9 ; Angola: Quango; 3 January, 1881; von Mechow.

This distinct species was originally described from a series without
designation of a holotype; on the reverse of the label is a note in
Professor Neumann's own hand; it reads: — "this is one of the nine
typical specimens ... I have myself never designated a type. O. N."

Tanygnathus talautensis Meyer and Wiglesworth

now Tanygnathus lucionensis talautensis

Meyer and Wiglesworth

Tanygnathus talautensis Meyer and Wiglesworth, Abh. Ber. K. Zool. Mus.

Dresden, 1894-95, 1895, no. 9, p. 2.
Cotype. No. 97345, ad. 9 ; Talaut Islands: Karkellang, Melumbuane; 8

November 1894; Charles W. Cursharii's collectors. Received in exchange

with the Dresden Museum.

Meyer and Wiglesworth state in their original description that they
first received three specimens from Kabruang, Talaut Islands, but did
not distinguish these birds from the typical race; subsequently the
receipt of ten additional skins from Karkellang and Esang made it
clear that a well marked race was involved which they proceeded to
name as above. No specimen was designated as the holotype in the
original description and our bird, as one of the original series in the
Dresden Museum, ranks as a cotype.

However, in Meyer and Wiglesworth's Birds of Celebes (Vol. I,

G6 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

1898, p. 145) appears the statement "ad. Karkellang C 13766, type of
species; and others." This would seem to be a subsequent selection of
a holotype and those who believe in this practice will deny the claim
of our specimen to be a cotype. It formerly bore the number C 13767
in the Dresden Museum.

ALCEDINIDAE
( eyx erithacus captus Ripley

Ceyx erithacus captus Ripley, Proc. New England Zool. CI., 19, 29 December,

1941, p. 15.
Type. No. 194799, ad. d\ Dutch East Indies: Nias, Soliga; 2 August 1937;

Barbara Lawrence.

CAPRIMULGIDAE

Lurocalis semitorquatus nocti vagus Griswold

Lurocalis semitorquatus noctivagus Griswold, Proc. New England Zool. Club,

15, 13 July, 1936, p. 101.
Type. No. 171659, ad. 9 ; Canal Zone: Rio Pequeni, Salamanca Hydrographic

Station; 21 February, 1936; J. A. Griswold, Jr.

Hydropsalis climacocerca canescens Griscom and Greenway

Hydropsalis climacocerca canescens Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( =10 June), 1937, p. 425.
Type. No. 173621, ad. d1; Brazil: Lago Grande on the south bank of the

Amazon west of the mouth of the Tapajoz; 11 September, 1932; A. M.

Olalla.

In a paper (Ann. Carnegie Mus., 25, p. 245) published 6 November,
1937, Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd described two additional races of Hydrop-
salis climacocerca; one (H. c. pallidior) from Santarem, the other
(H. c. intcrcedens) from islands in the Amazon River opposite Obidos.
Thus there are three named forms inhabiting a stretch of the Amazon
River not much over sixty-five miles long. It is quite probable that
with larger series it will prove necessary to sink one or more of the
proposed races as a synonym.

Nyctiphrynus ocellatus brunnescens Griscom and Greenway

Nyctiphrynus ocellatus brunnescens Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 422.
Type. No. 169363, ad. d1 ; Brazil: Bahia, Fazenda Santa Maria on the Rio

Gongogy; 12 April, 1932; W. Garbe.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 67

Nyctipolus nigrescens duidae Griscom and Greenway

Nyctipolus nigrescens duidae Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 423.
Type. No. 147396, ad.d"; Venezuela: Mt. Duida, Valle de los Monos, 725

metres; 9 November, 1928; A. M. Olalla.

Caprimulgus rufus minimus Griscom and Greenway

Caprimulgus rufus minimus Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 424.
Type. No. 114053, ad. 9 ; Panama: Panama City; 6 May, 1904; W. W.

Brown.

Caprimulgus koesteri Neumann

now Caprimulgus poliocephalus koesteri Neumann

Caprimulgus koesteri Neumann, Journ. fur On., 79, Heft 4, October, 1931,

p. 550.
Type. No. 165862, not sexed but apparently a cf ; Benguella: Bailundoland,

Lebule near Luimbale; Paul Koester.

HEMIPROCNIDAE

Hemiprocne comata barbarae Peters

Ih iniprocne comata barbarae Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 86, 2, 27 Novem-
ber, 1939, p. 95.

Type. No. 194255, <?; Philippine Islands: Mindoro, Naujan, Bayog, 2 May,
1937; F. S. Rivera.

This form is named in honor of Miss Barbara Lawrence of the staff
of the Museum of Comparative Zoology who in 1937 collected birds
and mammals in the Philippine Islands and who secured Senor
Rivera's services to collect birds on Mindoro.

Hemiprocne comata stresemanni Neumann

Hemiprocne comata stresemanni Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 57, 30 June,

1937, p. 151.
Type. No. 158923, q?; Mentawi Archipelago: North Pagi Island, 10 January,

1935; J. J. Menden.

No specimen identified by a museum number was designated as the
type by Professor Neumann in his description of this race„ but his
statement that the type of this (and three other birds named at the

68 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

same time) is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology coupled with
the fact that the bird is marked "typus" in Professor Neumann's hand
establishes definitely its right to being the holotype. Furthermore,
the sex of the type is given as male and of the five males and three
females from North Pagi Island compared by Neumann the Museum
of Comparative Zoology has only a pair.

In the original description the date of collection is given as 10
January, 1934. 1935, however, is correct; Menden collected on
North Pagi between 8 December, 1934, and 31 January, 1935 with a
brief trip to South Pagi near the end of January.

TROCHILIDAE

EUTOXERES AQUILA MUNDA GrisCOIll

Eutoxeres aquila munda Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9, 19 January,

1932, p. 330.
Type. No. 155290, ad. d1; Panama: Obaldia, Caribbean slope of eastern

Darien; 2 November, 1929; H. Wedel.

Eutoxeres aquila viridior Griscom

Eutoxeres aquila viridior Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9, 19 January,

1932, p. 331.
Type. No. 124578, ad.cf; Colombia: Naranjito, Rio Dagua, 22 June, 1908;

M. G. Palmer.

In the original description the type was given as "No. 124576". This
is an error, the type marked by the describer as such is No. 124578.
•No. 124576 was not in the collection at the time (it had been ex-
changed) and is from another place — La Maria.

Phaeochroa cuvierii maculicauda Griscom

Phaeochroa cuvierii maculicauda Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9, 19

January, 1932, p. 332.
Type. No. 122617, ad.cf; Costa Rica: Bolson, 10 December, 1907; C. F.

Underwood.

Lepidopyga caeruleogularis confinis Griscom

Lepidopyga caeruleogularis confinis Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9,

19 January, 1932, p. 333.
Type. No. 155316, ad. cT; eastern Panama: Perme, Caribbean slope; 21

November, 1929; H. Wedel.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 69

Amazilia violiceps conjuncta Griscom

Amazilia violiceps conjuncta Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 1934,

p. 377.
Type. No. 224112, ad. d"; southern Sonora: Alamos; 16 February, 1888;

M. Abbott Frazar.

f HYLOCHARIS GUIANENSIS Boucard

= Hylocharis sapphirina (Gmelin)

Hylocharis guianensis Boucard, Hummingbird, 1, 1891, p. 52.

Cotype. No. 199592, d1; British Guiana: Camacusa, 8 March, 1882; H.

Whitely.
Trochilus sapphirinus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 496.

One of Boucard's cotypes of this supposed species has already been
listed by Bangs in his "Types of Birds now in the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology" (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, 1930, p. 219). The
specimen here claimed as another cotype was in a small set of Guianan
birds retained by T. E. Penard at the time he disposed of his main
collection. The remaining birds were secured from Mrs. Penard after
her husband's death.

In addition to Whitely 's small, neat original label, the specimen
bears Boucard's label with the words "typ specimen".

Thalurania colombica subtropicalis Griscom

Thalurania colombica subtropicalis Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9,

19 January, 1932, p. 337.
Type. No. 104142, ad. <? ; Colombia: near Cali, Cauca Valley (5000 ft.);

June, 1898; J. H. Batty.

t Thalurania colombica insulicola Griscom
= Thalurania colombica columbica (Bourcier)

Thalurania colombica insulicola Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9,

19 January, 1932, p. 335.
Type. No. 106824, ad. cf; Colombia: San Miguel, Sierra Nevada de Santa

Marta, (wrongly taken to be San Miguel, El Rey Island, Pearl Islands,

Bay of Panama); 28 February, 1899; W. W. Brown.
Ornismya colombica Bourcier, Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 2.

When he spread out a very long series of Thalurania colombica, with
a review of the forms in mind, Griscom mistook "San Miguel" on the
labels of four of Brown's skins from the Santa Marta mountains, as
meaning San Miguel in the Pearl Islands, where Brown also collected,

70 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

several years later, and noting the short tails of these skins described
the form as an insular race.

Thalurania colombica has never been recorded from the Pearl Islands.

It is possible that the name insulicola may have to be used for the
bird of the Santa Marta mountains which has a shorter tail than is
found in Bogota "Trade Skins". [O.B.]

Lamprolaima rhami saturatior Griscom

Lamprolaima rhami saturatior Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13,

7 November, 1932, p. 58.
Type. No. 161003, ad. d", Honduras: District of Achaga, Cerro Cantoral,

6500 ft.; 13 February, 1932; C. F. Underwood.

Anthoscenus constantii surdus van Rossem

Anthoscenus constantii surdus van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7,

29 December, 1934, p. 439.
Type. No. 224110, imm. 9 ; Sonora: Alamos; 16 February, 1888; M. Abbott

Frazar.

In the original description the sex is given as adult male; it is ob-
viously an immature female, as is also indicated by the green tag
placed on it by the collector (had it been a male a white tag would
have been used); Brewster also wrote female on his collection label.
No day of the month was given in the original description ; the collec-
tion label shows it to have been the 13th, but 16th is put on the orig-
inal green tag with a rubber date stamp, the impression is indistinct,
but can readily be made out with a hand lens.

Lampornis amethystinus nobilis Griscom

Lampornis amethystinus nobilis Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13,

7 November, 1932; p. 58.
Type. No. 161004, ad. cf; Honduras: District of Achaga, Montana Vasquez,

6500 ft.; 16 December, 1931; C. F. Underwood.

Nesophlox evelynae salita Greenway
now Philodice evelynae salita (Greenway)

Nesophlox evelynae salita Greenway, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 15,

28 October, 1936, p. 105.
Type. No. 171756, ad. d1; South Caicos Island: Cockburn Harbor; 25 March,

1936; J. C. Greenway, Jr.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 71

I do not see how it is possible to avoid sinking the generic name
Nesophlox Ridgway 1910 in the synonymy of Philodice Mulsant, J.
and E. Verreaux 1866. Ridgway apparently compared only with
Calliphlox amethystina (Boddaert) the species that he referred to
Nesophlox, but did not see Trochilus mitehelli Bourcier, which is the
type of the genus Philodice. There seem to be no differences of generic
value between mitehelli on the one hand, Doricka bryantae Lawrence
and the Bahamian Woodstars on the other.

Atthis heloisa selasphoroides Griscom

Atthis heloisa selasphoroides Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13,

7 November, 1932, p. 58.
Type. No. 161005, ad. d"; Honduras: District of Achaga, Cerro Cantoral,

6500 feet; 16 February, 1932; C. F. Underwood.

Stellula calliope lowei Griscom

Stellula calliope lowei Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 1934, p. 380
Type. No. 163518, ad.cf ; Guerrero: Taxco; 25 October, 1930; W. W. Brown.

f TlLMATURA DUPONTII XENOURA Griscom
= TlLMATURA DUPONTII (LeSSOn)

Til »ial lira dupontii xenoura Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13,

7 November, 1932, p. 58.
Type. No. 161006, ad. cf ; Honduras: District of Achaga, Cerro Cantoral, 6500

feet; 24 February, 1932; C. F. Underwood.
Ornismya dupontii Lesson, Hist. Nat. Colibis, Suppl. Hist. Nat. Ois. Mouches,

[1832], p. 100, pi. 1.

Berlioz (Ois. et Rev. Fran. d'Orn., 1938, p. 12-13) believes the char-
acters upon which this form was founded to be too inconstant to per-
mit its recognition.

TROGONIDAE

Pharomachrus pavoninus viridiceps Griscom and Greenway

Pharomachrus pavoninus viridiceps Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p.,426.
Type. No. 47852, ad. d* ; Brazil: lower Amazon River; C. M. Caverly.

72 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Trogon mexicanus clarus Griscom

Trogon mexicanus clarus Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13, 7

November, 1932, p. 57.
Type. No. 224624, ad. 9 ; Mexico: Chihuahua, Pinos Altos; 4 June, 1888;

M. Abbott Frazar.

Trogon mexicanus lutescens Griscom

Trogon mexicanus lutescens Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13, 7

November, 1932, p. 56.
Type. No. 161002, ad. d"; Honduras: District of Achaga, Cerro Cantoral,

6500 ft.; 16 December, 1931; C. F. Underwood.

Trogon elegans australis Griscom

Trogon elegans australis Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 12, April,

1930, p. 3.
Type. No.. 116576, ad. 9 ; northeast Costa Rica: Bagaces; 14 November, 1895;

C. F. Underwood.

CUCULIDAE

f Cuculus canorus maximus Neumann
= Cuculus canorus johanseni Tschusi

Cuculus canorus maximus Neumann, Anz. Orn, Ges. Bayern, 2, 8, March,

1934, p. 332.
Type. No. 166945, ad. cf ; Siberia: East Sajan Mts., Argul River, Maralnik,

22 May, 1929; bought of Professor Oscar Neumann.
Cuculus canorus johanseni Tschusi, Orn. Jahrb., 21, 1903, p. 165 (Tomsk

Siberia) .

The two other specimens mentioned by Neumann in his description
of maximus are also in the Museum of Comparative Zoology; while
referred to as cotypes and also marked as "cotypus", they are not
entitled to such rank since a holotype exists. Were ornithologists
concerned with paratypes, they could be claimed as such.

The alleged greater size of this proposed subspecies is not sufficient
to distinguish it from johanseni; a conclusion also reached by Hartert
and Steinbacher (Vog. pal. Fauna, Erganzungsb., Heft 4, 1935, p.
378-379).

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 73

fPlAYA CAYANA INCINCTA GrisCOm

= PlAYA CAYANA THERMOPHILA Sclater

Piaya cayana incincta Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9, 19 January,

1932, p. 324.
Type. No. 155252, ad. d1; eastern Panama: Perine, Caribbean slope of

Darien; 22 July, 1929; H. Wedel.
Piaya thermophila P. L. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, p. 368 (Jalapa,

Vera Cruz).

After examination of this race in connection with the 4th volume
of my Check-List, I concluded that it was separated on characters too
variable and inconstant, and consequently placed it in synonymy.

Geococcyx velox longisignum Moore

Geococcyx velox longisignum Moore, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7,

31 May, 1934, p. 464.
Type. No. 161178, ad.cf; Honduras: Comayabuela; 1 October, 1931; C. F.

Underwood.

CAPITONIDAE

Capito maculicoronatus melas Griscom

Capito maculicoronatus melas Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9, 19

January, 1932, p. 340.
Type. No. 155380, ad. d"; eastern Panama: Puerto Obaldia, Caribbean slope

of Darien, 8 August, 1930; H. Wedel.

RAMPHASTIDAE

Ramphastos tucanus oblitus Griscom and Greenway

Ramphastos tucanus oblitus Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 427.
Type. No. 174070, ad.c?; Brazil: Rio Tapajoz; Tauary; 7 May, 1933; A. M.

Olalla.

Pteroglossus aracari vergens Griscom and Greenway

Pteroglossus aracari vergens Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 431.
Type. No. 156885; ad.d*; Brazil: Sao Paulo, Valparaiso, 30 June, 1931;

J. Lima.

74 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Selenidera maculirostris hellmayri Griscom and Greenway

Selenidera maculirostris hellmayri Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 431.
Type. No. 174105, ad. d1; Brazil: Rio Tapajoz, Boim; 12 January, 1933;

A. M. Olalla.

GALBULIDAE

Galbula leucogaster viridissima Griscom and Greenway

Galbula leucogaster viridissima Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 246.
Type. No. 173977, ad.d*; Brazil: Rio Tapajoz, Pinhy; 8 May, 1933; Olalla

Brothers.

PICIDAE

COLAPTES CAFER NANUS GrisCOHl

Colaptes cafer nanus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 1934, p. 381.
Type. No. 98788, ad.cT; San Luis Potosi: Ipina; 30 November, 1924; W. W.
Brown.

Chrysoptilus punctigula pallidior Griscom and Greenway

Chrysoptilus punctigula pallidior Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 431.
Type. No. 174228, ad. d"; Brazil: Lago Grande on the south bank of the

Amazon west of the Tapajoz; 6 September, 1932; A. M. Olalla.

Dryobates villosus terraenovae Batchelder

Dryobates villosus terraenovae Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 4,

24 June, 1908, p. 37.
Type. No. 187418, d1 ; Newfoundland: Placentia; 30 May, 1890; J. C. Cahoon.

Formerly no. 5227, collection of C. F. Batchelder.

f Dryobates pubescens oreoecus Batchelder
= Dryobates pubescens leucurus (Hartlaub)

Dryobates pubescens oreoecus Batchelder, Auk, 6, 3, 1889, p. 253.

Type. No. 187517, d"; New Mexico: Las Vegas Hot Springs; 18 December,
1882; C. F. Batchelder.

Picas leucurus Hartlaub, Naumannia, 2, 1855, Heft 2, p. 55, (Rocky Moun-
tains).
Formerly no. 196, collection of C. F. Batchelder.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 75

This form was recognized in the 2nd ed. of the A.O.U. Check-List,
but was replaced by the earlier homorus in the 3d which in turn was
supplanted by leucurus in the 4th.

Yungipicus scintilliceps kurodai La Touche
how Dryobates semicoronatus nagamichii (La Touche)

Yungipicus scintilliceps kurodai La Touche, A Handbook of the Birds of
Eastern China, 2, part 1, p. 22, May, 1931. Not Dryobates leucotos
kurodae Gotz.

Type. No. 132947 ad. cT; China: Fohkien Province, December, 1912; La
Touche Collection.

Yungipicus scintilliceps nagamichii La Touche, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 43,
31 October, 1932, p. 22. New name to replace kurodai La Touche, pre-
occupied.

Mesopicos griseocephalus persimilis Neumann

Mesopicos griseocephalus persimilis Neumann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 20,

Heft 1, 1933, p. 227.
Type. No. 165841, ad. cf; Benguella: Bailunduland, Chipepe; 22 June,

1928; Paul Koester.

Cerchneipicus tinnunculus angustus Griscom and Greenway

Cerchneipicus tinnunculus angustus Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 432.
Type. No. 171161, ad. d" ; Brazil: Para, Caxiricatuba on the right bank of the

Tapajoz; 12 August, 1932; A. M. Olalla.

Ceophloeus lineatu.s obsoletus van Rossem

Ceophloeus lineatus obsoletus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 8,

4, 10 August, 1934, p. 12.
Type. No. 224294, ad.cf; Mexico: Sonora, Alamos; 16 March, 1888; M. A.

Frazar.

Ceophloeus lineatus nuperus Peters

Ceophloeus lineatus nuperus Peters, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5,

1930, p. 320.
Type. No. 105969, ad. cf; Colombia: Santa Marta Region, Conception; 13

February, 1899; W. W. Brown.

76 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

FORMICARIIDAE

Dysithamnus puncticeps intensus Griscom

Dysithamnus puncticeps intensus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9,

19 January, 1932, p. 343.
Type. No. 87219, ad. 9 ; eastern Panama: Mount Sapo, Pacific slope of Darien;

23 April, 1922; Barbour, Brooks and Underwood.

FURNARIIDAE

Ancistrops strigilatus cognitus Griscom and Greenway

Ancistrops strigilatus cognitus Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 433.
Type. No. 174474, ad. d", Brazil: Para, Tauary on the right bank of the Rio

Tapajoz; 16 October, 1933; A. M. Olalla.

Philydor erythropterus diluvialis Griscom and Greenway

Philydor erythropterus diluvialis Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 433.
Type. No. 174480, ad. d; Brazil: Paid, Caxiricatuba, right bank of the Rio

Tapajoz; 9 August, 1932; A. M. Olalla.

DENDROCOLAPTIDAE

Xiphorhynchus flavigaster ultimus Bangs and Griscom

Xiphorhynchus flavigaster ultimus Bangs and Griscom, Proc. New England
Zool. Club, 13, 7 November, 1932, p. 48.

Type. No. 147875, ad. d ; Costa Rica: Nicoya, Ojo Ancha, 500 ft.; 2 Novem-
ber, 1929; Austin Paul Smith.

Xiphorhynchus erythropygius parvus Griscom

Xiphorhynchus erythropygius parvus Griscom, Auk, 54, April, 1937, p. 196.
Type. No. 158227, ad. a*; Honduras: Las Penitas; 17 February, 1933; C. F.
Underwood.

Campylorhamphus trochilirostris brevipennis Griscom

Campylorhamphus trochilirostris brevipennis Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

72, 9, 19 January, 1932, p. 348.
Type. No. 107335, ad.d1; Panama: Lion Hill, Canal Zone; 7 March, 1900;

W. W. Brown.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 77

Nasica longirostris australis Griscom and Greenway

Nasica longirostris australis Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 432.
Type. No. 104401, ad. d* ; Brazil: Santarem; 2 October, 1882; Addison Brown.

TYRANNIDAE

Tyrannus vociferans xenopterum Griscom

Tyrannus vociferans xenopterum Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 76, 1934,

p. 391.
Type. No. 163725, ad.cf; Guerrero: Chilpancingo; 29 June, 1931; W. W.

Brown.

Pitangus sulphuratus palliatus van Rossem

Pitangus sulfuratus (sic) palliatus van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50,

23 February, 1937, p. 25.
Type. No. 223617, ad. <? ; Mexico: Sonora, Alamos; 8 March, 1888; M. A.

Frazar.

In the original description the number of the type was given as
222617, through a typographical error. Why Mr. van Rossem spelled
the specific name of this bird as he did, and not sulphuratus as orig-
inally and universally spelled is unexplainable.

Empidonax fulvifrons inexpectatus Griscom

Empidonax fulvifrons inexpectatus Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club,

13, 7 November, 1932, p. 60.
Type. No. 161007, ad. cf; Honduras: District of Achaga, Cerro Cantoral,

6500 ft.; 9 December, 1931; C. F. Underwood.

Rhynchocyclus brevirostris hellmayri Griscom

Rhynchocyclus brevirostris hellmayri Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72,

9, 19 January, 1932, p. 352.
Type. No. 140732, ad. <?; Panama: Cana, Pacific slope* of Darien; 6 August,

1928; R. R. Benson.

Todirostrum latirostre senectum Griscom and Greenway

Todirostrum latirostre senectum Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 434.
Type. No. 175819, ad. 9 ; Brazil: Boca de Igarape-Piaba, near Obidos; 6

March, 1933; A. M. Olalla.

78 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Camptostoma pusillum major Griscom

Camptostoma pusillum major Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9, 19

January, 1932, p. 353.
Type. No. 104878, ad.cT; Pearl Islands: San Miguel, El Rey Island; 4 May,

1900; W. W. Brown.

PIPRIDAE

Chloropipo holochlora suffusa Griscom

Chloropipo holochlora suffusa Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9, 19

January, 1932, p. 354.
Type. No. 155715, ad. <?; eastern Panama: Obaldia, Caribbean slope; 31

July, 1930; H. Wedel.

COTINGIDAE

Pachyrhamphus cinnamomeus fulvidior Griscom

Pachyrhamphus cinnamomeus fulvidior Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72,

9, 19 January, 1932, p. 357.
Type. No. 119889, ad. 9 ; British Honduras: Toledo District; 22 October,

1906; Morton E. Peck.

Xipholena lamellipennis pallidior Griscom and Greenway

Xipholena lamellipennis pallidior Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 433.
Type. No. 175166, breeding 9 ; Brazil: Rio Tapajoz, Santarem; 15 July,

1932; A. M. Olalla.

HIRUNDINIDAE

Psalidoprocne kosteri Neumann

Psalidoprocne kosteri Neumann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 20, Heft 1, 1933,

p. 227.
Type. No. 165882, 9 ; Benguella: Bailunduland, Chipepe; 17 June, 1928;

Paul Koester.

The type and two other specimens from the same locality are obvi-
ously immature birds, lacking any trace of the characteristic "roughen-
ing" of the edge of the outer primary.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 79

MUSCICAPIDAE

Dioptrornis brunneus bailunduensis Neumann

Dioptrornis brunneus bailunduensis Neumann, Orn. Monatsb., 37, 6, Novem-
ber, 1929, p. 177.

Type. No. 165885; 9, Benguella: Bailunduland, Chipepe, 1 June, 1928;
Paul Koester.

f Muscicapa luteocephala Lafresnaye
= Neopelma aurifrons (Wied)

Muscicapa luteocephala Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., 3, 1833, el. 2, pi. 13.
Type. No. 84376; Lafresnaye Collection no. 4666; Brazil.
Muscicapa aurifrons Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, 1831, p. 829.

This specimen was identified many years ago by Outram Bangs
as the type; he omitted it from his "List of Types in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology" probably because Hellmayr (Cat. Bds. Am.
pt. 6, 1929, p. 87) gave the location of the type as being in the Paris
Museum.

There are several bits of evidence in the original description how-
ever, that point conclusively to the right of the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology specimen to rank as the type. In the first place, La-
fresnaye gives no intimation that he had more than a single specimen
at hand; second from a statement in the preface to the article in
which he described this and three other species it seems clear that the
studies were based on specimens in his own collection "Cette remarque
m'ayant fait examiner plus attentivement les pieds des differentes
especes de l'ordre des Passereaux que je possede dans ma collection."
Third, the colored plate accompanying the original description ap-
pears to have been drawn from the bird here claimed as the type;
this specimen has not been relaxed, and is still in the form of a mount
except that it has been removed from its stand and the legs straight-
ened. The attitude of skin and plate agree exactly.

In describing Muscicapa luteocephala Lafresnaye gave it the same
name as a bird described two years before by Lesson (Traite d'Orn,
livr. 5, 1830 or 1831, p. 392), in fact tentatively assigned it to that
species. Lesson's M. luteocephala, however, turns out to be a Hetero-
cercus.

80 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Muscicapula sapphirina laotiana Delacour and Greenway

Muscicapula sapphirina laotiana Delacour and Greenway, Bull. Brit. Orn.

Club, 59, 17 June, 1939, p. 132.
Type. No. 265099, imm. d"; Laos: Col de Taloun, 25 km. east of Luang

Prabang; 27 January, 1939; J. Delacour, J. C. Greenway, Jr. and F.

Edmond-Blanc. Field no. 1945, VII Exped. en Indo-Chine.

Hypothymis azurea compilator Peters

Hypothymis azurea compilator Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 86, 2, 27

November, 1939, p. 11.
Type. No. 194555, d>; Philippine Islands: Basilan, 15 km. northeast of

Maluso; 23 April, 1937; Barbara Lawrence.

Rhipidura teijsmanni sulaensis Neumann

Rhipidura teijsmanni sulaensis Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 59, 21 April,

1939, p. 93.
Type. No. 269600, ad.cT; Sula Islands: Taliabu, 11 October, 1938; J. J.

Menden.

Myiagra azureicapilla azureicapilla Layard

Myiagra azureicapilla Layard, Ibis, 1875, p. 434.

Cotype. No. 166780, ad.cT; Fiji Islands: Taviuni, Ngila; 18 August, 1875;

E. L. Layard.
Cotype. No. 166781, ad. 9 ; Fiji Islands: Taviuni, Ngila; 11 August, 1875;

E. L. Layard.

This species was described by Layard who neither designated a
type, nor stated the number of specimens that he had. The 4th
volume of the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum lists a male
and female from Ngila, Taviuni, but does not claim either specimen
as a type. A pair also went to Rowley who figured them in his "Orni-
thological Miscellany," 1, pi. 35. The two specimens which I claim
as cotypes are the two figured birds, bought at the Rowley auction in
November, 1934 by Rosenberg, the London dealer, and from whom
the museum obtained them.

Mathews makes this species the type of his monotypic genus
Lophomyiagra, a genus that may have to be recognized eventually,
but pending a general review of the Muscicapidae I make no change.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 81

CAMPEPHAGIDAE

Edolisoma morio talautense Meyer and Wiglesworth

Edoliisoma talautense Meyer and Wiglesworth, Abh. Ber. K. Zool. Mus.
Dresden, 1894-95 (1895), no. 9, p. 5.

Cotype. No. 97336, ad.cf; Talaut Islands: Esang; 20 October, 1894; Charles
W. Cursham's collectors. Received in exchange with the Dresden Mu-
seum. (No. C 13800).

Meyer and Wiglesworth described this form from fifteen specimens
from the islands of Karkellang, Esang and Kabruang in the Talaut
group; no holotype was designated. In their Birds of Celebes (2,
1898, p. 423) they list "ad. 9 , type, Karkellang, Nov. 1894: Nat.
Coll. — C 13795 and others" and "ad.cf, type, Kabruang, Nov. 1893
— -C 13121, and others." As in the case of Tanygnathus talautensis,
Meyer and Wiglesworth's action in the Birds of Celebes amounts to a
subsequent selection of a male and female cotype, but I cannot see
how it invalidates the right of any of the other original specimens to
rank as cotypes.

Pericrocotus miniatus dammermani Neumann

Pericrocotus miniatus dammermani Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 57, 30

June, 1937, p. 152.
Type. No. 177810, 9 ; South Sumatra: Gunong Dempo, 2500 metres; 20

July, 1936; J. J. Menden.

No specimen identified by a museum number was designated in
Professor Neumann's original description as the type; but his state-
ment in the introduction to the description of this and three other
subspecies of birds that the types are in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, coupled with the fact that the specimen is marked "typus"
in its describer's handwTiting and that the data correspond, definitely
establishes its right to be the holotype.

TIMALIIDAE
Garrulax moniliger schauenseei Delacour and Greenway

Garrulax moniliger schauenseei Delacour and Greenway, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,

59, 17 June, 1939, p. 132.
Type. No. 265100, d"; Laos: Xieng-Khouang, 1200 metres; 6 November

(in original description), 6 December (on label), 1938; J. Delacour, J. C.

Greenway, Jr., F. Edmond-Blanc. Field no. 76, VII Exped. en Indo-

Chine.

82 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Rhinocichla mitrata griswoldi Peters

Rhinocichla mitrata griswoldi Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 87, 3, December,
1940, p. 204.

Type. No. 236020, ad., not sexed; Borneo: Mt. Tibang, 4000 feet; 19 Novem-
ber, 1925; Eric Mjoberg.

This specimen while not sexed is doubtless a male since it has a wing
measurement of 109 mm., about the maximum for that sex. Wings of
females run from 95.5 to 104.5.

Neocichla gutturalis angustus Friedmann

Neocichla gutturalis angustus Friedmann, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., 20, 17,

1930, p. 434.
Type. No. 134447, ad. 9 ; Tanganyika Territory: Muhalala, Kilamatindi;

3 March, 1922; Arthur Loveridge.

Turdinus rufipennis distans Friedmann
now Illadopsis rufipennis distans (Friedmann)

Turdinus rufipennis distans Friedmann, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 10,

14 April, 1928, p. 48.
Type. No. 237750, cT1; Tanganyika Territory: Amani, Usambara Mts.; 22

November, 1926; A. Loveridge.

The type was in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at the time
that Outram Bangs published the list of types, but was accidentally
omitted from his list.

This form is very distinct from the typical race; Friedmann dis-
cussed the differences between distans and allied forms with fairly
good material available and his conclusions as to its relationship may
be accepted.

Illadopsis stictigula pressa Bangs and Loveridge

Illadopsis stictigula pressa Bangs and Loveridge, Proc. New England Zool.

Club, 12, 1931, p. 94.
Type. No. 148499, ad. 9 ; Tanganyika Territory: Nkuka Forest, Rungwe

Mountains; 5 April, 1930; Arthur Loveridge.

Napothera epilepidota mendeni Neumann

Napothera epilepidota mendeni Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 57, 30 June,

1937, p. 152.
Type. No. 177863, 9 ; South Sumatra: Gunong Dempo, 1800 metres; 21 July,

1936; J. J. Menden.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 83

No specimen identified by a museum number was designated as the
type in Professor Neumann's original description, but his statement
in the introduction to the paper in which this and three other sub-
species of birds were named that the types are in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology coupled with the fact that this was the only
specimen of this form received and that the label is marked in Neu-
mann's own hand "Typus von Napothera cpilepidoia mendeni Neum.",
definitely establish this specimen as the holotype.

Alcippe ruficapilla danisi Delacour and Greenway

Alcippe (Fulretta) ruficapilla da nisi Delacour and Greenway, Proc. New

England Zool. Club, 18, 3 May, 1941, p. 47.
Type. No. 268092, ad. cf; Laos: Xieng-Khouang; 15 December, 1938: J.

Delacour and J. C. Greenway, Jr.

Stachyris striolata helenae Delacour and Greenway

Stachyris -striolata helenae Delacour and Greenway, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 59,
17 July, 1934, p. 130.

Type. No. 265102, <?; western Laos: Nam-Khueng, 20 km. west of Ban-
Houesai, Mekong River; 17 January, 1939; J. Delacour, J. C. Greenway,
Jr. and F. Edmond-Blanc; Orig. no. 1724, VII Exped. en Indo-Chine.

Cyanoderma melanothorax mendeni Neumann
now Stachyris melanothorax mendeni (Neumann)

Cyanoderma melanothorax mendeni Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 55, 30

April, 1935, p. 136.
Type. No. 170622, cf; Java: east of Cheribon, Indromajoe; 17 December,

1929; J. J. Menden.

Bought of Professor Oscar Neumann.

Brachypteryx leucophrys langbianensis Delacour and Greenway

Brachypteryx leucophrys langbianensis Delacour and Greenway, Bull. Brit.

Orn. Club, 59, 17 June, 1939, p. 131.
Type. No. 265096, ad. cf; Annam: Pic de Langbian, near Dalat; 13 March,

1939; J. Delacour and J. C. Greenway, Jr.; Field no. 2560, VII Exped. en

Indo-Chine.

84 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

fMESiA argentauris galbana Mayr and Greenway
= Mesia argentauris vernayi Mayr and Greenway

Mesia argentauris galbana Mayr and Greenway, Proc. New England Zool.

Club, 17, 24 March, 1938, p. 3.
Type. No. 179993, cf; Siam: Mt. Angka, 5700 feet; J. A. Griswold, Jr.
Mesia argentauris vernayi Mayr and Greenway, Proc. New England Zool. Club,

17, 24 March, 1938, p. 3.

M. a. vernayi has line anteriority on the same page over galbana.
Mr. Greenway tells me that more material proves that color and size
differences which were supposed to have differentiated the popula-
tions of northern Siam and northern Burma fall within the range of
individual variation.

TROGLODYTIDAE

Thryophilus leucopogon grisescens Griscom

Thryophilus leucopogon grisescens Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9,

19 January, 1932, p. 359.
Type. No. 155820, ad. cf; eastern Panama: Pernio, Caribbean slope; 19

March, 1929; H. Wedel.

Thryophilus nigricapillus reditus Griscom

Thryophilus nigricapillus reditus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9,

19 January, 1932, p. 358.
Type. No. 155797, ad. cf; eastern Panama: Perme, Caribbean slope, 31

August, 1929; H. Wedel.

Pheugopedius maculipectus microstictus Griscom

Pheugopedius maculipectus microstictus Griscom, Proc. New. England Zool.

Club, 12, April, 1930, p. 5.
Type. No. 48696, ad.d"; Tamaulipas: Santa Leonor; 9 March, 1909; F. B.

Armstrong.

Pheugopedius maculipectus petersi Griscom

Pheugopedius maculipectus petersi Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club,

12, April, 1930, p. 7.
Type. No. 136857, ad. cf ; eastern Honduras: Lancetilla, 18 February, 1928;

J. L. Peters.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 85

Troglodytes brunneicollis compositus Griscom

Troglodytes brunneicollis compositus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 76,
1934, p. 395.

Type. No. 48657, ad. d"; Tamaulipas: Galindo; 25 March, 1909; F. B. Arm-
strong.

In his original description Griscom gave the catalogue number of
this type as 49657; the actual number is the one given above.

Henicorhina leucophrys composita Griscom

Henicorhina leucophrys composita Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club,

13, 7 November, 1932, p. 61.
Type. No. 161009, ad. cf; Honduras: District of Achaga, Cerro Cantoral,

6500 feet; 13 December, 1931; C. F. Underwood.

MIMIDAE

Mimus gilvus clarus van Rossem

Mimus gilvus clarus van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7, 29 December,
1934, p. 401. New name for Mimus gilvus gracilis of Authors, not Cabanis.

Type. No. 60596, ad.cT; Quintana Roo: Camp Mengel; 19 March, 1912;
J. L. Peters.

TURDIDAE

Turdus simensis kosteri Neumann

Turdus simensis kosteri Neumann, Orn. Monatsb., 37, 6, November, 1929,

p. 177.
Type. No. 165937, ad. cf ; Benguella: Bailunduland, Cassongue; 6 July, 1928;

Paul Koester.

Neumann gives Chipepe as the place of capture, but on the collector's
original label is written "Cassongue".

Merula migratoria achrustera Batchelder
now Turdus migratorius achrusterus (Batchelder)

Merula migratoria achrustera Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1,

6 March, 1900, p. 104.
Type. No. 188205, cf; North Carolina: Raleigh; 8 June, 1894; H. H. and

C. S. Brimley.

Formerly no. 6433, collection of Charles F. Batchelder.

86 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

TURDUS MIGRATORIUS PERMIXTUS GrisCOm

Tardus migratorius permixtus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 1934,

p. 396.
Type. No. 163992, ad.c?; Guerrero: Chilpancingo, 8000 feet; 25 March, 1932;

W. W. Brown.

Zoothera monticola atrata Delacour and Greenway

Zoothera monticola atrata Delacour and Greenway, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 59,

17 June, 1939, p. 131.
Type. No. 265095, ad. 9 ; Tonkin: Chapa, 5000 feet; 29 January, 1939;

B. Bjorkegren.

Bessonornis albigularis porotoensis Bangs and Loveridge

Bessonornis albigularis porotoensis Bangs and Loveridge, Proc. New England

Zool. Club, 12, 1931, p: 94.
Type. No. 148659, ad. 9 ', Tanganyika Territory: Igale, Poroto Mountains;

28 April, 1930; Arthur Loveridge.

Sheppardia cyornithopsis bangsi Friedmann

Sheppardia cyornithopsis bangsi Friedmann, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat.

Hist., 5, p. 323, 1930.
Type. No. 134507, ad. cf; Tanganyika Territory: Uluguru Mountains; 23

May, 1921 ; Arthur Loveridge.

Cossypha heuglini euronota Friedmann

CossypJui heuglini euronota Friedmann, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5,

1930, p. 327.
Type. No. 134467, ad. 9 ; Mozambique: Lumbo; 17 July, 1918; Arthur

Loveridge.

Catharus melpomene bathoica Bangs and Griscom

Catharus melpomene bathoica Bangs and Griscom, Proc. New England Zool.

Club, 13, 7 November, 1932, p. 51.
Type. No. 147848, d71; Costa Rica: Nicoya Peninsula, Ojo Ancho, 500 feet;

7 November, 1929; Austin Paul Smith.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 87

SYLVIIDAE

Cisticola robusta omo Neumann and Lynes

Cisticola robusta omo Neumann and Lynes, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 48, 16 July,

1928, p. 136.
Type. No. 160986, ad.d"; Ethiopia: Jimma, Dobbi; 29 May, 1925; Professor

Neumann and Dr. Heck.

On p. 654 of his Review of the Genus Cisticola, Admiral Lynes lists
the type of this form as coming from "Kankati, Jimma Terr., southern
Ethiopia".

Cisticola emini bailunduensis Neumann

Cisticola emini bailunduensis Neumann, Journ. f. Orn., 1931, p. 551.
Type. No. 166194, ad. 9 ; Benguella: Bailunduland, Chipepe; 18 June, 1928;
Paul Koester.

This is one of the specimens referred to by Lynes in the Ibis, 1930,
Cisticola supplement, p. 314 as "e. Cisticola emini of Angola". On the
bank of Professor Neumann's label Lynes has written: "compared
with types of emini and conformed, 21 August, 1922. The only known
specimen of its kind from Angola, and I will bet it came from one of
those granitic kopje masses which are plentiful in the Bailundo-
Huambo-Lepe country."

f Acrocephalus dumetorum gabrielae Neumann
= Hippolais pallida pallida (Hemprich and Ehrenberg)

Acrocephalus dumetorum gabrielae Neumann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 2,

Heft 2/3, 1934, p. 469.
Type. No. 166963, ad.o"; Asia Minor: Elmali, westerly of Adalia; 20 May,

1933; Gabriele Neuhauser.
Curruca pallida Hemprich and Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys., 1833, sig. bb.

Very shortly after describing this form Professor Neumann wrote
me, "I committed the most terrible blunder of my whole ornithological
life when I described Acrocephalus dumetorum gabrielae which is merely
Hippolais pallida, or perhaps a slightly darker race of it."

Phylloscopus reguloides ticehursti Delacour and Greenway

Phylloscopus reguloides ticehursti Delacour and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 59, 21 July, 1939, p. 151.
Type. No. 265098, ad. d" ; Annam: Langbian Peaks, 6000 feet; 4 March, 1939;

J. C. Greenway, orig. no. 2355.

S8 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Apalis thoracica interjectiva Bangs and Loveridge

Apalis thoracica interjectiva Bangs and Loveridge, Proc. New England Zool.
Club, 12, 1931, p. 95.

Type. No. 148702, ad. d1 ; Tanganyika Territory: Kigogo, Uzungwe Moun-
tains; 20 January, 1930; Arthur Loveridge.

Apalis eidos Peters and Loveridge

Apalis eidos Peters and Loveridge, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 89, 5, 24 February,

1942, p. 252.
Type. No. 270942, ad. cf, Belgian Congo: Lake Kivu, Idjwi Island; 28

February 1939; A. Loveridge.

Polioptila caerulea deppei van Rossem

Polioptila caerulea deppei van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7, 29
December, 1934, p. 402. New name for Polioptila caerulea mexicana of
Authors, not of Bonaparte.

Type. No. 113712, ad.d"; Yucatan: Rio Lagartos; 13 April, 1893; W. W.
Brown.

Prinia hodgsonii confusa Deignan

Prinia hodgsonii confusa Deignan, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 103, 1 September, 1942,

3, p. 6.
Type. No. 129216, ad. cf; Yunnan: Mengtse; 5 December, 1920; J. D. La

Touche.

VIREONIDAE

Vireo hypochryseus nitidus van Rossem

Vireo hypochryseus nitudus van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7,

29 December, 1934, p. 465.
Type. No. 221901, ad. a"; Sonora: Hacienda de San Rafael; 2 May, 1888;

M. Abbott Frazar.

As has been shown by van Rossem, the Hacienda de San Rafael,
while formerly in the State of Chihuahua, is now in the State of Sonora
owing to relocation of boundary lines.

Vireo solitarius pinicolus van Rossem

Vireo solitarius pinicolus van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7, 29

December, 1934, p. 467.
Type. No. 115724, ad. d" ; Chihuahua: Mound Valley; 2 September, 1905;

W. W. Brown.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 89

BOMBYCILLIDAE

Ptilogonys cinereus pallescens Griscom

Ptilogonys cinereus pallescens Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 1934,

p. 398.
Type. No. 164037, ad. c?; Guerrero: Chilpaneingo, 8000 feet; 25 November,

1931 ; W. W. Brown.

LANIIDAE

Lanius schach sumatrae Neumann

hanius schach sumatrae Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 57, 30 June, 1937,

p. 153.
Type. No. 178142, ad. a"; South Sumatra: Gunong Dempu, 1800 metres; 28

July, 1936; J. J. Menden.

The type is in much worn plumage.

Xo specimen identified by number was designated as the type in
Professor Neumann's original description, but his statement in the
introduction to the paper in which he named this and three other sub-
species of birds, that the types are in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, coupled with the facts that the data for the type correspond
with those on the label of this specimen, and that Professor Neumann
has written "Typus von Lanius schach sumatrae Neum." on the label
obviously establish this specimen as the holotype.

Chlorophoneus abbotti sandgroundi Bangs

Chlorophoneus abbotti sandgroundi Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club,

12, August, 1931, p. 70.
Type. No. 154820, acLd1; southern Rhodesia: Mount Silinda; 7 May, 1930;

J. H. Sandground.

SITTIDAE

Sitta solangiae fortior Delacour and Greenway

Sitta solangiae fortior Delacour and Greenway, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 59, 17

June, 1939, p. 133.
Type. No. 267097, ad. d"; Annam: Pic de Langbian, near Dalat; 14 March,

1939; J. Delacour, J. C. Greenway, Jr. and F. Edmond-Blanc. Field

no. 2602, VII Exped. en Indo-Chine.

90 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

CERTHIDAE

f Climacteris placens stevensi Greenway
= Climacteris placens meridionalis Hartert

Climacteris placens stevensi Greenway, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 14,

25 January, 1934, p. 2.
Type. No. 167003, ad.c?; Mandated Territory of New Guinea: Mt. Misim,

6800 feet; 20 January, 1933; Herbert Stevens.
Climacteris placens meridionalis Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 21, 1907, p. 27.

This race is now placed in synonymy by Mayr in his recent "List
of New Guinea Birds".

ZOSTEROPIDAE
Zosterops silvanus Peters and Loveridge

Zosterops silvanus Peters and Loveridge, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 48, 3 May,

1935, p. 77.
Type. No. 168994, ad.cf ; Kenya Colony: Taita, Mt. Mbololo, 4800 feet; 21

April, 1934; Arthur Loveridge.

The specific name of this bird is a latin masculine substantive signify-
ing a woodland deity; there is no reason, therefore, to alter the termin-
ation to a feminine one to agree with the gender of the generic name
although it is confidently expected that someone will make this blunder.

Zosterops virens sarmenticia Bangs and Loveridge

Zosterops virens sarmenticia Bangs and Loveridge, Proc. New England Zool.

Club, 12, 1931, p. 95.
Type. No. 148834, ad. d", Tanganyika Territory: Igale, Poroto Mountains;

25 April, 1930; Arthur Loveridge.

Zosterops minor tenuifrons Greenway

Zosterops minor tenuifrons Greenway, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 14,

25 January, 1934, p. 3.
Type. No. 167005, ad. cT; Mandated Territory of New Guinea: Morobe

district, Wau, 3700 feet; 24 March, 1932; Herbert Stevens.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 91

NECTARINIIDAE

Aethopyga gouldiae harrietae Delacour and Greenway

Aethopyga gouldiae harrietae Delacour and Greenway, Ois. Rev. Frang. d'Orn.,

10, 1940, p. 68.
Type. No. 269194, d1', Laos: Phu-Kobo, near Xieng-Khouang ; 12 December,

1938; J. Delacour, J. C. Greenway, Jr., F. Edmond-Blanc. Field no. 323,

VII Exped. en Indo Chine.

Aethopyga ezrai blanci Delacour and Greenway

Aethopyga ezrai blanci Delacour and Greenway, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 59,
17 June, 1939, p. 133.

Type. No. 265101, o" ; Laos: Phu-Kobo, 2000 metres, near Xieng-Khouang;
9 December, 1938; J. Delacour, J. C. Greenway, Jr. and F. Edmond-
Blanc. Field no. 191, VII Exped. en Indo Chine.

Anthreptes orientalis barbouri Friedmann

Anthreptes orientalis barbouri Friedmann, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,

5, 1931, p. 383.
Type. No. 134345, ad. 9 ; Tanganyika Territory: Dodoma; 7 December, 1918;

A. Loveridge.

MELIPHAGIDAE
Meliphaga gracilis stevensi Rand

Meliphaga gracilis stevensi Rand, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 872, July, 1936, p. 20.
Type. No. 168055, cT; New Guinea: Morobe district, Biolowat, 2250 feet;
27 May, 1932; H. Stevens.

COMPSOTHLYPIDAE
Dendroica aestiva amnicola Batchelder

Dendroica aestiva amnicola Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 6,

6 February, 1918, p. 82.
Type. No. 188206, d1; Newfoundland! Custlett; 14 June, 1890; John C.

Cahoon.

Formerly no. 5360 Collection of Charles F. Batchelder.

92 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Dendroica petechia armouri Greenway

Dendroica petechia armouri Greenway, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13,

26 April, 1933, p. 63.
Type. No. 157790, cT; Old Providence Island; 13 March, 1933; James C.

Greenway, Jr.

Dendroica plumbea guadeloupensis Brodkorb

Dendroica plumbea guadeloupensis Brodkorb, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,

44, 1931, p. 3.
Type. No. 66508, ad. 9 ; Lesser Antilles: Guadeloupe, Saint Claude; 26 June,

1914; G. K. Noble.

Chamaethlypis poliocephala ridgwayi Griscom

Chamaethlypis poliocephala ridgwayi Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club,

12, April, 1930, p. 7.
Type. No. 118269, ad. d"; southwestern Costa Rica: Boruca; 10 June, 1906;

C. F. Underwood.

Seiurus aurocapillus furvior Batchelder

Seiurus aurocapillus furvior Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 6,

6 February, 1918, p. 81.
Type. No. 188207, d"; Newfoundland: near Deer Pond; 21 June, 1894;

A. E. Colburn.

Formerly no. 6750 Collection of Charles F. Batchelder.

Granatellus sallaei griscomi van Rossem

Granatellus sallaei griscomi van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7, 29

December, 1934, p. 403.
Type. No. 28916, d\ presumably ad.; Guatemala: Coban, by designation.

No original label.

The type is one from a collection of about 125 mounted birds from
all parts of the world bought of H. A. Ward by Alexander Agassiz in
the summer and fall of 1880 and by him presented to the Museum.
Many of these specimens are still on exhibition in the synoptic gallery,
but during the years that the late Outram Bangs was Curator of Birds,
the rarer and more desirable species were withdrawn from exhibition,
taken down and placed in the skin collection. The date when the
specimen under discussion was added to the study collection is not
known.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 93

MOTACILLIDAE

Motacilla capensis simplicissima Neumann

Motacilla capensis simplicissima Neumann, Orn. Monatsb., 37, 6, November,

1929, p. 176.
Type. No. 165971, ad. o"; Benguella: Bailunduland, Chipepe; 25 June, 1928;

Paul Koester.

Anthus australis exiguus Greenway

Anthus australis exiguus Greenway, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 14,

1 February, 1935, p. 53.
Type. No. 168358, ad. d1; northeastern New Guinea: Morobe district, Wau,

3500 feet; 22 April, 1932; Herbert Stevens.

ALAUDIDAE

Mirafra javanica aliena Greenway

Mirafra javanica aliena Greenway, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 14, 1

February, 1935, p. 50.
Type. No. 168361, ad. $ ; northeastern New Guinea: Morobe district, Biolo-

wat Camp, 2250 feet; 23 June, 1932; Herbert Stevens.

Eremophila alpestris aharonii Neumann

Eremophilii nlj>estris aharonii Neumann, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 2, 8 March,

1934, p. 333.
Type. No. 160990, ad.d"; Syria: Ras Baalbek; 17 April, 1931; T. Aharoni.

FRINGILLIDAE

Pipilo fuscus texanus van Rossem

Pipilo fuscus texanus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, 34,

31 May, 1934, p. 371.
Type. No. 316022, (formerly 16025, Thayer Collection), ad.d"; Texas:

Kerrville; 24 April, 1910; F. B. Armstrong.

Colonel Thayer made a slight error in cataloguing six specimens of
Pipilo fuscus all collected by Armstrong at Kerrville, Texas. Two of
the Thayer birds bore his number 16025. The only specimen, however,
which agrees with the date and sex of the type is listed in the catalogue
under 16022, but none of the skins catalogued from 16020 and 16025

94 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

inclusive bear this number on their labels. The seventh specimen of the
series was taken in Kerr County, Texas, 8 April, 1914, also by Arm-
strong.

Pipilo fuscus perpallidus van Rossem

Pipilo fuscus perpallidus van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7, 29

December, 1934, p. 483.
Type. No. 222952; Chihuahua: Chihuahua; 30 November, 1888; M. Abbott

Frazar.

Pipilo maculatus griseipygius van Rossem

Pipilo maculatus griseipygius van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7,

29 December, 1934, p. 482.
Type. No. 222899, ad. cf; Chihuahua: Jesus Maria; undated, but probably

the autumn of 1884; R. R. McLeod.

Pipilo maculatus consobrinus Ridgway

Pipilo maculatus consobrinus Ridgway, Bull. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., 2,

2, April, 1876, p. 189.
Cotijpe. No. 328590, ad. & ; Lower California: Guadelupe Island; 20 February,

1875; Dr. Edward Palmer.

This specimen is one of the original series taken by Dr. Edward
Palmer on which Ridgway based his description. Following the usual
custom in such cases, I consider that all specimens of the type series
should rank as cotypes. This bird was exchanged by the United
States National Museum to Col. John E. Thayer several years ago;
Col. Thayer had it mounted and placed on exhibition in his beautiful
little private museum. Together with other mounted birds, this speci-
men came to the Museum of Comparative Zoology after Col. Thayer's
death. It has been relaxed and is once more in the form of a skin.

Passerina leclancheri grandior Griscom

Passerina leclancheri grandior Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 1934,

p. 420.
Type. No. 238393, ad.d" ; Oaxaca: Chivela; 19 March, 1927; W. W. Brown.

Melozone rubricatum grisior van Rossem

Melozone rubricatum grisior van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7,

23, 31 March, 1933, p. 283.
Type. No. 222695, ad. a*; Sonora: Hacienda de San Rafael; 11 May, 1888;

M. Abbott Frazar.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 95

At the time that Frazar collected at Hacienda de San Rafael, it was
located in extreme western Chihuahua. Since then the Sonora-
Chihuahua boundary has been relocated and it appears that the
Hacienda now lies within the borders of the State of Sonora as mapped
today. The relocation of political boundaries, reapportionment of
countries among the great powers and the renaming of territories,
while of absolutely no zoographical significance, bring about much
confusion in correctly locating type localities of fifty years ago by
present day maps.

Amphispiza bilineata confinis van Rossem

Amphispiza bilineata confinis van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7,

29 December, 1934.
Type. No. 222576, ad.cT; Chihuahua: Chihuahua; 12 November, 1888;

M. Abbott Frazar.

Xenospiza baileyi Bangs

Xenospiza baileyi Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 12, 1931, p. 87.
Type. No. 45986, ad.c?; Jalisco: Bolaiios; 8 March, 1889; (W. B. Richard-
son?).

I know of no instance that could possibly give better evidence of
Outram Bangs' retentive memory for every bird skin that he ever
handled than the circumstances that led to the naming of this bird.
As he explained in the original description, the skin of the type had lain
unnamed for many years in a "first series" tray. When he unpacked
a finch that Alfred M. Bailey had recently collected in Mexico and
forwarded to the M. C. Z. for identification, without saying a word
Bangs went directly to the tray in question, selected the skin whose
identity had been a mystery for so many years, compared it with
Bailey's freshly collected specimen and lo, the two matched.

Aimophila quinquestriata septentrionalis van Rossem

Aimophila quinquestriata septentrionalis van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

77, 7, 29 December, 1934, p. 485.
Type. No. 222625, ad. cT; "Chihuahua" {i.e. Sonora): Hacienda de San

Rafael; 18 May, 1888; M. Abbott Frazar.

Aimophila humeralis asticta Griscom

Aimophila humeralis asticta Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 1934,
p. 417.

Type. No. 111800, ad.d"; Colima: Colima; 20 January, 1889; W. B. Richard-
son.

96 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

AlMOPHILA RUFESCENS ANTONENSIS Van Rossem

Aimophila rufescens antonensis van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.,

9, 36, 1 October, 1942, p. 436.
Type. No. 114601, ad. cf ; Sonora: La Chumata Mine, 4500 feet, Sierra de

San Antonio; 23 May 1905; W. W. Brown.

The type locality is in north central Sonora; Brown collected there
in May and June 1905 for the late John E. Thayer. Col. Thayer gave
some of the birds to Outram Bangs and they became a part of the
Museum of Comparative Zoology collection when the museum ac-
quired the Bangs Collection.

Aimophila rufescens subvespera Griscom

Aimophila rufescens subvespera Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 1934 ,

p. 418.
Type. No. 164571, ad. 9 ; Guerrero: Chilpancingo; 2 March, 1932; W. W.

Brown.

Aimophila ruficeps simulans van Rossem

Aimophila ruficeps simulans van Rossen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7, 29

December, 1934, p. 486.
Type. No. 222783, ad.cT; Chihuahua: Mina Abundancia; 20 April 1888; M.

Abbott Frazar.

Passerculus sandwichensis oblitus Peters and Griscom

Passerculus sandwichensis oblitus Peters and Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

80, 13, 19 January, 1938, p. 454.
Type. No. 172949 (formerly no. 23851 National Museum of Canada), ad. d" ;

Manitoba: Churchill; 4 June, 1930; P. A. Taverner.

Passerculus sandwichensis crassus Peters and Griscom

Passerculus sandwichensis crassus Peters and Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 80, 13, 19 January, 1938, p. 459.
Type. No. 322033 (formerly no. 22033 J. E. Thayer Collection), <f ; Alaska:

Sitka; 25 August, 1915; W. W. Brown.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 97

f Loxia curvirostra turkestanensis Griscom
= Loxia curvirostra altaiensis Sushkin

Loxia curvirostra turkestanensis Griscom, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 41, 5,

1937, p. 187.
Cotype. No. 98536, cf; Turkestan: Semiretschie region, vicinity of Naryn,

10,000 feet; 26 December, 1915; V. Dacenko.
Cotype. No. 98537, 9 : Turkestan: Semiretschie region, vicinity of Naryn,

9000 feet; 4 December, 1915; V. Dacenko.
Loxia curvirostra altaiensis Sushkin, List and distr. Bds. Russian Altai, etc.,

Leningrad, 1925, p. 66. Ongudai, Central Altai.

Turkestanensis is a manuscript name of Sushkin's which he wrote on
the labels of two specimens in his collection that were acquired from
him by the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Griscom inadvertently
validated this manuscript name in his "Monographic Study of the Red
Crossbill", but there are certain discrepancies between his account and
the actual data on the specimens here claimed as cotypes. Briefly, the
facts are these: Griscom writes "A pair from the Sushkin Coll. are
before me from Naryn, Russian Turkestan, collected December 26,
1915. They are labelled 'turkestanensis' and this word has been crossed
out and 'tianschaniea' has been added in another handwriting." Then
follows diagnosis, measurements, and a statement that these speci-
mens really represent altaiensis. It will be noted, however, that the
male was the only one of the "pair" collected 26 December, the female
having been taken three weeks previously. Moreover, while it is per-
fectly true that both birds are labelled 'turkestanensis' in Sushkin's
hand, that name has not been crossed out neither has 'tianschaniea' been
added in another hand. At first I naturally supposed that the speci-
mens referred to by Griscom must be in some collection other than
that of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, but inquiry reveals that
no specimens even approaching the data of the two Sushkin birds are
to be found in any American Museum so the natural inference is that
the statement about the erased name must be due to some confusion
with other specimens.

Loxia curvirostra bangsi Griscom

Loxia enrvirostra bangsi Griscom, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 41, 5, 1937,

p. 191.
Type. No. 142702, c? subadult; western Szechwan: Hadjaturgoo; 1 June,

1929; H. Stevens.

98 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

LOXIA CURVIROSTRA MESAMERICANA GrisCOm

Loxia curvirostra mesamericana Griscom, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 41, 5,

January, 1937, p. 136.
Type. No. 163123, ad. c? ; south-central Honduras: Rancho Quemado; 16

August, 1932; C. F. Underwood.

Loxia curvirostra neogaea Griscom

Loxia curvirostra neogaea Griscom, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 41, 5, January,

1937, p. 110.
Type. No. 211094, <?; Maine: Lake Umbagog; 9 February, 1886; L. Sargent.

The type is one of a series originally aggregating forty-three birds;
all of them were shot the same day and sent to William Brewster who
himself prepared and sexed the entire number. In his catalogue-
journal Brewster writes: "They reached me in fairly good condition
and I skinned and dissected every one of them. The Crossbills were all
breeding and there was not the slightest difficulty in sexing them. In
fact the sex mark in every case is absolutely reliable."

The type is not in fully adult plumage there being a certain admix-
ture of yellow feathers on the chest, center of abdomen occiput and
back. Brewster sexed the type as "cf" in distinction from some desig-
nated as "cf ad." or "<? yellow plumage".

I cannot help but feel that Griscom's renaming of the Red Crossbill
of eastern North America was uncalled for. His chief basis for action
was a photograph of the types of Crucirostra minor Brehm and Loxia
pusilla Gloger, both in the Berlin Museum, published in Trans. San
Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, no. 30, 1934, to accompany an article by
van Rossem on some types of North American birds in European
museums. It had already been shown by Stresemann that Gloger's
pusilla published in 1839 antedated Brehm's minor published in 1846
but he did not realize that two races were involved, van Rossem's
examination of the types revealed the fact that in reality pusilla was
one of the large-billed type of crossbill known as Loxia curvirostra
percna Bent and that minor was a different subspecies. The photo-
graph published was intended to show the difference in size of bill of the
two specimens. While measurements of the large-billed form were
given, none were appended of the small-billed bird; nevertheless Gris-
com referred this bird to the small northwestern race sitkensis Grinnell,
influenced no doubt by van Rossem whom he quotes as saying "the
provisional type of minor as illustrated by me is definitely and unques-
tionably the smallest billed bird of all". In as much as Griscom's

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 99

own measurements for neogaea are wing 86.5-91; culmen 15.5-17.5;
depth of bill 9-10 and for minor (= sitkensis) wing 81.-88.5; culmen
13.5-15; depth of bill 8-8.8, it seems to me that the very slight men-
sural differences make it rash to attempt any switch of names on the
basis of an unseen and unmeasured type.

If this view is shared by others then the name of the smaller of the
eastern races of Lo.via curvirostra will remain minor as in the 4th. edi-
tion of the A. O. U. Checklist and neogaea will fall as a synonym.

f Erythrina edwardsii rubicunda Greenway
= Erythrina edwardsii edwardsii Verreaux

Erythrina edwardsii rvMcunda Greenway, Bull. Mas. Comp. Zool., 74, 5,

20 February, 1933, p. 163.
Type. No. 159303, ad.d"; Tibet: Su-Wa-Tong, upper slopes of Mt. Keni-

chumpo or Gomba-La, east slope of the Salween-Irawaddy Divide at

14,000 feet; July, 1931; J. F. Rock.
Carpodacus edwardsii Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. 6, 1870, Bull. p. 39.

Mr. Greenway believes that he mistook post mortem color change
for geographical variation.

Erythrina vinacea rubidior Greenway

Erythrina vinacea rubidior Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 74, 5, 20

February, 1933, p. 164.
Type. No. 159258, ad.cf ; Tibet: mountains of Tung-la, 12,000-14,000 feet;

August, 1931; Joseph F. Rock.

Although not stated in the original description, the exact type
locality is above Ho-fu-ping, on the west slope of the Pe-Ma-Shan,
Yangtze-Mekong Divide.

Carpodacus argyrophrys Berlioz
now Erythrina pulcherrima argyrophrys (Berlioz)

Carpodacus argyrophrys Berlioz, Bull, du Museum (2) 1, 1929, p. 131.
Type. No. 238546, ad. d"; Kansu: Mt. Lieuhoashan, (between Choni and
Titao); 16 July, 1925; J. F. Rock.

At the time Berlioz described this form he wrote me saying that his
name was based upon the series in the Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy from Kansu, described at length by Peters and me (Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., 68, 1928, p. 374-375) and asked me to mark as type a good
characteristic male. This I have done as above.

100 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Stresemann (Orn. Mon. 38, 1930, p. 72-76) reviews this troublesome
group of Rosy Finches, and, as it seems to me, reaches definite and
final conclusions. [O.B.]

Linurgus kilimensis RUNGWENSis Bangs and Loveridge

Linurgus kilimensis rungwensis Bangs and Loveridge, Proc. New England

Zool. Club, 12, 1931, p. 96.
Type. No. 148987, ad.cf; Tanganyika Territory: Nkuka Forest, Rungwe

Mountains; 9 April, 1930; Arthur Loveridge.

Spinus notatus oleaceus Griscom

Spinus notatus oleaceus Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13, 7 Novem-
ber, 1932, p. 61.

Type. No. 161011, ad. d"; Honduras: District of Achaga, Cerro Cantoral,
6500 feet; 6 December, 1931; C. F. Underwood.

Saltator atriceps flavicrissus Griscom

Saltator atriceps flavicrissus Griscom, Auk, 54, April, 1937, p. 198.
Type. No. 172345, breeding d1 ; Guerrero: Isgusgilite; 15 May, 1936; W. W.
Brown.

The locality is clearly written Isgusgilite in Brown's legible hand on
the original label of the type and three other specimens of the series;
on a fifth specimen it is written Isgusqilite and on the sixth bird
"Esposcalete". Griscom in his description added a fourth variation, —
Isguagilite.

Amaurospizopsis relictus Griscom

Amaurospizopsis relictus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 10 January,

1934, p. 412, fig. 1, p. 413, (generic details).
Type. No. 164702, ad. c? ; Guerrero: mountains above Chilpancingo; 19 May,

1932; W. W. Brown.

I am not particularly impressed with the value of the generic char-
acters relied upon to separate Amaurospizopsis from Amaurospiza,
especially in view of the greater number of points of resemblance than
of divergence; the large operculated nostril is common to both genera;
there is no essential difference in the length or stiffness of the rictal
bristles; the groove either side of the culmen and the faint ridges and
grooves on the maxilla of Amaurospizopsis are indicated in some speci-
mens of Amaurospiza; the shape of the bill is a matter of degree only;

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 101

Amaurospizopsis has a more rounded tail, a character not mentioned
in the original diagnosis, but well shown in the drawing of the struc-
tural details.

f Amaurospizopsis concolor Griscom
= Amaurospizopsis relictus Griscom

Amaurospizopsis concolor Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 10, January,
1934, expl. to plate.

Amaurospiza concolor australis Griscom

Amaurospiza concolor australis Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 10,

January, 1934, p. 415.
Type. No. 165751, imm. cf; Panama: Pacific slope of Chiriqui, Boquete,

5100 feet; 20 November, 1931; Rex R. Benson.

In the original description Griscom gave the catalogue number as
164571, an obvious error, and the age of the type as adult. There are
four birds from western Panama all taken by Benson, the data for each
are as follows :
165751, imm. cT, Chiriqui, Boquete, Quiel, 20 Nov. 1931, 5100 ft.

165752 ad. &, Chiriqui, Boquete, Cerro Punto, 16 Jan. 1932, 6200 ft.

165753 ad. d\ Chiriqui, Boquete, Cerro Punto, 11 Jan. 1932, 6200 ft.

165754 ad. d\ Chiriqui, Boquete, Cerro Punto, 6 Jan. 1932, 6100 ft.
Thus it will be seen that in spite of the scrambled number and

erroneous age, number 165751 is the only specimen that corresponds
with the data given for the type. Unfortunately at the time that Gris-
com was revising these finches he failed to attach a red label or other-
wise indicate which specimen he actually intended to use as the type.

Pheucticus chrysopeplus dilutus van Rossem

Pheucticus chrysopeplus dilutus van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7,

29 December, 1934, p. 479.
Type. No. 223067, ad. cT ; Chihuahua: La Trompa; 10 May, 1885; R. R.

McLeod.

COEREBIDAE

Diglossa baritula parva Griscom

Diglossa baritula parva Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13, 7 Novem-
ber, 1932, p. 61.

Type. No. 161010, ad. d" ; Honduras: District of Achaga, Rancho Quemado,
6700 feet; 5 April, 1932; C. F. Underwood.

102 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

THRAUPIDAE

f Ramphocelus dimidiatus albirostris Griscom
= Ramphocelus dimidiatus pallidirostris Hellmayr

Ramphocelus dimidiatus albirostris Griscom, Auk, 50, 3, 10 July, 1933, p. 307.
Type. No. 108397, ad. d" ; Western Panama: Pacific slope of western Chiriqui,

Divala; 13 November, 1900; W. W. Brown.
Tanagra albirostris Boddaert, Table PI. enlum., 1783, p. 8, a synonym of

Ramphocelus carbo carbo (Pallas).
Ramphocelus dimidiatus pallidirostris Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ.,

Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 9, 1936, p. 256.

New name for R. d. albirostris Griscom, preoccupied.

PlRANGA ERYTHROCEPHALA CANDIDA Griscom

Piranga erythrocephala Candida Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 10,

Jan., 1934, p. 410.
Type. No. 222049, ad. cT ; Chihuahua (now Sonora) : Hacienda de San Rafael;

15 May, 1888; M. Abbott Frazar.

Habia rubica hesterna Griscom and Greenway

Habia rubica hesterna Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 81, 2,

May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 437.
Type. No. 1 76738, ad. d* ; Brazil : Para, Patuna, on the right bank -of the

Rio Tapajoz; 26 June, 1933,; A. M. Olalla.

Habia rubica holobrunnea Griscom

Habia rubica holobrunnea Griscom, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, 1930,

p. 290.
Type. No. 233707, ad. d"; Mexico: Vera Cruz, Montzorongo; 20 February,

1925; W. W. Brown.

Lanio leucothorax reversus Bangs and Griscom

Lanio leucothorax reversus Bangs and Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club,

13, 7 November, 1932, p. 53.
Type. No. 147835; Costa Rica: Punta Arenas, Las Agujas; 9 October, 1929;

Austin Paul Smith.

Tangara cayana littoralis Griscom and Greenway

Tangara, cayana littoralis Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 81,

2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 436.
Type. No. 145451, ad. d1; Surinam: near Paramaribo; 29 June, 1921; T. E.

Penard.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 103

ICTERIDAE

Molothrus bonariensis riparius Griscom and Greenway

Molothrus bonariensis riparius Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 434.
Type. No. 176543, ad. 9 ; Brazil: Rio Tapaj6z, Pinhy; 11 June, 1933; A. M.

Olalla.

Sturnella magna subulata Griscom

Sturnella magna subulata Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 10, Jan., 1934,

p. 405.
Type. No. 109448, ad. rf; Panama: Chiriqui (Pacific slope), Boquete, 4000
feet; 30 January, 1901; W. W. Brown.

f Icterus gualanensis Underwood
= Icterus chrysater chrysater (Lesson)

Icterus gualanensis Underwood, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. 55, 1898, p. 59.
Cotype. No. 113872, d"; Guatemala: Gualan; 4 August, 1897; C. F. Under-
wood.
Cotype. No. 113873, 9 ; Guatemala: Gualan; 11 July, 1897; C. F. Underwood.
Xanthornus chrysater Lesson, Compl. Oeuvr. Buff on, 7, 1847, p. 332.

The two skins listed above were not recognized as "types" until
Griscom found them to be such while at work on the Dwight collection
of Guatemala birds. They were in Underwood's private collection of
birds when that was purchased by Col. John E. Thayer, and presented
to me, to come later to the Museum of Comparative Zoology. There
may be other co types but I doubt it. [O.B.]

Icterus sclateri flammulatus Griscom

Icterus sclateri flammulatus Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13, 7

November, 1931, p. 62.
Type. No. 161012, ad. cf ; Honduras: Monte Redondo; 15 December, 1931;

C. F. Underwood.

Icterus pustulatus microstictus Griscom

Icterus pustulatus microstictus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 10, Jan.,

1934, p. 408.
Type. No. 1 14624, ad. & ; Sonora: Guaymas; 22 February, 1905; W. W. Brown.

104 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

EULABETIDAE
Scissirostrum dubium pelingense Neumann

Scissirostrum dubium pelingense Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 59, 21 Jan.,

1939, p. 47.
Type. No. 270501, cf; Peling Island; 17 July, 1938; J. J. Menden.

PARADISEIDAE
Parotia lawesi fuscior Greenway

Parotia lawesi fuscior Greenway, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 14, 25 Jan.,

1934, p. 2.

Type. No. 167002, ad. 9 ; Mandated Territory of New Guinea: Mt. Misim,
6400 feet; 19 December, 1933; Herbert Stevens.

Lophorina superba sphinx Neumann

Lophorina superba sphinx Neumann, Orn. Monatsb., 40, 1932, p. 121.
Type. No. 153639, ad. 9 or yg. a" ; New Guinea, exact locality not known.
Bought from Professor Oscar Neumann.

Paradisea rudolphi ampla Greenway

Paradisea rudolphi ampla Greenway, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 14, 25

Jan., 1934, p. 1.
Type. No. 167001, ad.cf; Mandated Territory of New Guinea: Mt. Misim,

5700 feet; 5 April, 1933; Herbert Stevens.

CORVIDAE
Crypsirina varians longipennis Neumann

Crypsirina various longipennis Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 55, 30 April,

1935, p. 136.

Type. No. 170621, 9 ; Siam: Chantaboon; 21 February, 1930; C. J. Aagaard.
Purchased from Professor Oscar Neumann.

Aphelocoma californica remota Griscom

Aphelocoma californica remota Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 10, Jan.,

1934, p. 392.
Type. No. 163815, ad. 9 ; Guerrero: Chilpancingo; 27 October, 1931; W. W.

Brown.

Xanthoura luxuosa maya van Rossem

Xanthoura luxuosa maya van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7, 29 Decem-
ber, 1934, p. 397.
Type. No. 115266, ad. 9 ; Yucatan: Rio Lagartos; 1 June, 1893; W. W. Brown.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 105

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PUBLISHED WRITINGS
OF OUTRAM BANGS

By Margaret D. Porter

Titles in which Outram Bangs is sole author

1894. Another record of the breeding of the Saw-whet Owl (Nyctale acadia)
in eastern Massachusetts. Auk, 11, 1 : 78, Jan.

Distribution of the Hudsonian Chickadee. Auk, 11, 1 : 82, Jan.

Synaptomys cooperii Baird in eastern Massachusetts; with notes on

Synaptomys stonei Rhoads, especially as to the validity of this species.

Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 9: 99-104, Apr. 14.

Description of a new Field Mouse (Arvicola terraenovae sp. nov.) from

Codroy, Newfoundland. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 9: 129-132,

pi. 2, July 27.

Description of a new muskrat from Codroy, Newfoundland. Proc. Biol.

Soc. Washington, 9: 133-138, Sept. 15.

1895. The geographical distribution of the eastern races of the cottontail
(Lepus sylvaticus Bach.) with a description of a new subspecies and
with notes on the distribution of the northern hare (Lepus americanus
Erxl.) in the east. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 26: 404-414, Jan. 31.
Notes on North American mammals. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
26: 1-17, July 31. (Author's separately paged reprint). Id: 529-546,
Oct. (regular edition).

The present standing of the Florida Manatee, Trichechus latirostris
(Harlan) in the Indian River waters. The American Naturalist, 29,
345: 783-787, Sept.

1896. A review of the weasels of eastern North America. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 10: 1-24, 3 pll, Feb. 25.

The Florida Deer. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 10: 25-28, Feb. 25.
Notes on the synonymy of the North American Mink with description
of a new subspecies. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 27: 1-6, 2 pll., Mar.
On a small collection of mammals from Lake Edward, Quebec. Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington, 10: 45-52, Mar. 9.

An important addition to the fauna of Massachusetts. Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., 27: 159-161, Oct.

The Cotton Mouse, Peromyscus gossypinus. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing-
ton, 10: 119-125, Nov. 5.

Preliminary description of the Newfoundland Caribou. 4 pp. printed
for the author by Alfred Mudge & Son, Boston, Nov. 11, at 5 o'clock,
P.M

106 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Preliminary description of a new Vole from Labrador. The American

Naturalist, 30, 1896, 360: 1051, Dec. 1.

Some new mammals from Indian Territory and Missouri. Proc. Binl.

Soc. Washington, 10: 135-138, Dec. 28.

The skunks of the genus Mephitis of eastern North America. Proc

Biol. Soc. Washington, 10: 139-144, Dec. 28.

A review of the squirrels of eastern North America. Proc. Biol. Son

Washington, 10: 145-167, 3 pll., Dec. 28.

1897. A new White-footed Mouse from British Columbia. The American
Naturalist, 31, 361 : 74-75, Jan.

Preliminary description of the Newfoundland Marten. The American

Naturalist, 31, 362: 161-162, Feb.

Preliminary description of a new race of the Eastern Vole from Nova

Scotia. The American Naturalist, 31, 363: 239-241, Mar.

Notes on the lynxes of eastern North America, with descriptions of two

new species. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11: 47-51, 1 pi., Mar. 16.

Description of a new Red Fox from Nova Scotia. Proc. Biol. Soc.

Washington, 11: 53-55, Mar. 16.

On a small collection of mammals from Hamilton Inlet, Labrador.

Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11: 235-240, 1 col. pi., Sept. 17.

A new race of Pine Squirrel from the coast region of northern California.

Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11: 281-282, Dec. 30.

1898. A new name for the Nova Scotia Fox. Science, N. S., 7, 165: 271-272,
Feb. 25.

The land mammals of peninsular Florida and the coast region of
Georgia. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 28, 7: 157-235, Mar.
Descriptions of two new skunks of the genus Mephitis. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 12: 31-33, Mar. 24.

Descriptions of the Newfoundland Otter and Red Fox. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 12: 35-38, Mar. 24.

The eastern races of the American Varying Hare. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 12: 77-82, Mar. 24.

Description of a new White-footed Mouse from the Mount Baker
Range, British Columbia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12: 83-84,
Mar. 24.

Some new races of birds from eastern North America. The Auk, 15,
2: 173-183, Apr.

Cairns's Warbler (Dettdroica coerulescens caimsi) in Georgia on migra-
tion. The Auk, 15, 2: 192, Apr.

A new raccoon from Nassau Island, Bahamas. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, 12: 91-92, Apr. 30.

Description of a new fox from Santa Marta, Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 12: 93-94, Apr. 30.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 107

A new murine opossum from Margarita Island. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, 12: 95-96, Apr. 30.

On some birds from Santa Marta, Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, 12: 131-144, June 3.

A list of the mammals of Labrador. The American Naturalist, 32, 379 :
489-507, July.

On some birds from Pueblo Viejo, Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, 12: 157-160, Aug. 10.

Description of some new mammals from the Sierra Nevada de Santa
Marta, Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12: 161-165, Aug. 10.
A new race of the little Harvest Mouse from West Virginia. Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, 12: 167-168, Aug. 10.

A new name for the Georgia Old Field Mouse. Science, N. S., 8, 190:
214-215, Aug. 19.

On some birds from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia.
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12: 171-182, Oct. 31.
On Sciurus variabilis from the Santa Marta region of Colombia. Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington, 12: 183-186, Nov. 16.

A new Rock Vole from Labrador. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12:
187-188, Nov. 16.

A new Sigmodon from the Santa Marta region of Colombia. Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, 12: 189-190, Dec. 30.

1899. A new pigmy Oryzomys from the Santa Marta region of Colombia.
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 13: 9-10, Jan. 31.

The Florida Puma. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 13: 15-17, Jan. 31.
A new race of Striped Spermophile from Missouri. Proc. New England
Zool. CI., 1: 1-2, Feb. 8.

Notes on some mammals from Black Bay, Labrador. Proc. New
England Zool. CI., 1: 9-18, Feb. 28.

The Florida Meadowlark. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 19-21,
Feb. 28.

A new lynx from the coast of California. Proc. New England Zool.
CI., 1:23-25, Mar. 31.

A new race of chickaree. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 27-29,
Mar. 31.

A new Barred Owl from Corpus Christi, Texas. Proc. New England
Zool. CI., 1: 31-32, Mar. 31.

On the subspecies of Manacus manacus (Linn.). Proc. New England
Zool. CI., 1:33-37, Mar. 31.

The hummingbirds of the Santa Marta region of Colombia. The Auk,
16, 2: 132-139, 1 col. pl., Apr.

Descriptions of two new pikas from western North America. Proc.
New England Zool. CI., 1: 39-42, June 5.

108 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

A new Gray Fox from the upper Mississippi Valley. Proc. New Eng-
land Zool. CI., 1: 43-44, June 5.

A new rail from southern California. Proc. New England Zool. CI.,
1 : 45-46, June 5.

The Labrador Spruce Grouse. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 47-48,
June 5.

Three new weasels from North America. Proc. New England Zool.
CI., 1: 53-57, June 9.

Descriptions of some new mammals from western North America.
Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 65-72, July 31.

On some new or rare birds from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta,
Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 13: 91-108, Nov. 11.
A new bat from Colombia. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 73-74,
Nov. 24.

On a small collection of birds from San Sebastian, Colombia. Proc.
New England Zool. CI., 1: 75-80, Dec. 27.

Description of a new weasel from the Rocky Mountains of British
Colombia. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 81-82, Dec. 27.
The gray-breasted Wood Wrens of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.
Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 83-84, Dec. 27.

1900. A new Jack Rabbit from western Mexico. Proc. New England Zool.
CI., 1: 85-86, Feb. 23.

List of the mammals collected in the Santa Marta region of Colombia

by W. W. Brown, Jr. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 87-102, 1 pi.,

Feb. 23.

A review of the Three-toed Woodpeckers of North America. The Auk,

17, 2: 126-142, Apr.

A new dove from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Proc.

New England Zool. CI., 1: 107-109, May 14.

Description of a new Rice Crackle. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 2:

11-12, June 30.

Notes on a collection of Bahama Birds. The Auk, 17, 3: 283-293, July.

List of Birds collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., at Loma del Leon,

Panama. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 2: 13-34, Sept. 20.

Three new rodents from southern Labrador. Proc. New England Zool.

CI., 2: 35-41, Sept. 20.

Description of a new squirrel from Panama. Proc. New England Zool.

CI., 2:43-44, Sept. 20.

Occurrence of the Little Blue Heron in Labrador. The Auk, 17, 4:

386, Oct.

1901. Birds of San Miguel Island, Panama, The Auk, 18, 1: 24-32, Jan.

A new Honey Creeper from San Miguel Island, Panama. Proc. New
England Zool. CI., 2: 51-52, Feb. 8.

peters: supplementary list op types of birds 109

A new meadowlark from South America. Proc. New England Zool.

CI., 2: 55-56, Feb. 15.

A new Ground Dove from western Mexico. The Auk, 18, 3 : 257-258,

July.

On a collection of birds from the Liu Kiu Islands. Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 36, no. 8: 255-269, July.

Notes on a small collection of mammals from the Liu Kiu Islands.

The American Naturalist, 35, no. 415: 561-562, July.

Notes on the American Rough-winged Swallows, with description of a

new subspecies. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 2: 57-60, July 31.

A new Ortalis from the Archipelago de las Perlas, Bay of Panama.

Proc. New England Zool. CI., 2: 61-62, July 31.

A new Phaethornis from the Santa Marta region of Colombia. Proc.

New England Zool. CI., 2: 63-65, July 31.

On an apparently unnamed race of Buteo borealis. Proc. New England

Zool. CI., 2:67-69, July 31.

The mammals collected in San Miguel Island, Panama, by W. W.

Brown, Jr. The American Naturalist, 35, 416: 631-644, Aug.

On a collection of birds made by W. W. Brown, Jr., at David and

Divala, Chiriqui. The Auk, 18, 4: 355-370, Oct.

Description of a new woodpecker from Chiriqui. Proc. New England

Zool. CI., 2: 99-100, Dec. 30.

1902. On a second collection of birds made in Chiriqui, by W. W. Brown, Jr.
Proc. New England Zool. CI., 3: 15-70, Jan. 30.

Two new birds from San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama. Proc. New
England Zool. CI., 3: 71-73, Mar. 31.

Descriptions of two new, insular blarinas from eastern Massachusetts.
Proc. New England Zool. CI., 3: 75-78, Mar. 31.

Descriptions of ten new birds from the Santa Marta region of Colom-
bia. Proc. New England Zool. CI,, 3: 81-90, Mar. 31.
Chiriqui Mammalia. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, 39, 2:
17-51, Apr.

A new Long-billed Marsh Wren from eastern North America. The
Auk, 19, 4:349-353, Oct.

The occurrence of boobies in numbers on the east coast of Florida
during a storm. The Auk, 19, 4: 395-396, Oct.

Description of a new thrush from Chiriqui. Proc. New England Zool.
CI., 3: 91-92, Oct. 10.

1903. Stejneger's catalogue of birds thus far recorded from the Liu Kiu
Islands, Japan, revised with additions to date. Proc. New England
Zool. CI., 3: 93-97, Feb. 6.

Description of a new race of the Great Blue Heron from the Galapagos
Islands. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 3: 99-100, Feb. 6.

110 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

On a specimen of Galictis canaster Nelson. Proc. New England Zool.
CI., 3: 101-102, Feb. 6.

A new race of Scotothorus veraepacis from Chiriqui. Proc. New England
Zool. CI., 3: 103-104, Feb. 6.

Description of a new subspecies of Manacus candei (Parzud.). Proc.
New England Zool. CI., 3: 105-106, Feb. 6.

A new race of the Carolina Chickadee from southern Florida. Proc.
New England Zool. CI., 4: 1-2, Mar. 16.

A new wren from San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama. Proc. New Eng-
land Zool. CI., 4: 3-4, Mar. 16.

The Louisiana Cardinal. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 4: 5-7, Mar. 24.
A new race of Vireosylva josephae from Chiriqui. Proc. New England
Zool. CI., 4: 9-10, Mar. 24.

Description of a new Neotoma from Mexico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing-
ton, 16: 89-90, June 25.

The proper name of the Redwood Chickaree. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, 16: 99-100, June 25.

Birds and mammals from Honduras. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cam-
bridge, 39, 6: 141-159, July.

1904. Two new subspecies of tropical American tyrant birds. Proc. Biol. Soc-
Washington, 17: 113-114, May 18.

A correction of Barrows' record of Coccyzus pumilus from Concepcion
del Uruguay. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17: 165, Dec. 27.
On a supposed continental specimen of Solenodon. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 17: 166, Dec. 27.

1905. Notes on the Deer Mice (Peromyscus) of some of the islands off the
southern New England coast. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 4: 11-15,
Feb. 28.

The vertebrata of Gorgona Island, Colombia. Introduction. Mam-
malia. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, 46, 5: 87-89, June.
Descriptions of seven new subspecies of American birds. Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, 18: 151-156, June 9.

What is Icterus gualanensis Underwood? Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
18: 167-169, June 29.

The name of the Panama Green Honey Creeper. Proc. Biol. Soc
Washington, 18: 186, June 29.

The Cuban Crab Hawk, Urubitihga gundlachii (Cabanis). The Auk,
22, 3:307-309, July.

1906. Vertebrata from the savanna of Panama. Introduction. Mammalia.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge, 46, 12: 211-213, Jan.

The names of the Passenger Pigeon and the Mourning Dove. Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington, 19: 43-44, Feb. 26.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 111

Notes on birds from Costa Rica and Chiriqui, with descriptions of new
forms and new records for Costa Rica. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
19: 101-112, July 30.

1907. On the Wood Rails, genus Aramides, occurring north of Panama. The
American Naturalist, 41, 483: 177-187, Mar.

A new race of the Hepatic Tanager. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22:
29-30, Mar. 27.

An owl, Rhinoptynx clamator (Vieill.) added to the Costa Rican ornis.
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22: 31-32, Mar. 27.

A new race of the Mangrove Cuckoo, from Grenada and the Grena-
dines. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22: 53-54, Apr. 18.
A new Spiny-tail from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia.
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22: 55-56, Apr. 18.

On a collection of birds from western Costa Rica. The Auk, 24, 3:
287-312, July.

1908. Notes on the mammals of Block Island, Rhode Island. Proc. New Eng-
land Zool. CI., 4: 19-21, Mar. 6.

On certain Costa Rican birds. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 4: 23-35,

Mar. 19.

A new name for the Texan Barred Owl. The Auk, 25, 3: 316, July.

Notes on birds from western Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,

21: 157-162, July 27.

A new tyrant-bird from the Santa Marta region of Colombia. Proc.

Biol. Soc. Washington, 21: 163-164, July 27.

1909. Notes on some rare or not well-known Costa Rican birds. Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, 22: 29-38, Mar. 10.

List of the mammals of Labrador, in Grenfell's Labrador the Country
and the People. Macmillan Company, App. 4: 458-468, Nov.

1910. A new race of the Pileated Woodpecker. Proc. New England Zool. CI.,
4:79-80, Apr. 2.

A new gallinule from the Lesser Antilles. Proc. New England Zool. CI.,
4: 81-82, Apr. 2.

Unrecorded specimens of two rare Hawaiian birds. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 23: 67-70, May 4.

New or rare birds from western Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
23:71-76, May 4.

A new humming bird from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colom-
bia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 23: 105-106, June 24.
A new tinamou from Lake Titicaca. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 23:
107-108, June 24.

Two new woodpeckers from the Isle of Pines, West Indies. Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, 23: 173-174, Dec. 29.

112 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

1911. A new bell-bird from Auckland Island. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
24: 23-24, Feb. 24.

Two new birds from the island of Molokai. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,

24: 29-30, Feb. 24.

A new fantail from the Chatham Islands. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,

24: 41-42, Feb. 24.

Descriptions of new American birds. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24 :

187-190, June 23.

A new swift from Palestine. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24: 195-196,

June 23.

1912. The Florida Song Sparrow. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 4: 85-87,
June 5.

A new subspecies of the Ruffed Grouse. The Auk, 29, 3: 378-379, July.

1913. Some birds from the highlands of Siberia. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
Cambridge, 54, 16: 463-474, Jan.

New birds from Cuba and the Isle of Pines. Proc. New England Zool.
CI., 4: 89-92, Mar. 31.

The Green Heron of the Maldives. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 26:
93-94, May 3.

A new warbler from western China. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 26:
95-96, May 3.

The land mammals of Newfoundland. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cam-
bridge, 54, 18: 510-516, July.

An unnamed race of the Carolina Paroquet. Proc. New England Zool.
CI., 4: 93-94, Nov. 26.

1914. The geographic races of the Scaled Quail. Proc. New England Zool.
CI., 4: 99-100, Mar. 9.

A new Magpie-Jay from western Costa Rica. Proc. New England Zool.

CI., 4: 101-102, Mar. 13.

The Bahama Swallow in Cuba. The Auk, 31, 3: 401, July.

1915. Cabot's types of Yucatan birds. The Auk, 32, 2: 166-170, Apr.
The Bermuda Crow. The Auk, 32, 2: 229-230, Apr.

The American forms of Gallinula chloropus (Linn.). Proc. New Eng-
land Zool. CI., 5: 93-99, May 17.

Three new subspecies of birds from eastern Mexico and Yucatan.
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 28: 125-126, May 27.
Notes on dichromatic herons and hawks. The Auk, 32, 4: 481-484, Oct.

1916. A collection of birds from the Cayman Islands. Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., Cambridge, 60, 7: 304-320, Mar.

The smaller mockingbird of the northern Bahamas. Proc. New Eng-
land Zool. CI., 6: 23, Mar. 29.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 113

1917. Notes on the geographical races of Tangara gyroloidcs. Proc. New Eng-
land Zool. CI., 6: 73-76, Dec. 21.

1918. Vertebrata from Madagascar. Aves. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cam-
bridge, 61, 14: 489-511, Feb.

Types of Pachycephala littayei Layard. Ibis (10), 6, 4: 740-741, Oct.

Notes on the species and subspecies of Paecilonitta Eyton. Proc. New

England Zool. CI., 6: 87-89, Oct. 31.

A new genus of Caprimulgidae. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 6:

91-92, Oct. 31.

A new race of the Black-throated Green Wood Warbler. Proc. New

England Zool. CI., 6: 93-94, Oct. 31.

1919. The races of Dendroica vitellina Cory. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cam-
bridge, 62, 11; 493-495, Jan.

Notes on South American Short-eared Owls. Proc. New England,
Zool. CI., 6: 95-98, Feb. 8.

A new Striated Grass Warbler from the Philippines. Proc. New Eng-
land Zool. CI., 7: 5-6, June 6.

1920. A new Red-shouldered Hawk from the Florida Keys. Proc. New Eng-
land Zool. CI., 7: 35, Jan. 16.

The Louisiana Tanager in Massachusetts. The Auk, 37 2: 301, Apr.

1921. The birds of the American Museum of Natural History's Asiatic Zoo-
logical Expedition of 1916-1917. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 44, art.
20:575-612, Dec. 30.

1922. Notes on Philippine birds collected by Governor W. Cameron Forbes.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, 65, 4: 77-84, Apr.

1924. A new form of Mekinochlora sultanea from Fukien. Proc. New England
Zool. CI. , 9:23, June 19.

1925. The history and characters of Vermivora crissalis (Salvin and Godman).
The Auk, 42, 2: 251-253, Apr.

1926. The Chinese form of Grandala. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 9 : 77-78,
Nov. 12.

1927. A new form of the Lesser Vasa Parrot. Proc. New England Zool. CI.
9: 83-84, Jan. 8.

Atlhis heloisa morcomi Ridgway, not a valid subspecies. The Condor,
29: 118-119, Mar.

1928. A new vanga from southwestern Madagascar. Proc. New England
Zool. CI., 10: 107, Dec. 31.

114 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

1929. The Chinese forms of Seicercus of the burkii form-circle. Proc. New
England Zool. CI., 11: 1-5, May 8.

A trembler new to science. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 11: 39-41,
Aug. 30.

An undescribed form of the Greater Vasa Parrot. Proc. New England
Zool. CI., 11: 49-50, Oct. 31.

1930. Types of birds now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, 4: 147-426, Mar.

A new race of Pomatorhinus ruficollis from South Central Szechuan.

Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5: 293, June 14.

The Screech Owls of eastern North America. The Auk, 47, 3 : 403-404,

July.

1931. A small collection of birds from the Silinda Forest. Proc. New England
Zool. CI., 12: 55-76, Aug. 13.

A new genus and species of American buntings. Proc. New England
Zool. CI., 12: 85-88, Sept. 1.

A genus for Junco siemsseni Martens. Proc. New England Zool. CI.,
12:89-91, Sept. 18.

1932. Birds of western China obtained by the Kelley-Roosevelts Expedition.
Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 18, 11: 343-379, Oct. 12.

Title in which Outram Bangs is in junior joint authorship with
Gerrit S. Miller, Jr.

1894. A new rabbit from western Florida. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 9:
105-108, June 9.

Titles in which Outram Bangs is in junior joint authorship with

William Brewster

1901. On an overlooked species of Aithurus. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 2:
47-50, Feb. 8.

Description of a new becard from Lower Uruguay. Proc. New England
Zool. CI., 2:53-54, Feb. 15.

Title in which Outram Bangs is in senior joint authorship with

Thomas S. Bradlee

1901. The resident land birds of Bermuda. The Auk, 18, 3: 249-257, July.

Title in which Outram Bangs is in senior joint authorship with

W. R. Zappey

1905. Birds of the Isle of Pines. The American Naturalist, 39, 460: 179-215,
Apr.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 115

Titles in which Outram Bangs is in junior joint authorship with

John E. Thayer

1905. The vertebrata of Gorgona Island, Colombia. Aves. Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., Cambridge, 46, 5: 91-98, June.

The mammals and birds of the Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama. Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, 46, 8: 137-160, Sept.

1906. Vertebrata from the savanna of Panama. Aves. Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., Cambridge, 46, 12: 213-224, Jan.

Breeding birds of the Sierra de Antonez, north central Sonora. Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington, 19: 17-22, Feb. 26.

1907. A new race of the Calif ornian Thrasher from Lower California. Proc.
New England Zool. CI., 4: 17-18, Apr. 30.

Birds collected by W. R. Brown, Jr., on Cerros, San Benito and Nativi-

dad Islands in the spring of 1906, with notes on the biota of the islands.

The Condor, 9, 3: 77-81, May-June.

Another hybrid hummingbird — Selasphorus rufvs + Atthis calliope —

from California. The Auk, 24, 3: 312-313, July.

Catalog of birds collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., in middle Lower

California. The Condor, 9, 5: 135-140, Sept.-Oct.

1908. The present state of the ornis of Guadeloupe Island. The Condor, 10,
3: 101-106, May-June.

1909. Description of a new subspecies of the Snowy Heron. Proc. New Eng-
land Zool. CI., 4: 39-41, Apr. 29.

Descriptions of new birds from central China. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
Cambridge, 52, 8: 139-141, May.

1912. A new race of Great Blue Heron from Espiritu Santo Island, Lower
California. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 4: 83-84, Feb. 23.

1912. Some Chinese vertebrates; Aves. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 40, 4:
137-200, col. pi. 3-6, Aug.

1914. Notes on the birds and mammals of the arctic coast of east Siberia.
Birds. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 5: 1-48, Apr. 9.
A new Song Sparrow from Nova Scotia. Proc. New England Zool. CI.,
5:67-68, May 29.

1916. A collection of birds from Saghalin Island. The Auk, 33, 1 : 43-48, Jan.
Regular breeding of Alice's Thrush in arctic east Siberia. The Auk,
33, 3: 327-328, July.

1921. The Black-backed Kamchatkan Wagtail, Motacilla lugens Kittlitz,
in Alaska. The Auk, 38, 3: 460, July.

116 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Title in which Outram Bangs is in senior joint authorship with

Morton E. Peck

1908. On some rare and new birds from British Honduras. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 21: 43-46, Feb. 29.

Titles in which Outram Bangs is in senior joint authorship with

John C. Phillips

1914. Notes on a collection of birds from Yunnan. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
Cambridge, 58, 6: 267-302, Apr.

1925. A new race of Pelzeln's Weaver-Finch. Occ. Papers, Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., 5: 177, Dec. 18.

Titles in which Outram Bangs is in senior joint authorship with
Thomas E. Penard

1918. Notes on a collection of Surinam Birds. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cam-
bridge, 62, 2: 25-93, Apr.

1919. Some critical notes on birds. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, 73,
2: 21-40, June.

The name of the Common Jungle Fowl. Proc. New England Zool. CI.,
7:23-25, Oct, 31.

1920. Two new American hawks. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 7: 45-47,
Feb. 19.

The proper name of the West African Serin. The Auk, 37, 2: 300-301,
Apr.

1921. Notes on some American birds, chiefly neotropical. Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., Cambridge, 64, 4: 365-397, Jan.

A new name for Pachyramphus polychopterus costaricensis Chubb.

Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 34: 77-80, Mar. 31.

Lophotriccus versus Cometornis. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 34:

77-80, Mar. 31.

Descriptions of six new subspecies of American birds. Proc. Biol.

Soc. Washington, 34: 89-92, June 30.

The name of the eastern Hermit Thrush. The Auk, 38, 3 : 432-434, July.

1922. A new form of Edolius forficatus (Linne). Proc. New England Zool. CI.,
8:25-26, May 1.

The northern form of Leptotila fulviventris Lawrence. Proc. New Eng-
land Zool. CI., 8: 29-30, May 8.

The identity of Attila flammulatus Lafresnaye. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, 35: 223-224, Oct. 17.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 117

The type of Pachyramphus polyckopterus (Vieillot). Proc. Biol. Soc-
Washington, 35: 225, Oct. 17.

A new name for the Rufous-chested Flycatcher. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-
ington, 35: 225, Oct. 17.

The identity of Hylophilus leucophrys Lafresna'ye. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 35: 226, Oct. 17.

1923. A new bulbul from Fukien, China. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 8:
41-42, Feb. 27.

A new Merops from Java. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 8: 43, Feb. 27:

1924. The identity of Trochilus ruckeri Bourcier. Occ. Papers Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., 5: 77-78, Apr. 7.

1925. A new blue Water-Thrush from China. Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., 5: 147, Feb. 27.

The Henry Bryant types of birds. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge,
67, no. 3: 197-207, June.

Titles in which Outram Bangs is in senior joint authorship with

G. K. Noble

1918. Description of a new woodpecker from Peru. Proc. New England
Zool. CI., 6:85-86, June 7.

List of birds collected on the Harvard Peruvian Expedition of 1916.
The Auk, 35, 4: 442-463, Oct.

Title in which Outram Bangs is in senior joint authorship with

Frederic H. Kennard

1920. A list of the birds of Jamaica. "The Handbook of Jamaica for 1920."

1920: 684-701 (separately paged reprint p. 1-18).

Title in which Outram Bangs is in senior joint authorship with

Thomas Barbour

1922. Birds from Darien. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, 65, 6: 191-
229, Sept.

Titles in wrhich Outram Bangs is in senior joint authorship with

J. L. Peters

1926. The validity of Nisuoides morelii Pollen. The Auk, 43: 369, July.

A collection of birds from southwestern New Guinea (Merauke coast
and inland). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, 67, 12: 421-434, July.
A new Berneria from Madagascar. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 9:
43-44, July 21.

118 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

1927. Birds from the rain forest region of Vera Cruz. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
Cambridge, 67, 15: 471-487, Jan.

Birds from Maratua Island, off the east coast of Borneo. Occ. Papers
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5: 235-242, June 13.

1928. Birds collected by Dr. Joseph F. Rock in western Kansu and eastern
Tibet. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, 7: 313-381, 5 pll. Aug.

1928. A collection of Birds from Oaxaca. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, 8:
385-404, 15 Oct.

*
Titles in which Outram Bangs is in senior joint authorship with

Josselyn Van Tyne

1930. Descriptions of five new Indo-Chinese birds. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
Publ., Zool. Ser., 18, 1 : 3-4, Apr. 9.

1931. Birds of the Kelley-Roosevelts Expedition to French Indo-China.
Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 18, 3: 33-119, 1 pi. (map),
June 10.

Titles in which Outram Bangs is in senior joint authorship with

Arthur Loveridge

1931. Descriptions of some new birds from southwestern Tanganyika Terri-
tory. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 12: 93-96, Oct. 5.

1933. Reports on the scientific results of an expedition to the southwestern
highlands of Tanganyika Territory. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cam-
bridge, 75, 3: 143-221, Feb.

Title in which Outram Bangs is in senior joint authorship
with Ludlow Griscom

1932. New or Little-known Birds from Costa Rica. Proc. New England
Zool. CI., 13: 47-53, 7 November.

Letters to editors signed by Outram Bangs in conjunction with
three or more joint signers

1902. A method of fixing the tjrpe in certain genera. Science, N.S., 16, 394:
114-115, July 18.

1927. Kennard on Snow Geese. The Auk, 44: 471-472, July.

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. XCII, No. 3

A REVISION OF NEARCTIC NITIDULIDAE (COLEOPTERA)

By Carl T. Parsons

With Thirteen Plates

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

April, 1943

& 2t»oloflv *£"

Zeolooy

APRj*fLl943

V ! I o

No. 3. -- A Revision of Nearetic Nitidulidae (Coleoptcra) L
By Carl T. Parsons

CONTEXTS

Page

Introduction 121

Acknowledgements 121

Sources of Material 122

Historical 122

Nomenclatorial Units 123

On the origin of species and genera in the Nitidulidae 123

Evolution and the relative value of morphological characters

in the family 120

Zoogeography 127

Biology 128

Morphology 129

Taxonomy 133

Nomenclature 133

Explanation of terms 134

Diagnosis of the family 134

Account of the genera and species *. . 134

Bibliography 274

INTRODUCTION

During the discreet years of the 1870's, the stork almost invariably
arrived at night. This happy phenomenon enabled a Philadelphian
obstetrician, Dr. George Horn, to devote his daylight hours to ento-
mology and his evenings to his profession. Dr. Horn not only wrote
but printed his entomological papers. The Doctor's type-setting was
as painstaking as his discrimination in entomology, and these com-
bined talents led to the appearance in 1879 of an extremely careful
review of a family of rather shiny clavicorn beetles appropriately
called Nitidulidae. Since that time the family has been so neglected
that the succeeding sixty years have placed our knowledge of the
group seriously in arrears. The present paper attempts to atone for
this neglect.

Acknowledgements. This work was carried out under Prof. C. T.
Brues, to whom the writer is indebted for infinite patience and con-
structive advice. To other members of the staff of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Prof. F. M. Carpenter, Dr. P. J. Darlington, Jr.,

1 Published with the aid of a special gift from Mr. George. R. Agassiz.

122 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

and Prof. Nathan Banks, the writer is also deeply obligated. Too num-
erous to mention by name are the curators and collectors in this coun-
try and Europe, who have permitted the writer unlimited access to the
collections in their charge and even dissection of valuable specimens
when necessary.

Sources of material. This paper is so much the result of a synthesis
of material that it is difficult to single out particular sources for men-
tion here. Certainly the Museum of Comparative Zoology contained
the most indispensable collection. Here were the types of Leconte,
Horn (several holotypes and co types of all but three species), Mel-
sheimer, Fall, Crotch, some of Casey, cotypes of Maklin and Manner-
heim, and paratypes of Schaeffer and the author. The United States
National Museum contains some of Schaeffer's types, Wickham's
type, and a very large and nearly complete series with excellent data.
At the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences the writer examined the
valuable but obsolete Horn collection. Much critical material was seen
at the British Museum (Murray's types and the complete set of Middle
American species), Berlin Museum (Erichson's types), the Carnegie
Museum (Hamilton and Ulke's types), California Academy of Natural
Sciences, American Museum of Natural History, and numerous public
and private collections. Also the writer's collection was of great value,
because it contained the Leng (Nearctic), Em. Reitter (Palaearctic)
collections, specimens compared with most of the other types, is
world-wide in scope, and supplied almost all of the material for
dissection.

Historical. Linnseus, in 1758, was the first to describe some cosmo-
politan nitidulids which have since been found to occur in North
America. He placed them in Dermestes under the silphids. Then
Fabricius, 1775-1798, described from the West Indies the first American
species. Fabricius placed his species in Nitidula. Latreille, Herbst,
Kugellan, Stephens, Shuckard, broke up the genus and added new
genera. To them we owe the genera Catcretes Herbst (Cercus Latreille),
Brachypterus Kugellan, Carpophilus Stephens, Meligethes Stephens,
Cychramus Kugellan, Cryptarcha Shuckard, as well as several exotic
ones.

But it was not until 1843 that the family underwent a critical ex-
amination. In that year Erichson published the most important work
ever written on the family, his "Versuch einer systematischen Ein-
theilung der Nitidularien." The main divisions (now subfamilies)
laid down by Erichson are followed almost exactly in the present work.
Erichson described in a most complete and accurate manner a large
number of genera ("coupes"), of which Colastus, Brachypeplus, Cono-

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 123

telus, Epuraea, Soronia, Promctopia, Amphotis, Lobiopa, Omosita,
Phenolia, Stelidota, Thalycra, Pocadius, Camptodes, Cyllodes, Amphi-
crossus, Pallodes, Oxycnemus, occur in the Nearctic region. In the
same work Erichson described a number of species from eastern
United States.

Following Erichson, Leconte added two genera and a large number
of species. In 1879 Horn published his careful "Revision of the Niti-
dulidae of the United States," describing two new genera and several
species. Since Horn, there have been only scattered descriptions, ex-
cept for the revision of one genus (Glischrochilus) by Brown in 1932.

Erichson (1843, 1844) included Rhizophagus, Cybocephalus, and
Ostomatidoe in the family. Horn, 1879, likewise included Rhizophagus,
Cybocephalus, and also Smicrips (now placed in the Cucujidoe) but
excluded the Ostomatidae. Grouvelle, 1913, excluded Rhizophagus
which has since constituted a separate family. Murray, 1864, and
recently Peyerimhoff, 1933, Boving and Craighead, 1931, have ex-
cluded Cybocephalus to form a separate family. The present writer
concurs in this arrangement. The relationships of the Nitidulidae with
its nearest relatives, Rhizophagidae and Cybocephalidae, are given
under "Morphology" (p. 129).

The subfamilies here treated as the Cateretinae and Meligethinae
have been made a separate family (Brachypteridae) by Verhoeff, 1928,
on the basis of larval characters. Since the larvae of many aberrant
genera are still unknown, it is premature to make new families. The
writer believes that the classification within a family can often be
made to show the anomalous character of a subfamily without creating
a new family. As for the Nitidulidae the present subfamilies are on the
whole so nebulous that they could easily be made tribes under the
Nitidulinse, which would then rank equally with the Cateretinae and
Meligethinae.

Nomenclatorial Units

On the origin of species and genera in the Nitidulidw. The basic unit
used in naming the groups of individuals is the species. Unfortunately,
due to lack of sufficient material, the term species is sometimes used
to define a rather vague and sometimes highly variable syngamium.

Most of the species seem to be monotypic (Rensch's Ar), that is to
say are not differentiated into subspecies. In many cases the affinities
between monotypic species are clear, and in such cases the relationships
are indicated by comparisons which appear after the descriptions.
Since no intergradations are apparent, these species are thought of
as monotypic.

124 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Polytypic species (Rensch's Formenkreis) are species which are
differentiated into two or more subspecies. Again due to lack of
material, the few forms that appear to be subspecies are treated as
species even though intergradations are evident. In some other cases,
variations which may well be of subspecific value are lumped under
one species.

The writer believes that, in a work of this kind, the only key to the
origin of species lies in a study of the polytypic species. Among the
terrestrial vertebrates and many invertebrates (such as Carabidae
and Molluscs) Huxley, Rensch, and others believe that the most
important manner of originating new species is by the formation of
geographical subspecies. As for the Nitidulidae, the writer believes
from the sketchy evidence that the geographical splitting up of species
is less important than ecological separation of species. A good example
is Carpophilus melanopterus and rufus. Heretofore, rufus has been
thought to be either synonymous with or a mere color variety of
melanopterus. But it was found that melanopterus is restricted to
Yucca blossoms, whereas rufus is found on flowers of cacti. The
ranges of the two forms overlap, but because of the distinct ecology,
constant color differences, and slight sculptural tendencies to vary,
the forms are considered distinct species.

There are some cases whereby special isolation has been enough
to make new species. In North America the most important factor
limiting distribution is the lack of rainfall in the Great Plains region.
Although many species are found from Quebec to Florida, the western
limit of their range is, in almost every case, along the ninety -seventh
parallel. Some species, however, extend from coast to coast across
Canada and then range southward in the east and in the Rocky
Mountains. In that way Perthalycra may have become split into an
eastern and western species.

Oceans, of course, are more definite barriers to distribution. Thus
we find Thalycra with a species in Europe and another in Michigan.
The cosmopolitan and even Holarctic species are clearly distributed
by man.

Another possible method of species formation is hybridization, a
method seldom discussed with respect to insects. Since botanists and
vertebrate zoologists often mention hybrids without experimental
evidence, there seems to be no reason why entomologists cannot do
likewise. Among the nitidulids, Carpophilus sayi and lugubris evi-
dently hybridize along a region extending from Virginia to Illinois.
The intermediate form has distinctive facies and may well be an
incipient species. In O.vycnemus there are two species which are occa-

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 125

sionally found together in the same fungus yet retain constant and
distinctive structural and color differences. Very rarely occur two
forms of apparent hybrids. Both of these forms have characters
which belong to one or the other of the parent species or are inter-
mediate. Significantly one of the forms is much larger than either of
the parent species, a characteristic often found in hybrids of other
animals and plants.

Thus in writing this paper at least three methods of speciation
became evident. The method of hybridization, although hypothetical,
is clearly indicated and could be tested experimentally. Of the other
two, the occupation of a new habitat seems to be a more important
method of speciation than geographical isolation. Just how it takes
place would be a most pertinent problem for investigation.

The geographical subgenus or genus (Rensch's Artenkreis) is a
group of related forms clearly meriting specific rank, but showing
geographical replacement to a degree which makes it certain they
have arisen by geographical differentiation. Huxley wrote the above
definition having in mind mainly vertebrates and molluscs. The
Nitidulidae (and also insects in general) offer evidence that the defini-
tion should be extended to include ecological and biological replace-
ment, as well as geographical. Many a morphologically aberrant
species is found to differ ecologically from its congeners. For example,
the most distinctive species of Nearctic Epuraea is monogama. This
species occurs in the fungus Polyporus volvatus, whereas the others
are found under bark, at flowers, etc. An example of geographical
replacement would be the Nearctic Catcretes of the subgenus Pulton,
which differs from the Palaearctic species in the subgenus in one
character of generic importance, namely, the eighth abdominal seg-
ment visible in the male. Both the Epuraea and the Cateretes seem to
the writer to be incipient genera.

True genera which appear to have arisen by geographical replace-
ment would be Boreades (annectant between the Neotropical Cer-
cometes and the Palaearctic Heterhelus) and both Perthalycra and
Quadrifrons (probably from the Holarctic Thalycra). Also Phenolia
is an eastern Nearctic derivative of the cosmopolitan Soronia. Sig-
nificantly these are the only endemic Nearctic genera (except An
thonaeus, Orthopeplus, mentioned below). The other genera are too
widely distributed to hazard a guess as to their geographical origin.

On the other hand, so many of the genera have such distinctive
habits that they may have originated by ecological replacement. For
instance, of the endemic genera, Anthonaeus is a depressed Amartus
modified for flowers of Agave, and Orthopeplus is an Epuraea evidently

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adapted for living in tunnels. Pocadius, Cyckramus, Cyllodes, and
Oxycnemus are four rather closely related genera each of which is re-
stricted to a different genus of fungus. Many more examples could
be given of genera that are ecologically distinct.

Since the most anomalous species of a genus is often also ecologically
aberrant, and since the genera are mostly very widespread, with
overlapping ranges, yet ecologically distinct, the writer believes that
nitidulid genera arose chiefly by the assumption of a new habitat by a
species.

When the new genus (or subgenus) comes into existence by occupy-
ing a new habitat, the environmental pressure would, in many cases,
be suddenly relaxed. This relief of competition would mean that the
pressure of natural selection is also lessened. Thus many mutations
that would be lethal in the old habitat would be viable in the new one.
But once the new habitat is thoroughly occupied, the pressure of
natural selection would again be so strengthened that the evolution
of new forms would be greatly impeded or even halted. One would
then expect to find the nitidulids split up into a large number of dis-
tinct genera, each in a separate ecological sphere and each embracing
very few species. And such is the case, for there are about one-fourth
as many genera as species of Nearctic Nitidulidae. The proportion of
genera to species would be very much higher if it were not for two
large genera which have succeeded in occupying a variety of habitats.
The genera of the future may be expected to come from the still
actively evolving species of these genera. The two genera are Car-
pophilus (29 species) and Epuraea (29 species). As one would expect,
the discrimination of species is most difficult here.

The genus is generally considered to be an artificial and arbitrary
unit of classification, but the writer believes that it need not be.
When examined in the above manner, the geographical or ecological
genus appears to be a natural taxonomic unit. Certainly, it is nec-
essary to know well not only the complete morphology but the biology
of each species (and its forms) before a natural classification can be
wrought. Unhappily our knowledge of the Nitidulidae permits only
an approximation to such perfection.

Evolution and the relative value of morphological characters in the family
Clues to how the family is evolving may be found by examining the
characters used in taxonomy. The more carefully the taxonomic work
has been done, the greater are the number of available clues. The
subfamily characters are mainly highly tenuous and of only generic
magnitude. The subfamily does seem to be valuable, however, in
indicating the evolutionary trends evinced by groups of genera. The

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 127

Cateretinae is the most primitive and discrete subfamily, whereas the
( 'ryptarchinae is the most derivative, if more nebulous, unit.

The characters of value in defining genera are many and usually
very definite. Interestingly, they are almost entirely different from
specific characters. The specific characters have to do with variations
in sculpture, pubescence, and color. Color is a highly unreliable
criterion. Whereas variations in sculpture are sometimes present but
then only within definite limits diagnostic for each species. For in-
stance, as the figures show, the profile of the prosternum in Pocadius
is variable but only within specific limits. Individuals of Pocadius
vary sculpturally only in this manner. The differences can hardly
have a selective value. Evidently, such variation seems to be an
external, phenotypic manifestation of the genetic mutations which
have differentiated the species of Pocadius.

Zoogeography

A perusal of Table I will show the preponderance of the Nitidulinae
over the other subfamilies. One would assume that this is the most
successful, if it were not heterogeneous and probably in need of being
partitioned into several subfamilies. At present, evolution seems to
be in progress in all of the subfamilies, because, of the Nearctic genera,
there is at least one genus in each subfamily in which speciation is
now active.

Table I

Subfamilies

No.

of genera

No.

of species

Cateretinae

Carpophilinae

Nitidulinae

Meligethinae

Cryptarchinae

Total 35 100 152 100

An examination of Table II offers clues to the history and origins
of the Nearctic genera. In the first place, most of the genera must be
ancient (of early tertiary or even Cretaceous origin) since more than
half are cosmopolitan or nearly so. Where these widespread genera
started cannot be conjectured. About an equal number of genera are
Holarctic or American in distribution. The Holarctic genera, except
for Brachyptcrolus, seem to have arrived in North America from
Siberia. The New World and two of the tropicopolitan genera appear
to be relatively recent arrivals from the tropics into the United States.
Six genera are endemic to North America.

128

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Thus a surprisingly small proportion of the Nearctic fauna is
autochthonous. Evidently the bulk of the present fauna immigrated
several times during the Tertiary period.

Table II

Genera of Nearo

tic Nitidulidae

Cosmopolitan

Holarctic

New World

Nearctic

Cateretes

Boreades

Brachypterus

+ 1

Brachypterolus

Amartus

Anthonaeus

Conotelus

Brachypeplus

tropicopolitan

Colopterus

Carpophilus

Haptoncus

tropicopolitan, also

subtropics

Epuraea

Orthopeplus

Stelidota

Omosita

Nitidula

+ 1

Prometopia

tropicopolitan, also

Lobiopa

Soronia

Phenolia

Amphotis

Thalycra

Perthalycra

Quadrifrons

Pocadius

+ except Australian

Camptodes

tropics

Amphicrossus

tropicopolitan, also

Cychramus

+ except Ethiopian

Pallodes

Cyllodes

Oxycnemus

+ except Ethiopian
and Austr.

Meligethes

+ except Neotropical

Cryptareha

Pityophagus

Glischrochilus

+ except Ethiopian

1 = neither Australian nor Oriental.

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 129

Biology

The habits of the Nitidulidae are remarkably variable. In the most
primitive subfamily (Cateretinae) the larvae live in the seed capsules
of various plants and the adults feed on the pollen and petals of the
same plants or sometimes of others. The members of the other sub-
families are primarily saprophagous and- mycetophagous. Although
some live in flowers, the majority live in decaying fruits, fermenting
plant juices, and in fungi. Some genera live in a particular fungus
peculiar to that genus. Epuraca deprcssa, according to Dodge, breeds
in the nests of bumblebees, and the larvae are considered fungivorous.
( 'ockerell has collected Epuraca Integra in the nest of Bombus ju.vtus.
This habit is similar to the Australian Brachypcplus auritus of which
the larvae and adult feed on the wax and honey of a wild bee. Amphotis
occurs in ant nests; ulkei is strictly myrmecophilous in the early spring
but in the fall of the year is found in decaying fungi. Nitidula and
Omosita breed in carrion. In Europe the larvae of certain Glischrochilus,
Nitidula, and Piiyophagus are predaceous on Scolytids and may have
similar habits in the United States.

In temperate regions most of the species hibernate beneath logs.
Pupation takes place in the earth, which indicates that the pupae may
hibernate also. In the tropics the life cycle seems to be continuous,
although there must be aestivation over extremely dry seasons.

Morphology

The antennae are eleven-segmented. The three-segmented club is
variable; it may be hardly noticeable, as in Cateretes, or compactly
circular as in Camptodes. In the Rhizophagidae the ten-segmented
antennae have a two-segmented club. Among the Nitidulidae a ten-
dency to this reduction is evinced in the Oriental Chalonecrus wallacei.

Many genera have a pair of narrow grooves on the under side of
the head, on each side, for the reception of the basal portions of the
antennae. These extend backward obliquely or parallel with each
other. The presence or absence of the grooves is a useful generic
character, but the degree of convergence is of doubtful value.

The mandibles are rather broad, with a brush of hairs on the inner
margin, often bidentate at the apex, the inner tooth often being
smaller and shorter than the outer. They may be unequal in length,
as in the males of Cryptarcha. Also only one may be bidentate, or
there may be a number of small teeth behind the apex.

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The maxillae are bilobed (galea present) in the Cateretinae but with
a single lobe (lacinia) among the remaining groups. The galea is
always slender and never has more than a few hairs at tip. In some
Brachypterus and Amartus, at least, there is a small vesicle at or near
the extremity, which may have some gustatory function. The lacinia
is rather narrow in the Cateretinae but broader in the other groups,
with a brush of hairs at the extremity and often on the inner margin.
The relative sizes and shape of the laciniae and palpi are useful in
indicating generic affinities.

The ligulae are rather variable in shape. The three-segmented labial
palpi are inserted on a distinct palpiger on the ventral side of the ligula.
Placed more or less dorsally on the anterior and lateral margins of the
ligula are the pair of paraglossae, which may be large and horn-shaped,
reduced, or absent. The palpi in particular offer good characters for
generic differentiation.

The mentum is usually trapezoidal, bisinuate in front, and rather
invariable, consequently not very useful for generic differences. The
mentum of Amphotis, however, shows specific differentiation.

The labrum is transverse, and usually more or less bilobed. It is
exposed, except in Meligethcs where it is concealed by the clypeus.
The labrum is articulated by a pair of slender struts produced pos-
teriorly from each posterior angle and also by a short, median, trian-
gular projection.

The clypeus is distinct in some of the Cateretinae but is usually
indistinguishable from the front.

The eyes are lateral, rounded, and large. The degree of coarseness
of the facets varies generically in the Nitidulinae.

The prothorax is highly variable in form but there is a general
tendency for the lateral margin to be explanate. The prosternum is
produced posteriorly into a lamellate process which extends between
the coxae and sometimes overlaps the mesosternum. The anterior
coxal cavities are obtuse at the proximal end and terminate in a point
directed obliquely antero-laterally. The anterior cavities are open
behind only in the Cateretinae.

The mesothorax is short; the episternum large with a narrow
epimeron along its outer margin. The scutellum is usually triangular,
but it may be pentagonal, semicircular, or quadrangular. The sternum
is sometimes carinate and the coxal cavities are closed and strongly
transverse. The elytra tend to be shortened but often only part of
the pygidium is exposed. All the Carpophilinae have shortened elytra
exposing two or three tergites. Thus Conotelus resembles Staphylinidae

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 131

of the tribes Piestini or Phloeocharini. The epipleurae are usually
broad and often extend to the apices.

The metathorax is large; the rather broad episternum extends along
its entire length. The sternum is often divided by a suture medianly
from its posterior margin. In many genera there is a triangular space
on each side of the sternum bounded by the mesocoxa, the episternum,
and an oblique raised line, evidently not a suture. Blackburn (1891)
calls it for convenience the "intermediate plate" and thinks it is the
mesosternal epimeron. As noted above, the writer thinks another
sclerite is the mesosternal epimeron and that this space is much too
posterior to be a mesopleurite. Since the space may be variously
developed and even absent within a single genus (Carpophilus) or even
species (Carpophilus lugvbris), the writer believes it is part of the
metasternum. In Carpophilus sai/i the space is strongly transverse,
with only a suggestion of obliquity at the distal end of the suture.
Murray (1864) calls it the axillary piece. This writer, following Fall
(1910), refers to it in the text as the "axillary space". The posterior
coxal cavities are closed behind, strongly transverse, and extend to the
margins of the body.

The wings of all but one of the Xearctic genera are figured. The
figures show that the degree of development of the veins is propor-
tional to the size of the species. Venation is almost absent in the
smaller genera and well developed in the larger genera. Evidently it
is impossible to draw up family characters of venation from a sample
genus, as has been done in the past. The folding is extremely complex,
so that the venation of the distal half of the wing is almost absent.
A median, cubitus, and some anal veins are more or less normal,
whereas the veins anterior to the median are greatly anastomosed
and crowded near the base of the wing near its anterior margin. The
wing is lobed at its base. The absence of the lobe in the figures of
two of the genera is probably due to errors in dissection.

The legs are rather short and somewhat retractile. The coxae are
strongly transverse but never contiguous. Actually the anterior coxae
are probably always contiguous beneath the prosternal process. The
femurs are sometimes canaliculate for the reception of the tibiae. The
tarsi are almost always dilated with a cushion of hairs beneath; the
fourth segment is minute, the fifth about as long as the first three,
and the claws are either toothed or simple.

The abdomen is composed of seven tergites and five sternites. The
characteristically shield-shaped seventh tergite and fifth sternite are
the pygidium and hypopygidium respectively. Contrary to Gangle-

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bauer (1899) the writer believes with Lesne (1939) that the hypopy-
gidium represents the seventh sternite. Since only five sternites are
visibly distinct, two basal sternites have anastomosed. There are six
spiracles on the antero-lateral margins of the tergites.

The male has a well developed additional or eighth tergite always
present and visible in most genera. Reitter and Horn speak of the
additional dorsal segment of the male as the sixth. Murray says it is
either the seventh or eighth. Ganglebauer (1899), Lesne (1938), and
the present writer call it the eighth. Lesne (loc. cit.) speaks of the
male eighth segment as the pygidium. Since, with Coleoptera, it is
impossible to speak of the true pygidium and since the additional
segment is not visible in some male and all female nitidulids, the
writer believes that the characteristically shaped seventh dorsal seg-
ment of both sexes should be termed pygidium.

The genitalia, as described here, are mainly the highly modified
distal abdominal segments. An examination of the plates will elucidate
the following descriptions.

In the male the eighth tergite is well developed but the eighth
sternite is much reduced. To the sternite is attached a strut. The
ninth tergite (epandrium) and sternite (hypandrium) form a highly
sclerotized tubular structure or tegmen, which serves to guide the
ejaculatory duct into the vulva. A pair of parameres, articulated to
the tegmen, may or may not be present. As the figures show, the
structure of the male genitalia varies greatly between genera but the
writer has been unable to detect useful specific differences.

The female genitalia are less specialized than the male. The eighth
tergite and sternite are only slightly modified. As in the male, the
sternite is attached to a ventral strut or spiculum ventrale. The
eighth segment is connected by a long intersegmental membrane to
the valvifer and paraproct. The paraproct is dorsal and evidently
borne on the distal part of the valvifer. The valvifer bears ventrally
a pair of appendages termed coxites, which in turn bear a pair of
probably tactile styli. Between the coxites near their base on the
ventral side is the vulva, which connects with a large bursa copulatrix
by way of the vagina. A slender duct joins the consistently oval
spermatheca (with its gland) to the bursa copulatrix.

Wandollek (1905) maintains that the paraproct, valvifer, and coxite
compose the ninth tergite and sternite. Verhoeff (1894) added the
styli to the ninth sternite. Wheeler (1893), Crampton (1925), and
Tanner (1927) say the coxites, with their styli, are appendages of the
ninth sternites and that the proctiger is the tenth tergite. The

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 133

Nitidulidae indicate nothing in disagreement with this view. Tanner
(1927) proposes the term baeuli for the rod-like structures of the
paraprocts, valvifers, and coxites.

The female genitalia present two principal types. The first is
relatively little sclerotized, elongate, slender, and with well developed
styli. It occurs exclusively in the Cateretinae and in the other sub-
families, except Meligethinae. In the other type the genitalia are
strongly sclerotized distally; the coxites are greatly shortened and
even modified into a blade or serrate; the styli are greatly reduced
and laterally placed. It occurs in the Meligethinae and sporadically
in all the other subfamilies but the Cateretinae. Apparently no
phylogenetic significance can be attributed to these types, nor can
any correlated development of male and female genitalia be detected.

For the purpose of separating and relating species, the female geni-
talia are superior to the male. The coxites, in particular, offer the
clearest characters.

The Rhizophagidae differ from the Nitidulidae in having ten-
segmented antennae, heteromerous tarsi in the males, seven abdominal
spiracles, galea present (as in the Cateretinae), and distinctive larva.
They seem to be intermediate between the Nitidulidae and the
Ostomatidae. The Cybocephalidae differ in having four-segmented
tarsi, body retractile, mandibles in repose resting against the meta-
sternum, five abdominal spiracles, and distinctive larvae. For these
reasons it seems best to separate the two families as the nearest
relatives of the nitidulids.

Taxonomy

Nomenclature. In determining problems of nomenclature the writer
has followed the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature (1926,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 39: 75-104). The designation of genotypes
in this family has never been accomplished. This omission is remedied
for the Nearctic genera. Whenever the genus is not monotypic or the
type is not designated in the original description, the first valid species
mentioned by the describer of the genus is employed. In order to
corroborate the inclusion of the type species in the genus, the writer
has examined the genotype in almost every case.

For all names binomials only are employed. Occasionally varieties
will be raised to subspecies or species relegated to subspecific status.
When this is done, the writer believes trinomials should be used.

In finding the proportions of the prothorax and elytra the writer
has measured the greatest possible width and length.

134 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Explanation of terms. One of the chief excuses for the account of
morphology is to make the descriptions as explicit as possible. At
least two terms, however, may be explained here. The epistoma of
previous authors is the clypeus. By "dorsal segments" is meant
the abdominal tergites exposed behind the elytra, including the
pygidium. The abbreviation "M.C.Z." stands for the Museum of
( 'omparative Zoology.

Diagnosis of the family: adults. Very variable in shape; small or
medium in size. Antennae inserted under the frontal margin in front
of the eyes; eleven-segmented; a three-segmented club usually very
distinct but sometimes only slightly developed. Antennal grooves
usually present. Mouthparts normal; galea present only in the
Cateretinae. Elytra entire, sometimes shortened to expose two or
three abdominal segments. Prosternum with a process produced
between the front coxae. The metepisterna attaining the metacoxal
cavities. All coxae transverse and separated. Anterior coxae with
free trochantin and either open or closed behind. Middle and hind
coxae closed behind. Hind coxae almost attaining the lateral margins
of the body. Legs short and moderately retractile. Tarsi five-seg-
mented, first segment of normal size, the fourth very small, and the
fifth longest. Abdomen with six spiracles; five visible sternites; seven
tergites, and in the male often an eighth tergite is visible.

Larvae. Body sparsely haired. Head transverse, mouth porrect,
clypeus feebly distinct, labrum distinct. Maxillae deeply retracted,
maxillary palpi two or three-segmented. Labial palpi very short,
two-segmented. Ocelli variable. Legs rather short.

Key to subfamilies of Nitidulidae

1. Maxillae with one lobe (lacinia); antennae distinctly capitate. . . .2
Maxillae with two lobes ; antennae feebly capitate .... Cateretinae

2. Abdomen covered, at most with the pygidium exposed 3

Abdomen with two or three segments exposed. . Carpophilinae (p. 150)

3. Labrum free, more or less visible 4

Labrum connate with the clypeus 5

4. Mesosternum not carinate; or the prosternum depressed behind

the coxae and not prolonged, or the pronotum margined at

base Nitidulinae (p. 182)

Mesosternum carinate; prosternum elevated and prolonged behind,
the tip enlarged, free, and overlapping the mesosternum; pro-
notum not margined at base ; all tarsi dilated . . Meligethinae (p. 251 )

5. Suture of the labrum more or less distinct .... Crytarchinae (p. 257)

(no alternate)

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 135

CATERETINAE

Cateretes Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fiir Ent., 4: 226 Brachypterinae auct.

This subfamily contains fifteen genera, none of which contain many
species. Six genera, two endemic, are found in the Nearctic region.

Key to genera of Nearctic Cateretinae

1 . Claws simple 2

Claws distinctly dentate at base 4

2. Length under 3 mm 3

Length over 3 mm 5

3. Color of elytra testaceous to piceous Cateretes

Color of elytra metallic blue-green Boreades

4. Posterior pronotal angles obtuse Brachypterus

Posterior pronotal angles rectangular Brachypterolus

5. Body convex Amartus

Body depressed Antkonaeus

Cateretes Herbst
Plates 1, 12

Kateretes Herbst, 1793, Natur. aller bek. u. ausl. Insekten 5, 11, ex parte.

Type: Nitidula pedicularis L.
Cateretes pro Kateretes Illiger, 1798, Verz. Kaf. Preuss., p. 395, ex parte.
Cere us Latreille, 1796, Precis Caract. gen. Ins., p. 68. Type: C. rufilabris Latr.
Anisocera Stephens, 1832, 111. Brit. Ent., 6, 438. Type: C. pedicularis L.
Anomaeocera Shuckard, 1840, Col. delin., p. 25. Type: C. pedicularis L.
Subgenus Pulion des Gozis, 1886, Rech. de l'esp. typ. Monlucon, p. 12.

Head much narrower than the pronotum, emarginate, front sepa-
rated from the clypeus by a transverse furrow or by a fine transverse
line. Antennae with a rather narrow, indistinct club; in the male of
the subgenus Cateretes s. str. the first two segments or only the first
are enlarged. Labrum transverse, deeply emarginate, with broadly
rounded lobes. Mandibles broadened on the outer side of the base,
with a single untoothed apex. Lacinia terminating in a point which
is bent inwards almost at right angles, a tuft of hair at the bend; galea
is very slender and glabrous. Maxillary palpi short and thick, first
segment a little shorter and slenderer than the second; second and
third of equal width, third somewhat longer than the second, the
apical segment as long but slenderer than the second. Mentum
strongly transverse. First segment of labial palpi very small, second
short and clavate; the apical segment as long as the other two seg-

136 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

merits combined. Pronotum as broad or somewhat narrower than
the elytra, rounded on the sides, often more strongly narrowed anter-
iorly than posteriorly, with rounded angles; sides narrowly arcuate;
at the base slightly rounded. Scutellum large, triangular. Elytra with
narrow epipleurae; pygidium free and broadly truncate. The pros-
ternal process between the front coxae narrow. The mesosternal
process broader, middle coxae further apart than the front coxae.
Metasternum about as long as the first two ventral segments together.
Metepisternum pointed posteriorly. First ventral segment, in the
middle, as long or longer than the second and third together, second
and third short, fourth and fifth longer. A dorsal segment visible be-
hind the pygidium in the male of the American but not the European
species. Femurs rather short, tibiae gradually broader towards the
apex. The first three tarsal segments dilated, of equal length, long
thick hairs on the under side; third tarsal segment deeply bilobed;
the fourth very small, the fifth about as long as the first four combined.
Claws simple.

Since Cateretes is the most generalized nitidulid, its description is
made particularly complete.

Of the New World genera Cateretes is nearest to Boreades new genus
but differs in a number of ways, as shown in the figures; Cateretes is
also close to the European Heterhelus but differs in the shape of the
pronotum, labial palpi, mentum, and maxillae.

The larva of C. rufilabris (Latr.) has been described by Perris, 1876,
Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 214; Larves de Coleopt. 1877, pp. 38-39.

In Europe the larvae live in the flowers of Juncvs (Juncaceae) and
pupate in the earth; the adults are found on the flowers of Spiraea
(Rosaceae), sedges (Cyperaceae), rushes (Juncus), and generally in
swampy places.

The genus Cateretes is strictly Holarctic. Two species are Nearctic
and five are Palaearctic. The types of the Nearctic species have been
examined in the British Museum, and all of the species, except C.
flavicans Fairm. (Algeria), have been examined in the writer's collection.

Key to subgenera

1. In the males the first or also the second antennal segment dilated.
Antennae usually in the female extending beyond the hind margin
of the pronotum. Head strongly transverse, with small, strongly
prominent eyes; a deep transverse line between the bases of
the antennae. Pronotum with evenly rounded hind angles, weakly
convex, coarsely and sparsely punctate .... Subg. Cateretes s. str.

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 137

2. Antennae simple in both sexes, not attaining the hind margin of
the pronotum. Head weakly transverse, with larger, weakly
prominent eyes and finer clypeal suture. Pronotum with evenly
rounded or more or less quadrate hind angles, more strongly
convex; less coarsely and sparsely punctate Subg. Pulton.

Key to species of subgenus Pulion

Elytra sparsely punctate, the distance between the punctures
greater than the size of the punctures pennatus.

Elytra densely punctate, the distance between most of the punc-
tures less than the size of the punctures sericans.

Cateretes (Pulion) pennatus (Murray)

Plate 1, figs. 1-4, 7; 12, fig. 1

Cercus pennatus Murray, 1864, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 24: 235.
Cercns crinitus Murray c? , loc. cit., p. 237.

Types: of pennatus from "Canada, Pennsylvania, and other parts of North
America"; of crinitus, from Tennessee, are in the British Museum.

Oval; moderately robust; typically dull fulvous or dark piceous
but may be testaceous or ferrugineous ; moderately shining; sparsely
pubescent. Head moderately densely punctate, front feebly bi-
impressed, with a transverse black line joining the two impressions.
Thorax with width and length as 1.5 to 1; apex hardly if at all emar-
ginate; sides rather strongly arcuate, in the female slightly sinuate
posteriorly, in the male evenly arcuate, margin narrowly reflexed;
disc rather strongly convex, moderately densely punctate. Scutellum
coarsely but sparsely punctate. Elytra with length to width as 1 to 8,
apices truncately but evenly rounded, surface not coarsely nor densely
punctate. Pygidium sparsely punctulate, the entire hind margin of
the tergite anterior to the pygidium showing from beneath the elytra.
Body beneath sparsely punctulate. Legs and antennae are usually
paler than the body. Length 1.9-2.5 mm.

This species is so closely related to sericans that the two cannot al-
ways be separated with certainty. But pennatus is larger, more robust,
apices of the elytra more rounded, more of the abdomen showing, more
densely and coarsely punctate elytra, antennal club more distinctly of
two not three segments and the pronotum proportionately wider.

This species occurs (May-July, mainly May) from Quebec to North
Carolina (Gray Beard Mt.) west to Kansas (Douglas Co., Argentine)
across Canada to British Columbia (Terrace, Frazer Valley, Kaslo,

138 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Cawston, Steelhead) south in the coastal region to California (Ventura,
S. Paula, Berkeley on Sambucus) where it seems to intergrade with
sericans.

Cateretes (Pulion) sericans (Leconte)
Plate 1, figs. 9, 12

Cercus sericans Lee, 1869, Proc. Ac. N.S. Philadelphia, p. 69.
Type: from "Tejon" Fort Tejon, California, lectotype 9 , M.C.Z. no 6988 and
4 cotypes (3 9 9 , 1 d* ). A cotype is in the British Museum.

Oval; slightly oblong; usually testaceous, often with head and elytra
piceous, occasionally entirely castaneous to dark piceous above with
pale legs and antennae; surface feebly shining; sparsely pubescent.
Head sparsely punctate, front with fine black transverse line. Antennal
club feebly three segmented. Thorax with width to length as 1.3 to 1,
apex not emarginate, disc strongly convex, moderately densely punc-
tured, margin very narrowly reflexed, sides not strongly arcuate, in
the female slightly sinuate posteriorly, in the male evenly arcuate.
Scutellum rather coarsely and sparsely punctate. Elytra with length
to width as 1.2 to 1, surface densely and coarsely punctate, apices
obliquely, truncately, rounded. Only the outer angles of tergite an-
terior to pygidium show from beneath the elytra. Length 1.5 to 2.3
mm.

For the relationships of sericans see under pennatus. In central and
northern California specimens tend to be larger, darker and more
robust than usual.

This species occurs (May-August) from Washington (Cooks) to
southern California (San Diego) east to Nevada (Lovelock), Utah
(Ogden, Wasatch), Arizona (Flagstaff, Williams, Globe) and New
Mexico (Cloudcroft).

Cateretes (Cateretes) scissus spec. nov.

Plate 1, figs, 5, 6

Cateretes bipustulatiis Payk. auct. in parte

Closely related to the European pedicularis L. but averaging a little
smaller, antennal club a little more compact, and the second antennal
segment subglobose instead of elongate in the female. Color a rich
reddish brown or black; shining; a broad oblique band on each elytron,
or in the black specimens a black v-shaped spot on the anterior part of
the elytra and the rest of the elytra testaceous; clypeus, antenna?, and
legs testaceous. Head closely, coarsely punctate; thorax coarsely but

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 139

rather sparsely punctate, feebly alutaceous; elytra coarsely and more
closely punctate than the thorax. Thorax with length to width as 1 to
1.7, lateral margins very narrowly reflexed. Thorax and elytra finely
and sparsely pubescent, pygidium more strongly pubescent. Beneath
finely punctate, sparsely pubescent. Length 2.1 mm., width 1.1 mm.

Holotype cf and allotype collected July 8, Edmonton, Alberta
(F. S. Carr) in Mus. Comp. Zool. (H. C. Fall collection); paratypes
Tewksbury, Mass. in M.C.Z. (Blanchard collection); one Tewksbury
and another Mass. (S. Henshaw) specimen in the New England Mu-
seum of Natural History, Hopkinton, Mass. (Frost coll.); and several
from Edmonton, Alberta (May 24-August 7) in the collections of the
Univ. of California, Univ. of Kansas, C. A. Frost, and the writer.

This species has been recorded by Horn, 1879, under the name
bipustulatus Payk., but it is really nearer to pedicularis Linn.

Boreades genus nov.
Plates 1, 12

Cercometes auct. ex parte, Reitter, 1875, Verh. Nat. Ver. Briinn, p. 99. Geno-
type: Cercus politus Reitter.

Head much narrower than pronotum, front separated from clypeus
by an incomplete transverse furrow. Antenna? with a distinct three-
segmented club, the terminal segment bluntly sub-appendiculate at
tip. Eye facets fine. Labrum transverse, not strongly emarginate,
with truncately rounded lobes. Mandibles only slightly broadened
with a single untoothed apex. Lacinia attenuate at tip, galea slender.
Maxillary palpi rather long and thick; the apical segment not thicker
than the others but as long as the second and third combined. Men-
turn not strongly transverse. First segment of labial palpi small, sec-
ond about twice as long as the first and second combined. Pronotum
not as broad as the elytra, the sides moderately arcuate, and the pos-
terior angles obtusely but not broadly rounded. Scutellum large and
bluntly triangular. The narrow epipleurae only along the anterior
half of the elytra; pygidium free and rounded. Prosternal process
narrow, subparallel, tip rounded, and extending to posterior margin
of coxae. Mesosternal process twice as broad as the prosternal process,
broadly rounded. Metasternum at middle about as long as first two
ventral segments combined. Metepisternum pointed posteriorly. First
ventral segment at middle as long as the second and third combined.
Second segment short, third a little longer, fourth a little longer than
the third, and the fifth a little longer than the fourth. In the male a

140 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

broadly rounded dorsal segment appears behind the emarginate py-
gidium. The first three tarsal segments dilated, of equal length, the
fourth segment very small, the fifth as long as the first two combined.
Claws simple. Genotype: Cercometes abdominalis (Er.), described
under Cercus.

Reitter says of Cercometes that the labial palpi are four-segmented
(evidently assuming that the palpiger is a segment) and that the first
three segments are minute, the claws are dentate, the clypeus by no
means distinct, and the pygidium simple in both sexes. All of these
characters necessitate separating abdominalis to form a new genus.
Boreades seems to be intermediate between Cater etes and Brachypterus
and rather close to Heterhelus in which Reitter placed abdominalis when
he described the South American politus. Reitter subsequently made
politus the type of his new genus Cercometes.

The genus Boreades contains one North American species. The
adults have been collected by the writer on the blossoms of blackberry,
Rubus (Eubatus) spp., and elderberry, Sambvcus canadensis.

Boreades abdominalis (Erichson)

Plate 1, figs. 13-21; pi. 12, fig. 2

Cercus abdominalis Erichson, 1843, in Germar, Zeischr. fur die Ent., 4:229.
Cateretes abdominalis (Er.) auct.

Type: "North America", probably Pennsylvania in the Berlin Museum (Knoch
Collection).

Oval, convex, metallic blue-green, shining, antenna3, abdomen, and
legs rufous, antennal club piceous. Head, pronotum and elytra very
feebly pubescent; underside and abdomen more strongly pubescent.
Head densely punctate. Thorax convex; width to length as 1.6 to 1;
base a little wider than the apex; sides moderately arcuate, narrowly
refiexed, feebly sinuate near the subrectangular basal angles; surface
equally punctate, punctures moderately coarse not dense. Scutellum
bluntly and broadly rectangular, moderately densely punctate. Length
to width of elytra conjointly as 1.1 to 1, sides feebly arcuate, narrowly
refiexed, convex, a little more coarsely and densely punctate than the
pronotum. Presternum densely and coarsely punctate, body beneath
less so, and abdomen still less so. Length 2-3 mm.

Tbis species is found (April-August) from eastern Canada to Georgia
(Clayton) west to Texas (Dallas), Missouri, Nebraska (Lincoln), Kan-
sas (Argentine, Muncie, Kansas Co.), Iowa (Burlington) and Mani-
toba (Aweme).

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 141

Brachypterus Kugelann

Plates .1, 12

Brachypterus Kugelann, 1794, in Schneider's Mag., 1, 560. Genotype: Der-

mestes urticae Fab.
Virbius Des Gozis, 1886, Recherche de l'esp. typ., p. 11.

Head narrower than pronotum, front separated from the clypeus by
an incomplete transverse furrow. Antenna? with a distinct but loosely
connected club. Labrum transverse, not strongly emarginate. Man-
dibles not broadened on the outer side of the base, with a fine tooth
near the apex. Lacinia and galea slender. Maxillary palpi rather long
and thick; the apical segment thinner than the others and as long as the
second and third combined. Mentum triangular, the anterior angle
deeply emarginate. First and second segments of the labial palpi very
small, the third large, subglobose, twice as long as the first two com-
bined. Pronotum almost as broad as the elytra, sides more or less
strongly arcuate; posterior angles obtusely rounded. Scutellum large,
triangular. Epipleurpe narrow, not extending half way posteriorly.
Pygidium free and rather acutely rounded. Prosternal process becom-
ing broader posteriorly, truncate, not extending beyond the coxae.
Mesosternal process not quite twice as broad as the prosternal process,
broadly rounded. First ventral segment in the middle longer than the
next two combined. Second and third of equal length, fourth longer,
fifth much longer than the fourth. In the male a broadly rounded dorsal
segment behind the feebly emarginate pygidium. Tarsi dilated, the
fifth segment as long as the first three combined. Claws strongly
dentate.

Brachypterus is intermediate between Boreades and Heterhelus on
one hand and BrachyJeptus and Amartus on the other. The Australian
Notobrachypterus, placed by Grouvelle between Brachypterus and
BrachyJeptus, is unknown to the writer.

In Europe the larva? and adults live in the flowers of nettles (Urtica)
and pupation is in the earth.

The genus Brachypterus occurs in the Holarctic and Neotropical
regions with one species in East Africa. Sixteen species are Palaearctic,
four are Nearctic (one of which is Holarctic), and three are Neotropical.
The genus seems to be ancient, since two species are restricted to the
Canary Islands, another occurs on the Canaries and in southern Europe;
one is found in Algeria, Sardinia, and Corsica; another in Algeria and
the Balearics; a species occurs in Sardinia and the Canaries; and one
in the Grenadines of the Lesser Antilles. Most of the species are re-

142 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

stricted to arid regions but they cannot very well be called relicts of a
time when the earth was generally arid, because the earth was prob-
ably never so arid as now.

1. Sides of pronotum meeting the base in a continuous curve, prothorax

pale brown (Texas) schaefferi

Sides of pronotum not meeting the base in a continuous curve, pro-
thorax dark brown 2

2. Sides of pronotum usually not sinuate posteriorly (California)

.' troglodytes

Sides of pronotum usually sinuate posteriorly (Rocky Mountains
eastward) 3

3. About 2.2 mm. long, sutural angles of elytral apices slightly rounded

(Cordilleran region) globularius

About 1.9 mm. long, sutural angles of elytral apices very slightly if
at all rounded (Eastern States, Europe) urticae

Brachypterus schaefferi Grouvelle

Brachypterus rotundicollis Schaeffer, 1905, Sci. Bull. Brooklyn Inst. Mus., 1,
146. (non rotundicollis Murray, 1864).

Brachypterus schaefferi Grouvelle, 1913, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 81, 387.
Type: No. 42560 collected in April at St. Tomas, Brownsville, Texas, in the

U. S. N. M.

Oval, brownish, thorax paler, elytra with slight aeneous tinge, shining,
sparsely pubescent. Head coarsely punctate. Antennae rufous. Pro-
thorax, at its broadest part, as wide as the elytra at base, coarsely not
very densely punctate, sides evenly arcuate, meeting the base in a con-
tinuous curve. Elytra more coarsely and densely punctate than the
pronotum, apices truncate, sutural angles slightly rounded. Pygidium
sparsely and obsoletely punctate. Presternum in front with a few
scattered punctures; metasternum coarsely punctate; abdomen ob-
soletely punctate, legs rufous. Length 1.5 mm.

Sharp, 1889, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Coleopt. 2 : 265, records specimens
from Cordova, Mexico (400 miles south of Brownsville) as doubtfully
urticae, because the pronotum was shaped as in schaefferi. Evidently
schaefferi is an offshoot from urticae but a little more distinctly
punctate.

This rare species is known (Jan., March, April, October) from Texas
(Olmito, on stinging nettle, Victoria, and Brownsville at St. Tomas
and Esperanza Ranch) and possibly Cordova, Mexico (B.M.).

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 143

Brachypterus troglodytes Murray

Brachypterus troglodytes Murray, 1864, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 24: 244.
Type: from California in the British Museum.

Oval; convex; brown to black, usually piceous, with a slight aeneous
tinge, antennae and legs rufous, sparsely finely pubescent. Head
coarsely punctate except along an obscure, median, longitudinal line;
also a shallow transverse furrow, enlarged at each end, between the
eyes. Pronotum usually with the sides evenly arcuate but sometimes
with a trace of sinuation posteriorly; surface sparsely, coarsely punc-
tate. Elytra more sparsely punctate than the pronotum, apices nearly
transversely truncate. Beneath alutaceous, the metasternum sparsely
punctate; its epimeron more strongly alutaceous. Length 1.8-2 mm.

This species differs from urticae in that the sides of the pronotum
are usually evenly rounded not sinuate, the pronotal punctations
coarser, the clypeal suture more pronounced, the elytral humeri less
pronounced, and the elytral apices more truncate.

This species occurs (March- August) from British Columbia (Vic-
toria, and doubtfully Metlakatla), through Washington (Skokomish R.
Tenino), Oregon, to southern California (Mono Lake, Los Gatos,
Pomona, Pasadena), east to Arizona.

Brachypterus globularius Murray

Brachypterus globularius Murray, 1864, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 24, 245.
Cotypes: from Connecticut and Mexico in the Laferte collection.

The location of this portion of the Laferte collection is unknown but
may be in the Paris Museum or in the R. Oberthur collection at
Rennes.

Very similar to urticae but larger, punctation coarser, and sutural
angles of the elytral apices less obtuse. The metasternum sparsely,
coarsely punctate; the epimeron less sparsely, more finely punctate,
and strongly alutaceous. Piceous, antennae and legs paler. The types
have not been seen, and Murray says the sides of the pronotum are
evenly rounded. Yet in all the specimens I have seen the sides of
the pronotum are sinuate posteriorly; so the types may be termed
"atypical." In both troglodytes and urticae the pronotum may or may
not be sinuate. The clypeal suture and elytral humeri are as in urticae.
Length about 2.3 mm.

Specimens from northern California and British Columbia seem to

14 i bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

intergrade with troglodytes, but glohularius is usually larger, more
strongly punctate, pronotum more distinctly sinuate.

This species was described from Mexico and Colorado, and Murray
adds Connecticut but this is probably a mistake. Authentic specimens
have been seen from Alberta (Edmonton), Colorado (Glenwood
Springs), and California (Half Moon Bay) and specimens that are
doubtfully this species from California (San Francisco, San Mateo,
Alameda Co.) and British Columbia (Metlakatla). The dates run
from April to August.

Brachypterus urticae (Fabricius)

Plate 1, figs. .22-28; pi. 12, fig. 3

Dermestes urticae Fabricius, 1792, Ent. Syst., 1, 235.
Cercus pusillus Melsh., 1846, Proc. Acad. N.S. Philadelphia, 2, 105.
Types: of urticae on Urtica in Germany (Helwig) and possibly in Kiel; of
pusillus from Pennsylvania in M. C. Z. (Melsheimer collection).

Oval; convex; surface shining and very sparsely pubescent; piceous
or brownish with a slight aeneous tinge, antennae and legs rufous.
Sparsely, moderately coarsely punctate. Elytra slightly more sparsely
and finely punctate than the pronotum, the apices variably truncate.
Clypeal suture fine. Sides of the pronotum arcuate and posteriorly
usually sinuate, but the sinuation may be absent and the sides almost
parallel. Elytral humeri moderately prominent. Metasternum aluta-
ceous, finely and sparsely punctate. Length 1.5 — 2 mm.

Murray, 1864, places the American specimens as a variety of urticae
because the sinuation of the pronotum is evanescent, but this character
is not at all constant. The relationships of urticae are discussed under
the other species.

The adults are found on the flowers of nettles (Urtica).

This widespread species is found over most of the Palaearctic region
and may possibly be introduced into North America, because in 1879
it was known only from the Atlantic states. Whereas at present it is
known (June-September) from Ontario (Ridgway, Prince Edward
Co.) and Quebec to Virginia, west to Missouri (St. Louis), Iowa, Wis-
consin, north to Alberta (Edmonton) and British Columbia (Bear
Lake, Kaslo) south to Washington (Seattle) and Colorado (Montrose,
Placer ville, La Veta, Garland, Powder River).

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 145

Brachypterolts Grouvelle

Plates 1, 12

Heterostowus Jacq. du Val, 1858, Gen. Coleop. d'Eur., 2, 136. (non Bigot, 1857,
Diptera). Type: Catftcrctcs </rari<lus 111. = Brachypterolus pulicarius (L.).
Brachypterolus Grouvelle, 1913, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1912, 81, 387.

Head much narrower than pronotum; no visible line between the
clypeus and front. Antennae with a distinct three-segmented club,
the terminal segment sub-appendiculate at tip. Labrum transverse,
weakly emarginate. Mandibles broad, untoothed, with long tips.
Lacinia terminating in a point which is bent inwards almost at right
angles, a tuft of hair on each side of the point; galea very slender and
doubtfully glabrous. Maxillary palpi short and thick, the apical seg-
ment thinner and shorter than the second and third combined. Men-
turn small, very strongly transverse, anterior angles very broadly
rounded. First segment of labial palpi rather large, the second rather
long and slender, the apical segment large, clavate, longer than the
first two combined. Pronotum very nearly as broad as the elytra,
posterior margin on each side broadly emarginate. Scutellum large,
triangular. Elytra with only a vestige of the epipleurae at the humerus ;
the sixth and seventh abdominal tergites visible from above. Pygidium
truncate above the eighth dorsal segment in the male. Prosternal
process parallel, narrow, and not extending posterior to the coxae.
Mesosternal process emarginate, about three times as broad as the
prosternal. Metasternum feebly emarginate posteriorly. First ventral
segment, at middle, and fourth of equal length, either one longer than
the second and third combined; fifth longer than the fourth. Tarsi
dilated, with dense, long hairs beneath, the fourth tarsal segment very
small, the fifth as long as the first two combined. Claws toothed.

Grouvelle (1913) places Brachypterolus between Amartus and the
aberrant Oriental Chalonecrus. I believe Brachypterolus is nearer to
Brachyptcrus than to Amartus.

In Europe the larvae feed on the pollen of Antirrhinum and Linaria
(Scrophulariaceae) and pupate in the earth. In America the larvae
appear to breed only in the seed capsules of Linaria, but the adults
are found on the flowers of many plants. See Cornelius, 1863, Stett.
Ent. Zeit. pp. 113-115; Perris, 1877, Larves des Coleop. pp. 35-36,
fig. 23-26; and the references given below.

Until recently Brachypterolus (8 species) was confined to the Palae-
arctic region. About 1918 the following European species was intro-
duced into eastern United States.

146 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Brachypterolus pulicarius (Linn.)

Plates 1, figs. 29-35; pi. 12, fig. 4

Dermestes pulicarius Linn., 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, 357.

Brachypterolus mordelloides Notman, 1920, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 28, 29-30.

Heterostomus pulicarius (L.) Britten, 1922, Journ. Econ. Ent., 15, 311; 1924,

24th Rept. State Ent. Conn., p. 339; Hatch, 1924, Tech. Pub. N. Y. State

Coll. Forestry, 24, 297.
Brachypterolus pulicarius (L.) Schaeffer, 1927, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, 22,

170; Hervey, 1927, Journ. Econ. Ent,, 20, 809-814, fig. 381; Hatch, 1928,

Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 36, 35-36.
For complete synonymy vide Grouvelle, 1913.
Types: of pulicarius from Europe presumably in the collection of the Lin-

naean Society of London, of mordelloides from Keene Valley, New York

in the collection of Howard Notman.

Oval; convex; shining black, antennae and legs pale to dark piceous.
Rather thickly covered with long brownish to grey pubescence. Head,
pronotum, scutellum, and elytra coarsely and closely punctate; abdo-
men above and below more finely punctate; metasternum coarsely
punctate. Prothorax strongly emarginate in front, sides moderately
arcuate, narrowed in front, hind angles rectangular. The legs, from
fore to hind pair, are progressively darker. Length 1.8 — 2.5 mm.

Notman, 1920, separated the American specimens by description
only. I am unable to discern any differences between specimens from
the Old and New World.

Judging from its distribution, pulicarius seems to have been intro-
duced first into eastern Canada, although the earliest record the writer
knows about is in 1918 at Keene Valley, Essex Co., New York. Since
then it has been collected (May-August) from Ontario (Prince Edward
Co.) Quebec (Gaspe), and Nova Scotia (Bass River) south to Penn-
sylvania (Norwood), west to Iowa and Wisconsin. It is found generally
over Europe and Siberia, where several varieties have been described
on the basis of size and color of pubescence. Size is of no importance,
but pubescence color is sometimes distinctive.

This species breeds in the United States in Linaria, is sometimes in-
jurius to Fragraria, and the adults may be found on the flowers of
dandelion, buttercup, wild mustard, clover, apple, and panicled dog-
wood.

Amartus Leconte

Plates 2, 12

Amartus Lee, 1863, Proc Acad. N. S. Philadelphia, p. 343. Genotype:

Amartus rufipes Lee.
Brachyleptus Motsch., 1870, (non 1845), Bull. Soc. Imp. Moscow, 42, pt. 2,

pp. 352-4. Type of the 1870 description is Strongylus tinctus Mann.

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 147

Pronotum more than one and one-half as broad as the head, front
separated from the clypeus by a long but incomplete transverse fur-
row. Antennae with a distinct but loose three-segmented club, the
terminal segment sub-appendiculate at tip. Labrum transverse,
broadly emarginate. Mandible with a single, untoothed, rather blunt,
apex. Lacinia not attenuate, tip bent inwards almost at right angles.
Galea slender, with an enlarged hyaline vesicle at tip. Maxillary palpi
long and thick, the apical segment slenderer but as long as the second
and third combined. Mentum not strongly transverse. First segment
of labial palpi rather large, third attenuate apically, about as long as
the second. Pronotum nearly as broad as the elytra, posterior angles
broadly rounded. Scutellum large, more or less trapezoidal, mostly
covered by the pronotum. Elytra rather short, exposing the penulti-
mate tergite. The narrow epipleurae only along the anterior half of
the elytra. Prosternal process very narrow, reflexed, extending to
posterior margin of coxae. The mesosternal process about five times
as broad as the prosternal, emarginate; mesocoxae farther apart than
the metacoxae. Metasternum divaricate posteriorly. First ventral
segment at middle as long or longer than the second and third com-
bined; the fourth as long as the second and third combined. In the
male a dorsal segment appears behind the truncated pygidium. First
three tarsal segments broadly dilated, the fourth small, the fifth almost
as long as the first four together. Claws simple, merely with the usual
dilation.

Amartus occupies the dry regions of the southwest as its very close
relative Brachyleptus Motsch. inhabits the dry Mediterranean region.
It is evidently very close to Brachyleptus, differing in the shape of the
mentum, labial palpi, pronotum, and claws. Amartus is further re-
moved from Brackypterus and differs in the shorter elytra, simple
claws, and differently shaped mentum, labial palpi, and mandibles.

In North America the adults feed on the pollen of certain Legumi-
naceae and Acanthaceae.

The genus Amartus is restricted to extreme western North America
and southwestern Asia. Three of the six known species have been
examined in the writer's collection.

Key to the species of Amartus

Form very robust, thorax very convex, apex distinctly narrower than
the base tinetus

Form less robust, thorax moderately convex, not narrower at the
apex rufipes

148 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Amartus tinctus (Mannerheim)

Strongylus ? tinctus Mann., 1843, Bull. Soc. Imp. Moscow, 43, 255.

Brachypterus ferrugatus Murray, 1864, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 24, 250.

Types: of tinctus from California, presumably in the Zool. Mus. at Helsinki; of
ferrugatus from Oregon in the British Museum. A cotype of tinctus is
presumably in the Boheman collection in the Naturh. Riksmus. at
Stockholm.

Oval; robust; subopaque; moderately thickly clothed with long,
greyish pubescence; color varying from dark piceous with fuscous
antennae and legs to entirely testaceous. Head coarsely and very
thickly punctate, pronotum less coarsely as thickly punctate, elytra
more coarsely and sparsely punctate than the pronotum. Thorax with
width to length as 1.3 to 1, apex a little narrower than the base and
very feebly emarginate, sides feebly arcuate, hind angles broadly
rounded, base broadly rounded and slightly sinuate on each side, disc
convex. Elytra conjointly as wide as long, slightly narrowed toward
apex, apices truncately rounded; a feeble scutellar depression. Abdo-
men above and below7 densely, finely punctate; metasternum more
coarsely and less densely punctate. Length 3.9 — 5.5, width 1.7 —
2.2 mm.

This species is found (April-June) from Oregon to San Diego Co.,
California east in southern Arizona to the Chiricahua Mts.

Amartus rufipes Leconte

Plates 2, figs. 1-11; pi. 12, fig. 5

Amartus rufipes Leconte, 1861, Proc. Acad. N. S. Philadelphia, p. 344.
Brachyleptus lateralis Motsch., 1870, Bull. Soc. Imp. Moscow, 42, pt. 2, pp.

352-4.
Types: of rufipes from Mendocino, Calif. (A. Agassiz) in the M.C.Z. (Leconte

collection); of lateralis from central Calif., presumably in the Zool. Mus.,

Univ. Moscow.

Oblong oval; moderately convex; covered with long, rather sparse,
cinereous pubescence. Head, pronotum, and scutellum black; elytra
varying from black with ferrugineous sides to entirely ferrugineous.
Abdomen above varying from dark piceous to ferrugineous. Beneath
piceous, antennae and legs ferrugineous, posterior femurs piceous.
Densely punctate all over, coarsely punctate on head and pronotum,
a little less coarsely punctate on elytra, and still less coarsely punctate
on the pygidium and beneath. Pronotum with length to width as 1 to
1.4, only slightly narrowed in front; hind angles and base very broadly

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 149

rounded. Elytra conjointly a little longer than wide, wider than the
pronotum, narrowed a little anteriorly. Length 3.2 — 4 mm.

In addition to the characters given in the key, rufipes differs from
tinctus in averaging a little smaller and never being entirely testaceous.

This species ranges (April-June) from San Francisco to southern
California east into xAxizona.

Anthonaeus Horn

Plates 2, 12

Anthonaeus Horn, 1879, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 7, 273-274. Genotype:
Colastus agavensis Crotch.

Head much narrower than pronotum, front separated from the
clypeus by an incomplete transverse furrow. Antennae with an indis-
tinct three-segmented club, the terminal segment conical and sub-
appendiculate at tip. Labrum transverse, strongly emarginate, with
broadly rounded lobes. Mandibles broadened on the outer side of the
base and a large blunt tooth on the inner margin. Lacinia terminating
in a point which is bent inwards almost at right angles, a tuft of hair
on each side of the point; galea is very slender and glabrous. Maxillary
palpi short and thick; the apical segment thicker and longer than the
first, second, and third combined. Mentum strongly transverse, an-
terior angles broadly rounded. First segment of labial palpi very small,
second short and clavate, the apical segment as long as the other two
segments combined. Pronotum not as broad as the elytra; the sides
and posterior angles broadly and evenly rounded. Scutellum large,
triangular. Elytra anteriorly with broad epipleurae which abruptly
narrow posteriorly ; pygidium free and broadly truncate. The prosternal
process parallel, narrow, and not extending beyond the coxae. The
mesosternal process twice as broad as the prosternal process, truncate ;
metasternum about as long as the first three abdominal segments com-
bined. First ventral segment, in the middle, not as long as the second
and third combined; second and third short; fourth as long as second
and third combined; and fifth as long as third and fourth combined.
In the male a large obliquely truncate dorsal segment behind the
emarginate pygidium. Tarsi dilated, the fifth as long as the preceding
three combined. Claws simple.

Anthonaeus is evidently a depressed Amartus, but varies in so many
minor points as to necessitate separating the two genera.

The adults are found in the flowers of Agave; so the larvae probably
live in the seed capsules.

150 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

The genus Anthonaeus contains only a single species which occurs
in southern California.

Anthonaeus agavensis (Crotch)

Plates 2, figs 13-22; pi. 12, fig. 6

Colastus agavensis Crotch, 1874, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 6, 76.
Type: from California, no. 8313 and 4 paratypes in the M.C.Z. (Leconte
collection).

Oblong oval ; depressed ; usually ferrugineous, sometimes black, but
the elytra always testaceous. Head, pronotum, and elytra moderately
punctate, sparsely pubescent. Pro thorax with width to length as 1.5
to 1 ; sides strongly and evenly arcuate, lateral and posterior margins
very narrowly reflexed. Scutellum moderately punctate. Pygidium
and preceding segment exposed, more closely punctate and more
thickly pubescent than the elytra. Pygidium with reflexed margins;
in the male emarginate for the reception of the oval, slightly concave
additional segment. Elytra conjointly a little longer than wide, becom-
ing broader posteriorly. Prothorax beneath minutely and sparsely
punctate. Metasternum coarsely punctate laterally, and the ventral
segments moderately punctate. Length 3.8 — 4.5, width 1.8 — 2 mm.

This species is found (March 26-June) in the flowers of Agave along
the coastal region of California from Santa Barbara Co. to San
Diego Co.

CARPOPHILINAE

Carpophinae Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fiir Ent., 4, 226 et 233.

This subfamily contains 31 genera of which four occur in the Nearctic
region. Grouvelle placed Meligethinae between Cateretinae and Car-
pophilinae. But the Meligethinae are most closely related to the Niti-
dulinae and since there are gradations between the Carpophilinae and
the latter, the Meligethinae will have to be placed after the Nitidulinae.
Gauglebauer placed the Meligethinae in the Nitidulinae and the pres-
ent writer is strongly inclined to agree with him. More of the exotic
genera will have to be dissected, however, before a definite opinion can
be formed.

Key to genera of Nearctic Carpophilinae

1. Body very elongate 2

Body at most oblong 3

2. Body convex, hypopygidium and pygidium long, conical . . Conotelus
Body depressed, hypopygidium and pygidium short, depressed ....
Brachypeplus

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 151

3. Ventral segments 1-4 short, fifth as long as the other combined. . . .

Colopterus

Ventral segments 2-3 short, first, fourth, and fifth longer

Carpophilus

Conotelus Erichson

Plates, 3, 12

Conotelus Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fiir Ent., 4, 249. Genotype : Stenus
amicus Fabr.

Narrow, convex, elongate, tapering posteriorly. Head nearly as
broad as the pronotum. Clypeus indistinct, slightly porrect, margined
by a depression on each side. Eyes large and projecting. Antennae
scarcely so long as the head with a large flattened club of globular out-
line. Antenna! grooves long and slightly or strongly convergent.
Labrum short, transverse, very feebly emarginate. Mandibles sharp
at tip; two or three small teeth behind the tip. Lacinia short and
rounded at apex. Maxillary palpi short and thick, first segment small,
second and fourth about of equal length, much longer than the third.
Ligula with small paraglossae, the palpi robust, first segment very
small, second and thud large and very thick. Mentum strongly trans-
verse, feebly emarginate in front. Pronotum nearly as broad as the
elytra. Scutellum broadly rounded posteriorly. Epipleurae broad and
almost the elytral length. Elytra abbreviated, exposing the last three
dorsal segments. The first two ventral segments short, of equal length;
the next two segments longer, of equal length; the last segment very
long, almost as long as the rest combined. Prosternal process produced
behind the coxae. Meso- and metaxocae about equally separated,
nearly twice as much as the procoxae. An additional tubular segment
in the male. Legs short, femurs feebly canaliculate. Tarsi dilated, the
fifth segment about as long as the first four. Claws simple.

Conotelus is much more closely related to Colopterus, and to Brachy-
peplus in particular, than to Carpophilus, next to which Grouvelle
placed it. In fact Conotelus grades imperceptibly into Brachypeplus.
Its exact relationships cannot be stated until more exotic genera have
been dissected.

The genus Conotelus comprises about 23 species, all but one confined
to the tropical and subtropical regions of the New World. Four species
are found in the United States, one of which extends into eastern
Canada.

152 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Key to species of Conotelus

1. Abdomen acutely margined. Head prolonged behind the eyes.

Sides of thorax posteriorly sinuate stenoides

Abdomen slightly if at all margined. Head very slightly prolonged
behind the eyes. Sides of thorax not sinuate posteriorly 2

2. Pronotum not rugulose, finely granular between the punctures ....

punctatus

Pronotum distinctly and finely rugulose between the punctures ... 3

3. Tibiae testaceous (Rocky Mts. eastward) obscurus

Tibiae almost always piceous (southwestern United States and

Middle America) mexicanus

Conotelus stenoides Murray

Conotelus stenoides Murray, 1864, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 24, 338.
Type: from Panama (Motschulsky) in the British Museum.

Elongate, subdepressed, sparsely pubescent, color varying from
brown to black. Head finely, subrugulosely punctate. Prothorax as
wide as long, sides very feebly arcuate, abruptly sinuate at the posterior
angles. Margin moderately prominent and more or less distinctly
crenulate, surface subrugosely, closely, variolose. Scutellum strongly
transverse. Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1.1 to 1, finely
striate, intervals with a row of shallow, coarse punctures, each bearing
a semierect hair, surface finely, subgranularly alutaceous. Abdomen
acutely margined, alutaceous, and sparsely punctate; pygidium in the
male truncate, not emarginate. Prosternum rugulose. Antennae and
legs testaceous, antennal club fuscous. Length 3.5-4 mm.

This species occurs (March-November, mainly April and May)
from Florida (many localities) through Alabama (Kushla), Louisiana
(Vowell's Mill, Winfield) to Oklahoma (Ada) and eastern Texas (many
localities) south through Mexico (Vera Paz, Cordova, Jalapa), Guate-
mala (S. Geronimo), Nicaragua (Chontales), to Panama (Bugaba,
Volcan de Chiriqui).

Conotelus punctatus Schaeffer

Conotelus punctatus Schaeffer, 1911, Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc, 19, 116.
Type: from Lake Worth, Florida (O. Dietz) in the U.S.N.M.

Elongate, moderately convex, sparsely pubescent, piceous with pale
brown elytra. Head subrugosely, subgranularly, moderately closely
punctate. Prothorax with width to length as 1.3 to 1, sides feebly ar-

PARSONS: A REVISION' OF NEARCTIC NITIDULIDAE 153

cuate, slightly narrowed anteriorly, lateral margins very narrow,
smooth, posterior margin bisinuate, surface granular, sparsely but dis-
tinctly punctate. Elytra conjointly slightly longer than wide, surface
finely granular with rows of punctures, each with a suberect hair.
Abdomen sparsely punctate, pygidium in the male acutely emarginate.
Presternum finely alutaceous. Antennae and legs testaceous. Length
3.5^.2 mm.

Evidently punctatus is intermediate between stenoides and obscurus
and nearer the former. x\n apparently unnamed species, closely allied
to punctatus but from British Guiana, is in the collections of the British
Museum and the writer.

This species occurs, throughout the year but chiefly in the spring,
in southern and central Florida (from Mateeumbe Key to Lake
County). Specimens from St. Thomas, Virgin Islands (B. M., Cam-
bridge Univ. Mus.) are apparently identical.

Conotelus obscurus Erichson

Plates 3, figs. 1-10; pi. 12, fig. 7

Conotelus obscurus Erichson, 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. ftir Ent., 4, 252.
Type: from "North America" (eastern United States), in the Knoch collection
and from Zimmermann, in the Berlin Museum.

Elongate, moderately convex, sparsely pubescent, color varying
from dark piceous to black, the elytra from light to dark piceous.
Head subrugosely, sparsely punctate. Prothorax with width to length
as 1.5 to 1, sides feebly arcuate, obliquely narrowed anteriorly, lateral
margins very narrow, posterior margin feebly bisinuate, surface sub-
rugosely, subgranularly, variolosely punctate. Elytra conjointly as
long as wide, surface granular, closely, irregularly covered with rows of
variolose punctures. Abdomen finely granular, sparsely punctate.
Pygidium in the male acutely emarginate. Prosternum finely granu-
lar. Antennae and legs testaceous, the antennal club, often the coxae,
and femurs fuscous or piceous. Length 3.5-4.5 mm.

This species is most nearly related to mcxicanus from which it was
probably derived. See under mexicanus for differences.

This species occurs (June-September) from Ontario (Ft. Erie) to
South Carolina (Batesbury), Georgia (Rayburn Co., Clayton) west
through Kentucky (Henderson) to Arkansas (Polk Co.), Kansas
(Miami Co.), Iowa (many localities), north to Manitoba (Treesbank) ;
also in Colorado (Denver).

154 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Conotelus mexicanus Murray

Conotelus mexicanus Murray, 1864, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 24, 337.
Type: from Mexico (A. Salle) in the British Museum.

Elongate, moderately convex, sparsely pubescent, uniformly dark
piceous or black, the legs becoming somewhat paler towards their
extremities, very rarely testaceous. Prothorax with width to length as
1.3 to 1, sides feebly arcuate, slightly narrowed anteriorly, lateral
margins very narrow, posterior margin feebly bisinuate, surface finely,
sparsely, longitudinally rugose. Abdomen narrowly margined, sub-
rugosely, subgranularly punctate. Pygidium in the male shallowly
emarginate. Prosternum subrugosely granular. Length 3.5-4 mm.

This species is closely related to obscurus, but the prothorax is a little
narrower, the upper surface more opaque and more rugose, legs and
elytra darker, and the male pygidium less deeply emarginate.

This species occurs (April-November) from southern California,
Arizona (Prescott, Phoenix, Tempe, Stafford, Chiricahua Mts.), and
Paris, Texas (not typical, legs testaceous) south through Lower
California to Cape San Lucas and through Mexico, Honduras, Guate-
mala to Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui, Tobago Island).

Brachypeplus Erichson

Plates 3, 12

Brachypeplus Er., 1842, Arch, fiir Naturgesch., 8, 148. Genotype: B. planus Er.
Nitidulopsis Walker, 1858, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 2, 206. Genotype: N.
aequalis Walker.

Body elongate, usually depressed. Head not much narrower than
the pronotum. Clypeus feebly emarginate in front, obscurely distinct;
a vague fovea opposite the base of each antenna. Antennae a little
longer than the head, first segment enlarged, the third elongate, the
club flattened nearly round in outline. Antennal grooves short and
slightly or strongly convergent. Eye facets very fine. Labrum broad,
more or less indistinctly bilobed, sometimes with a notch on each side.
Mandibles usually with two small teeth behind the apex. Lacinia
rather short, rounded at tip, a brush of hairs on apex and inner margin.
Maxillary palpi rather short and thick, first segment minute, the sec-
ond unequal and large, about as long as the fourth, the third shorter
than the second. Ligula large, with rather broad paraglossae. First
segment of labial palpi very small, the second large and thick, the

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 155

third subsecuriform. Mentum strongly transverse, more or less emar-
ginate in front. Pronotum about as broad as the elytra, hind angles
almost rectangular. Scutellum variable, more or less transverse.
Epipleurae broad, reaching the elytral apices. Elytra much abbrevi-
ated, exposing the last three segments. First two abdominal segments
of equal length, shorter than the next two, which are of equal length ;
the last longer than the preceding. Prosternal process may or may not
be produced; in glaber it is greatly expanded beyond the coxae. Meso-
sternal process truncate. Mesocoxae and metacoxae equally separated,
about twice as much as the procoxae. An additional transverse dorsal
segment in the male. Tarsi feebly dilated; claws simple.

Brachypcplus seems to be nearer to Cillaeus than to Colopterus,
next to which it was placed by Grouvelle. Its relationship to the
peculiar Hawaiian genera is not clear to the writer. Nitidulopsis was
synonymized by Grouvelle but may very well be a distinct genus.

The genus Brachypeplus is tropicopolitan, except that a few species
extend southward through Australia into Tasmania. Only a single
rare species is found in the United States.

Brachypeplus glaber Leconte
Plates 3, figs. 11-17; pi. 12, fig. 8

Brachypeplus glaber Leconte, 1878, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, 17, 398.
Type: collected by Hubbard and Schwarz, June 8, at Enterprise, Florida, no.
6961 in the M. C. Z. (Leconte collection).

Elongate; parallel; much depressed; glabrous; reddish brown, ab-
domen and metasternum dark piceous, antennal club dark rufous.
Clypeus finely, sparsely punctate, finely granular. Rest of head
moderately densely, coarsely punctate. Prothorax with width to
length as 1.6 to 1, apex very feebly emarginate, sides nearly parallel,
slightly narrowed in front, margin narrowly explanate posteriorly,
hind angles rectangular, hind margin truncate, surface finely granular,
moderately densely, coarsely punctate, except for a smooth median
longitudinal line. Scutellum very sparsely punctate, finely granular.
Elytra conjointly very slightly longer than wide, surface striate,
striae finely punctate, intervals with rows of larger punctures, closely
placed. Each elytron evenly truncately rounded. Abdomen above
more finely, sparsely punctate than the pronotum, beneath more
coarsely, densely punctate than above. Prosternum very sparsely
punctate, the process strongly expanded behind the coxae and truncate.
Length 3.3; width 1 mm.

156 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

This rare species occurs (May-July 17) in Florida (Dunedin, C apron,
Lake Worth, Enterprise) and Georgia (St. Simon's Island).

Colopterus Erichson
Plates 3, 12

Colopkrus Er., 1842, Arch, fur Naturgesch., 8, pt. 1, p. 149. Genotype : Nitidula

ru-pta Fab.
Colastits Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 236.

Very flat and often broad. Head small, transverse, much narrower
than the pronotum ; no line or furrow separating the clypeus from the
front. Antennae short, with a large, loose, oval club; antennal grooves
short and convergent. Eye facets very fine. Labrum broad, bilobed.
Mandibles usually with a large tooth on the inner margin. Lacinia
broad and rounded at apex, usually heavily bearded. Maxillary
palpus long, first segment small, the third often much shorter than
the second, the fourth elongate and slender. Mentum strongly trans-
verse, deeply emarginate. Ligula large, first segment of labial palpi
small, second larger, third much larger and subsecuriform. Para-
glossae very large and greatly expanded laterally. Pronotum about
as broad as the elytra. Scutellum large. Epipleurae broad, reaching
the elytral apices. Elytra abbreviated, exposing the last three dorsal
segments. Last ventral segment recurved dorsally on the sides and
in the male emarginate posteriorly. First four ventral segments of
about equal length, the fifth about as long as the rest combined.
Prosternal process small, barely extending beyond the coxae. Meso-
sternal process truncate, about three times the width of the prosternal
process. In the male an additional dorsal segment. Anterior tarsi
broadly, middle and hind tarsi less broadly dilated; last segment as
long as first four combined. Claws simple.

Colopterus is most nearly related to Carpophilus; the differences
mainly concern the abdominal segments and the additional segment
of the male.

As may be inferred from the depressed shape of Colopterus, the
members of this genus live under bark and feed on sap. A specimen
of C. truncatus, in the writer's collection, was collected by H. B. Weiss
in New Jersey in the shelf fungus Polyporus graveolus.

The genus Colopterus is confined to the New World where many
species are known in the tropics and six species extend into or are
confined to the United States.

The species of this genus are so variable that it is useless to enum-

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 157

erate many of the usual characters. Even those that are given are to
be interpreted with latitude.

Key to species of Colopterus

1 . Hind angles of thorax distinct 2

Hind angles of thorax obtuse, rounded truncatus

2. Scutellum smooth at tip 3

Scutellum densely punctate, uniformly colored unicolor

3. Form broadly oval 4

Form oblong, much depressed semitectus

4. Thorax with an oblique sulcus in each hind angle 5

Thorax without sulcus, elytra maculate maculatus

5. Length 4-5 mm., black, each elytron depressed niger

Length 3.5 mm., testaceous, each elytron broadly convex, .gerhardi

Colopterus truncatus (Randall)

Nitidula truncata Randall, 1838, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 2, 18.

Colastus infimus Erichson, 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent. 4, 245.

Colastus obliquus Leconte, 1858, Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad., p. 62.

Colastus limbatus Leconte, loc. cit.

Types: This species was described from specimens collected in Maine at sap
under the bark of a prostrate sugar maple in spring. Randall's types have
disappeared. There are, however, two specimens from Maine which
may be autotypes in the T. W. Harris collection on deposit in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology. The types of infimus, from North America,
Porto Rico, and Brazil, are in the Berlin Museum. The types of obliquus
(no. 6959) and limbatus (no. 6960), both from California on the Colorado
River near the mouth of the Gila River, are in the M. C. Z. (Leconte
collection).

Oblong oval, sparsely pubescent, color varying from piceous with
a large oblique paler spot on each elytron to rufo-testaceous. In the
dark specimens the antennae are fuscous and the legs rufous; in the
pale specimens the antennae and legs are testaceous. Head moder-
ately coarsely and densely punctate. Pronotum very feebly emar-
ginate, very nearly twice as wide as long, surface rather densely,
sparsely punctate. Elytra with width to length as 1.3 to 1, the apex
of each elytron obliquely rotundo-truncate, densely punctate. Pro-
sternum smooth; prosternal process much reduced. Last ventral
segment only showing narrowly from above on each side of the
pygidium. Length 1.5-2.7 mm.

158 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Although the specimens from California and Arizona tend to be
larger and darker than those of the east, the differences in the shape
and punctation of the thorax and of color, on which Leconte and
Murray separated several species, are entirely too variable, even in
specimens from the type locality, to warrant separation. Murray
(1864, p. 282) described Colastus triangularis from Brazil. This
species will very likely turn out to be truncatus, particularly since some
of the cotypes of Erichson's infimus were from Brazil.

For biology see under the genus. This species occurs (mainly April-
July, also September, February and March) from Quebec to British
Columbia (Terrace) south to Florida (Haulover) west to southern
California, thence south through Middle America to Brazil. In the
West Indies it is known from Porto Rico and Guadelupe.

Colopterus unicolor (Say)
Plate 12, fig. 9

Nitidula unicolor Say, 1825, Journ. Acad. N. S. Philad., 5, 183.

Colastus obscurus Erichson, 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 244.

Types: The type of unicolor is lost. It was collected in October under the bark
of yellow pine presumably in southeastern United States. There is an
autotype from North Carolina in the T. W. Harris collection on deposit
in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. This specimen is here desig-
nated the neotype. The type of obscurus, collected in South Carolina by
Zimmermann, is in the Berlin Museum.

Oblong to oblong oval, moderately depressed, subopaque, dark
piceous to rufo-testaceous, finely and sparsely pubescent. Head with
coarse confluent punctures. Prothorax with width to length as 1.6 to 1,
feebly emarginate in front, sides feebly and evenly arcuate, narrowing
anteriorly only slightly, base very feebly sinuate on each side, surface
densely covered with large shallow punctures. Scutellum and elytra
densely punctate; dorsal segments more sparsely punctate. Apex of
each elytron rotundo-truncate. Prosternum very obsoletely punctate,
the thorax and ventral segments rather densely, finely punctate. In
the male the emargination of the hypopygidium is feebly bisinuate.
Length 3-4.5, width 1.2-2 mm.

Some specimens from North Carolina, Florida, and Arkansas are
aberrant in being smaller, narrower, and more parallel in shape than
usual. But other differences cannot be found. A male from Jackson-
ville, Florida (U.S.N.M.) evidently represents a distinct species since
it is much broader, more convex, more coarsely and sparsely punctate
than unicolor. Another male from the Santa Rita Mts., Arizona

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 159

(U.S.N.M.) represents another species since it is testaceous, more
convex, and more sparsely punctate than wiicolor.

This species occurs (April-September) from New Hampshire to
Florida (Enterprise, Tampa, Crescent City), west to Texas, Iowa,
and Michigan (Detroit).

COLOPTERUS SEMITECTUS (Say)

Nitidula semitecta Say, 1825, Journ. Acad. N. S. Philad., 5, 182.
The type, from eastern United States, is lost.

Elongate oval; much depressed; very sparsely pubescent, the
abdomen more pubescent; moderately shining; rufo-piceous ; the elytra
rufo-testaceous except along the lateral and posterior margins, which
are rufo-piceous. The antennae and legs are rufous; antennal club
fuscous. Head sparsely and coarsely punctate. Thorax with width
to length as 1.9 to 1, anterior margin rather strongly emarginate, sides
feebly arcuate, narrowed anteriorly, posterior margin feebly sinuate,
surface alutaceous, with sparse, large, shallow punctures. Elytra
more densely and feebly punctate than the thorax, the apices almost
truncate. Prosternum very sparsely punctate, alutaceous. Emar-
gination of the hypopygidium feebly bisinuate in the male. Length
3-4.5, width 1.2-1.9 mm.

This species occurs (March-August) from Ontario and Quebec
(Montreal) to North Carolina west to Texas (Columbus, Dallas),
Missouri, Nebraska, Iowa (Burlington), north to Lake Superior; also
New Mexico (Albuquerque) and Oregon.

Colopterus maculatus (Erichson)

Colastus maculatus Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 244.
Type: from North America (probably Pennsylvania) in the Berlin Museum
(Knoch collection).

Broadly oval, depressed, moderately shining, sparsely covered with
rather long testaceous pubescence. Above rufo-piceous, but the lateral
margins of the pronotum, an oblique spot on the elytral humeri, and
a spot on the inner two-fifths of each elytron extending from the
anterior margin to near the apex (except the sutural margin) are
rufous. There is also a rufous spot on the outer apical angle of each
elytron. The long inner spot may be absent except at each extremity.
Beneath light to dark rufous, antennal club fuscous. Head with coarse
confluent punctures. Prothorax with width to length as 2.2 to 1,

160 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

anterior margin emarginate, sides strongly narrowed anteriorly, base
sinuate on each side, surface sparsely, coarsely punctate. Elytra more
densely punctate than the pronotum; dorsal segments more sparsely
and feebly punctate than the elytra. Prosternum sparsely punctate,
smooth. Emargination of the hypopygidium bisinuate in the male.
Length 4-5, width 2-2.5 mm.

One pair from Arizona in the Leconte collection is aberrant in being
smaller than average, entirely testaceous, pygidium of the male
emarginate in the middle, and punctation of the pronotum and dorsal
segments much denser. But adumbrations of these differences are
present in typical specimens. One from "N. Y." (U.S.N.M.), pos-
sibly introduced, is aberrant in being more depressed, more elongate,
more parallel, and more obsoletely punctate than usual.

This species occurs (May-August) from New York to Florida
(Orange Co.), west to Texas (Victoria, Dallas), north to Iowa (Mt.
Pleasant); also Arizona (Leconte coll.).

Colopterus NIGER (Say)

Plate 3, figs. 18-25

Cercvs niger Say, 1823, Journ. Acad. N. S. Philad., 3, 195.

Colastus morio Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 242.

Types: Say's types are lost. They were collected in Missouri and Pennsylvania .

The type of morio, from North America (presumably Pennsylvania) is in

the Berlin Museum (Knoch collection).

Broadly oval, depressed, piceous black, moderately shining, very
sparsely covered with short pubescence. Head coarsely and densely
punctate. Pro thorax with width to length as 2.1 to 1, apex feebly
emarginate, sides feebly arcuate, strongly narrowed anteriorly, base
sinuate on each side, a vague depression on each side of the scutellum,
posterior angles rectangular and containing an oblique sulcus, disc
sparsely, coarsely punctate. Elytra more finely and densely punctate
than the pronotum ; dorsal segments more densely and finely punctate
than the elytra. Elytral apices separately evenly arcuate. Beneath
piceous, antennae and feet rufous, antennal club fuscous. Prosternum
obsoletely and rather densely punctate. Emargination of hypopy-
gidium feebly bisinuate in the male. Length 4-5, width about 2.5 mm.

Heretofore this species has been known by Erichson's name, but
Say's description is so definitely of this species that there is no alterna-
tive than to use his name.

This species occurs (April-September) from Washington, D. C. to

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 161

Florida (Enterprise) west to Ohio (Cincinnati), Illinois, south to
Louisiana and Arkansas; also Panama (April 9, Alhajuelo, March 14,
Porto Bello). Specimens in the U.S.N.M. from Costa Rica (San Pedro
de Montes de Oca) and Colombia (Medellin) probably represent a
different species since the pronotal disc is more obsoletely punctate
and the sulci in the hind angles of the pronotum are absent. Another
specimen from Costa Rica (U.S.N.M.) is similar to morio but has a
more convex pronotum; it is labelled punctiventris Sharp.

COLOPTERUS GERHARDI Dodge

Colopterus gerhardi Dodge, 1939, Ent. News, 50, 290-291.
Type: collected Oct. 7, 1909, under sycamore bark, at Olive Branch, Illinois
by W. J. Gerhard, in the Field Museum of Natural History.

Broadly oval; depressed; nearly uniform testaceous brown; the
head, scutellum, outer and apical elytral margins, and oval median
thoracic spot vaguely darker; antennae testaceous at base, gradually
darkening to the club; moderately shining; sparsely covered with
short pubescence. Head moderately punctate. Thorax 2.25 times
as wide as long, sides regularly arcuately narrowed to the apex, basal
margin sinuate on each side, disc with a well defined sulcus extending
medianly from the basal angles and continued by a vague depression
which recurves to the basal margin, surface sparsely coarsely punctate.
Each elytron broadly convex when viewed from the side or behind,
each apex rotundo-truncate. Length 3.5, width 2.23 mm.

The above account is condensed from Mr. Dodge's excellent descrip-
tion. Mr. Dodge says that gerhardi is related to morio but differs in
the convex elytral outline, in this respect approaching the Mexican
inflatipennis Sharp.

The species is known only from the holotype.

Carpophilus Stephens
Plates 3, 12

Carpophilus Stephens, 1830, 111. British Insects, 3, 50.

Genotype: Dermestes hemipterus Linn.
Tribrachys Leconte, 1861, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 1, 83.

Genotype: T. caudalis = C. decipiens Horn.

Usually elongate, more or less depressed. Head broad but distinctly
narrower than the pronotum. Clypeus indistinct, slightly porrect,

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margined by a depression at each side. Eyes usually large. Antennae
a little longer than the head, first segment enlarged and often widened
on the outside, second and third cylindrical, about of equal length,
club compact, flattened, rounded or oval in outline. Antennal grooves
moderately deep and convergent. Labrum bilobed, the lobes rounded.
Mandibles usually with a large tooth on the inner side, behind the
apex. Lacinia broad and rounded at tip. Maxillary palpi variable,
rather short and thick, first segment small, the third usually shorter
than the second. Ligula with rather large laterally projecting para-
glossae; the palpi robust, first segment small, the next two about of
equal length. Mentum more or less transverse, not strongly emar-
ginate. Pronotum nearly or as broad as the elytra. Scutellum usually
broadly rounded posteriorly. Epipleurae narrow to broad, extending
about half the length of the elytra or to the apex. Elytra abbreviated,
rarely exposing three, usually two abdominal segments. Ventral
segments two and three very short; one, four, and five long. Prosternal
process widened and rounded posteriorly, reaching the mesosternum.
Mesocoxae and metacoxae about equally separated. An additional
strongly deflexed segment in the male. Legs short, tarsi dilated.
Claws simple.

Carpophilus is rather closely related to both Colastus and the
Oriental Tetrisus, and serves to connect the Carpophilinae with the
Nitidulinae.

Species of this genus occur most commonly in flowers and at sap
under bark, less commonly in decaying or dried fruit and in fungi.

Approximately 130 species of this world wide genus are known,
the great majority confined to the tropics.

In such a large genus some sort of grouping of the species is nec-
essary. Murray recognized eight subgenera, but on such variable
characters that most of them seem to be useless. The only subgenera
here employed are Urophorus and Carpophilus s. str. Since the species
could not all be keyed in order of their relationships, the numbers
after the names in the key refer to the species as they are described.
No one realizes more clearly than the writer how imperfect the key is.
The most trustworthy characters are to be found in the male hypo-
pygidium and the pygidium of the female.

Key to subgenera of Nearctic Carpophilus

Elytra rather short, exposing three abdominal segments . . . Urophorus
Elytra longer, exposing two abdominal segments . . Carpophilus s. str.

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 163

Subg. Urophorus Murray

Urophorus Murray, 1864, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 24, 342.
Subgenotype : Ips rubripennis Heer.

This small subgenus is cosmopolitan and is usually shining, and
nearly glabrous.

Carpophilus humeralis (Fabricius)

Nitidula humeralis Fab., 1798, Ent. Syst., Suppl., p. 74.

Brachypterus picinus Boheman, 1851, Insecta Caffraria, 1, 560.

Carpophilus foveicollis Murray, 1864, loc. cit., p. 344.

Carpophilus rickseckeri Fall, 1910, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 36, 124.

Types: of humeralis, from Cape of Good Hope, is unknown to the writer; of
foveicollis, from Celebes, is in the British Museum; of picinus, from the
Limpopo River, Africa, in the National Museum, Stockholm; of rick-
seckeri, from California, in the M.C.Z. (Fall collection).

Rather broadly oblong oval; convex; sparsely pubescent; brown to
black, usually a small pale spot within the humerus of each elytron,
legs rufous or rufo-piceous, antennae rufous, club piceous. FJpper
surface strongly shining, polished, alutaceous, sometimes alutaceous
only towards the sides and elytral apices. Above coarsely punctate,
more sparsely so on the pronotal disc. Beneath less shining and
moderately densely punctate. Prothorax slightly more than one-half
wider than long, arcuately narrowed in front, subparallel basally,
not at all sinuate before the hind angles, which are a little obtuse and
feebly defined. Elytra as wide as prothorax, one-sixth wider than long.
Additional male segment deflexed but visible from above; pygidium
of female longitudinally impressed at sides. Length 3.3-4, width
1.6-1.9 mm.

A world-wide species, humeralis is distributed in foodstuffs, and
also damages growing corn. In the United States it is known (May,
June, also September to March) from Georgia (Savannah), Florida
(Sanford, Enterprise, Gulfport, Brooksville), California (Indio, San
Diego, Vista, Tustin), Arizona (Yuma), and Utah.

Carpophilus s. str.

1. Elytra more or less fimbriate 2

Elytra not at all fimbriate 10

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2. Mesosternum divided into two cells by raised spaces, between

the front of which the prosternal process is accommodated. . . .

hemipterus (1)

Mesosternum not so divided, simple 3

3. Under 4.2 mm. long, form more or less oval 4

Over 4.2 mm. long, elongate, parallel 9

4. Elytra dark testaceous to black 5

Elytra yellow-testaceous pallipennis (2)

5. Pronotum bicolorous nigrovittatus (3)

Pronotum unicolorous 6

6. Pronotum rufous 8

Pronotum piceous 7

7. Pronotum strongly convex, sides feebly arcuate floralis (4)

Pronotum less strongly convex, sides strongly arcuate

longiventris (5)

8. Elytra piceous or black melanopterus (6)

Elytra rufous rufus (7)

9. Pronotum and elytra closely fimbriate longus (8)

No alternate.

10. An oblique, raised line cutting off the anterior angle of the meta-

sternum, forming the "axillary space" 24

Oblique, raised line on metasternum absent (just indicated in
sayi) 11

11. Less than 3.6 mm. long 19

More than 3.6 mm. long 12

12. Length 4.5-6 mm., distinctly depressed yuccae (9)

Length usually less than 4.5 mm., moderately depressed 13

13. Form more oval than oblong : 14

Form more oblong than oval 15

14. Uniformly piceous to black above sayi (10)

Black above, each elytron with a large red spot. . calif ornicus (12)

15. Color black funebris (15)

Color piceous 16

16. Pronotal margins lightly impressed before the posterior angles . .

deflezus (14)

Pronotal margin lacking such impressions 17

17. Abdomen rufous rufiventris (13)

Abdomen fuscous to piceous 18

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 165

18. Pronotum very slightly narrower at apex than at base, median

impunctate pronotal line present br&ovpennis (17)

Pronotum distinctly narrower at apex than at base, median
impunctate pronotal line absent Ivgubris 11

19. Pronotal posterior angles broadly rounded, the angle itself very

small and retracted 20

Pronotal angles distinct, prominent, and not retracted 22

20. Elytra paler than the pronotum (rarely only slightly so) .21

Uniformly dark piceous or black brachypterus (22)

21. Prosternum in front nearly smooth discoidcus (23)

Presternum densely punctate decipiens (24)

22. Pronotal margin broadly reflexed zuni (25)

Pronotal margin very narrowly reflexed 23

23. Pronotum feebly convex, distinctly emarginate anteriorly

corticiniis (21)

Pronotum convex, very feebly emarginate obsoletus (16)

24. Axillary space extending about one-fifth of the episternal suture. .

tempestivus (26)

Axillary space extending at least one-third of the episternal
suture 25

25. Axillary space extending about one-third of the episternal suture

Axillary space extending more than one-third of the episternal
suture 27

26. Hind tibiae of male gradually widened dimidiatus (18)

Hind tibiae of male rather abruptly widened floridanus (19)

27. Uniform chestnut brown, convex nitens (20)

Elytra more or less rufous, with darkened apices 28

28. Pronotum widest at the acute posterior angles . . .marginatus (28)
Pronotum widest at middle, hind angles obtuse .... antiquus (27)

1. Carpophilus hemipterus (Linn.)

Dermestes hemipterus Linn., 1758, Syst. Nat., p. 358.

Vide Grouvelle, 1913, for full synonymy.

Type : Presumably in the collection of the Linnaean Society of London .

Oblong; feebly shining; sparsely pubescent; castaneopiceous, elytra
with humeral spot and large irregular apical space testaceous, beneath
rufo-testaceous. Head sparsely punctate. Prothorax one-third wider
than long, sides very feebly arcuate, narrowing anteriorly, hind angles

16G bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

obtuse, disc with a vague impression on each side near the base, at
center moderately densely punctate, more densely towards the sides.
Elytra conjointly wider than long, more finely punctate than the
pronotum; abdomen above still more finely punctate. Hypopygidium
simple in the male; additional segment not visible from above; middle
tibiae a little stouter than in the female. A suggestion of a carina on
the female pygidium. Length 2-4 mm.

This species has been carried in foodstuffs all over the world. It is
particularly abundant, at all times of the year, in tropical and sub-
tropical regions. In the United States hemipterus occurs as far north
as Massachusetts (Boston, Brookline), Illinois, Ohio (Columbus),
Kansas, Colorado (Denver) and California (Santa Cruz Mts., Fresno).

2. Carpophilus pallipennis (Say)

Plates 3, figs. 2G-33; pi. 12, fig. 10

Cercus pallipennis Say, 1823, Journ. Acad. N. S. Philad., 3, 194.
Carpophilus pallipennis var. pollens Sharp, 1889, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Col., 2,

300.
Types: of pallipennis from eastern Colorado, near the Rocky Mountains, is

lost; of pollens, from northern Mexico, is in the British Museum.

Oblong oval; robust; sparsely pubescent; piceous, elytra, antennae,
and legs testaceous, antennal club fuscous. The parts that are piceous
may be rufo-testaceous except for the metasternum, scutellum, and
disc of the pronotum. Head sparsely punctate. Prothorax with width
to length as 1.4 to 1, convex, narrowed in front, sides moderately
arcuate, hind angles broadly rounded, surface densely punctate.
Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1.2 to 1, surface regularly,
densely punctate. Abdomen above more finely and sparsely punctate
than the elytra. Prosternum nearly smooth. In the male the hypopy-
gidium has a depression preceded by a bare space, the additional
segment visible from above, middle and hind legs stouter than in the
female. In the female a sharp point may or may not be present near
the posterior margin of the pygidium. Length 2.5-4 mm.

Sharp's variety was based on a variation in the ventral depression
of the male, and variations in size and color. These differences have
no geographic relationships and seem to indicate no definite evolu-
tionary tendency; so the var. -pollens should be synonymized.

This species is abundant on the flowers of prickly pear (March-
July) New York to Medicine Hat. Alberta south to Florida and
Lower California into Mexico (San Pedro in Coahuila, Chihuahua City,
Hidalgo).

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 167

3. Carpophilus nigrovittatus spec, now

Oblong, feebly shining, sparsely covered with yellow pubescence.
Anterior portion of head and antennae testaceous, rest of head black;
pronotum above testaceous to rufous with a median longitudinal stripe
of black, about one-fourth the width of the pronotum; scutellum
black; elytra black with sides and rarely a narrow posterior margin
testaceous; abdomen above dark rufous to black; beneath testaceous,
except that the metasternum or most of the venter may or may not
be black. Prothorax with width to length as 1.5 to 1, convex, narrowed
in front, sides evenly moderately arcuate, hind angles broadly rounded,
surface densely, rather coarsely punctate, very finely and obsoletely
granulate. Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1.2 to 1; sides
evenly, feebly, but distinctly arcuate, very finely fimbriate; surface
distinctly and finely granulate, as coarsely but more sparsely punctate
than the pronotum. Abdomen above more finely and sparsely punctate
than the elytra. Presternum sparsely punctate. In the male the
hypopygidium has a very shallow round depression preceded by a
smooth space, the additional segment visible from above; legs about
equally stout in both sexes. Female pygidium is moderately convex
posteriorly. Length 3.7-4.2 mm.; width 1.7-1.9 mm.

This species is closely related to pallipcnnis, but is differently
colored, lateral margins of elytra evenly arcuate not straight at middle,
pronotum and elytra more coarsely and sparsely punctate, pronotum
slightly less convex and proportionately broader.

Holotype (cf), allotype, and two paratypes from Arizona in the
collection of the University of California, Berkeley. One paratype
from Pyramids, Mexico, June 9, 1935 at the University of California;
one paratype Pyramids, Mex. and one from Arizona in the writer's
collection. One of the Mexican specimens has the elytra entirely
testaceous.

4. ( 'arpophilus floralis Erichson

Carpophilus floralis Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fiir Ent., 4, 261.
Type: from Mexico (Chevrolat) in the Berlin Museum.

Oblong oval; robust; sparsely pubescent; uniformly fuscous, the
elytra and legs slightly paler. Head densely punctate. Prothorax
with width to length as 7.5 to 5, convex, sides very feebly arcuate,
narrowed in front, hind angles broadly rounded, surface finely granular,
densely punctate. Elytra conjointly with width to length as 8.2 to 7,
irregularly, sparsely punctate and finely granular. Elytral fimbriae

168 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

usually distinctly present but short. Abdomen above as coarsely but
more closely punctate than the elytra. Prosternum finely, sparsely
punctate. In the male a minute depression just preceding the posterior
margin of the hypopygidium ; additional segment visible from above.
In the female the pygidium produced to a variable degree into a point
preceding the hind margin. Length 2.5-3.5 mm.

This species is closely related to pallipennis but differs in the more
convex, more coarsely and densely punctate pronotum, the more
distinctly granular surface and the uniformly fuscous color. From
longiventris, floralis differs in the more convex pronotum, less arcuate
pronotal sides, and in the secondary sexual characters.

This species occurs on the flowers of prickly pear from New York
(Staten Island) and New Jersey south to Florida (Key West, Enter-
prise, Capron) west to Kansas (Belvidere), Oklahoma (Fort Cobb),
New Mexico (Wooten), and Texas (Dallas, Victoria, Denton, Arling-
ton), south into Mexico (Mexico City, Esperanza, Jalapa, Cordova,
Guanajuata). In the north floralis is found in June, in the south from
March to August. Specimens from Brownsville, Tex. (U.S.N.M.) are
aberrant in having the pronotum more coarsely punctate, the head
dark piceous, disc of pronotum fuscous, and the rest rufo-testaceous.

5. Carpophilus longiventris Sharp

Carpophilus longiventris Sharp, 1889, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Col., 2, 301.

Type: male from Ventanas, Durango, Mexico (Hoge) in the British Museum.

Oblong oval ; robust ; sparsely covered with long, yellow pubescence ;
ruf o-piceous ; elytra dark testaceous; antennae, legs and abdomen
rufous; posternal process, mesosternum, and metasternum dark
piceous. Head densely, coarsely punctate. Prothorax with width to
length as 1.4 to 1, convex, sides evenly arcuate, feebly sinuate behind
the hind angles so that the hind angles are just evident, surface finely
granular, moderately densely punctate. Elytra conjointly with width
to length as 1.1 to 1, punctate like the pronotum. Abdomen above
more finely, sparsely punctate than the elytra. Prosternum very
sparsely punctate. In the male the hypopygidium has a fovea at the
hind margin and on each side of this a polished transverse tubercular
elevation; additional segment visible from above and produced down-
ward; hind tibiae not enlarged but more curved than in the female.
In the female the pygidium is somewhat recurved and often produced
into a point at or near the hind margin. Length 3.2-4 mm.

Evidently longiwntris is closely related to pallipennis but the

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 169

pronotum is less convex, pronotal sides more arcuate, and the pronotal
punctuation more sparse. The best difference is in the male hypo-
pygidium. One female from Oak Creek, Arizona (Kansas Univ. coll.)
is aberrant in being darker, more coarsely and densely punctate, and
pronotal sides less arcuate. A male from Texas (U.S.N.M.) differs
in having less arcuate pronotal sides, the hypopygidium more simple,
and the eighth segment not produced downward.

Aside from the type locality in Mexico, longiventris has been col-
lected on Yucca data (April-August) in Lower California, "CaL",
Arizona (Pinal Mts., Catalina Springs, Santa Rita Mts., Huachuca
Mts., Chiricahua Mts.) and the aberrant specimen from Texas.

6. Carpophilus melanopterus Erichson

Carpophilns melanopterus Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 262.
Type: from South Carolina (Zimmermann) in the Berlin Museum.

Oblong oval; sparsely covered with fine pubescence; bright rufous
except for piceous or black elytra and black antennal club. Head
and pronotum densely, variolosely punctate. Prothorax with width
to length as 1.8 to 1, sides very feebly arcuate, narrowing anteriorly,
abruptly sinuate before the hind angles and sinuate behind the hind
angles. Elytra conjointly a little wider than long, broadening pos-
teriorly, humeri and apices sometimes rufescent, more densely and
finely punctate than the pronotum. Dorsal segments more sparsely
punctate than the elytra. Prosternum finely punctate. In the male a
large, vague, semicircular impression before the hind margin of the
hypopygidium; additional segment not visible from above. In the
female a blunt carina on the pygidium. Length 3.2-4.5 mm.

This species occurs in the flowers of Yucca (May- July) from New
York (Rye), New Jersey (Bergenfield), and Illinois to Florida, west to
Iowa (Lee Co.), Texas (Dallas), south into Mexico.

7. Carpophilus rufus Murray

Carpophilus rufus Murray, 1864, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 24, 371.
Type: from Mexico in the Paris Museum.

This species is usually considered a variety of melanopterus. It is
similar to that species, but averages larger, the elytra are rufous, the
pronotum somewhat more finely and sparsely punctate, the antennal
club fuscous not black, and the underside entirely rufous. Length
4-5 mm. Also the pronotum and sutural margins of the elytra tend to

170 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

become fuscous and the elytra to become testaceous. This tendency
is similar to that which is achieved in pallipennis. Dodge (Ent. News,
50: 291) indicates an ecological differentiation between melanopterus
and rufus by stating that rufus is found on cactus blossoms whereas
melanopterus occurs on flowers of yucca. There is, however, one
specimen from Dallas, Texas (U.S.N.M.) colored like melanopterus
and recorded from Yucca, but punctate like rufus; so perhaps rufus
should be placed as a subspecies of melanopterus.

This species occurs on the flowers of prickly pear (Opuntia) from
May to July, South Dakota (Rapid City) through Kansas (Reno Co.,
Medora, Rago), Nebraska (Pine Ridge, Meadville), Utah (Arch
Canyon), Oklahoma (Texas Co., Noble Co.), Colorado (Denver,
Las Animas), "Cal.", New Mexico (Moses), Texas (Dallas), into
Mexico (Vera Cruz, Jical tepee).

8. Carpophilus longus Fall

Carpophilus longus Fall, 1910, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 36, 123.
Type: collected June 6, 1891, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona in the M.C.Z. (Fall
collection).

Elongate; parallel; convex; sparsely pubescent; piceous; antennae,
legs, abdomen beneath, and usually the elytra dark rufous. Head and
pronotum densely punctate, elytra more finely and less densely punc-
tate than the pronotum, and the abdomen more finely and less densely
punctate than the elytra. Prothorax with width to length as 1.4 to 1,
sides very feebly arcuate, very slightly narrowed in front, hind angles
broadly rounded. Prosternum obsoletely punctate. In the male the
hypopygidium is simple; the additional segment not visible from
above. In the female there is a vague suggestion of a carina on the
pygidium. Length 4.2-5, width 1.5-1.8 mm.

This species has been collected (April-June) in leaves of Yucca
macrocarpa only in southern Arizona (Santa Catalina Mts., Santa Rita
Mts., Chiricahua Mts.).

9. Carpophilus yuccae (Crotch)

Colastus yuccae Crotch, 1874, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 5, 75.
Type: from the unopened flower heads of Yucca in the Mohave Desert, Cali-
fornia in the M.C.Z. (Leconte collection).

Oblong oval; depressed, sparsely covered with fine pubescence,
uniformly dark piceous, sometimes rufo-piceous. Head and pronotum

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 171

densely punctate. Prothorax with width to length as 1.6 to 1, sides
moderately arcuate, slightly narrowed in front, hind angles broadly
rounded, the angle itself very small due to a slight sinuation just pre-
ceding and behind it. Elytra and dorsal segments more finely punctate
than the pronotum. In the male the hypopygidium is simple; the
additional segment not visible from above. In the female the pygidium
is feebly, bluntly carinate. Length 4.5-6.2, width 2-2.5 mm.

This species is remarkable for its large size and oval, depressed form.

This species occurs in the flowers of Yucca (April-July) from Texas
(Rivers collector), through New Mexico (Sacramento Mts., Alamo-
gordo), Arizona (Chiricahua Mts., Santa Rita Mts., Santa Catalina
Mts.), to California (Mohave Desert, Los Angeles Co., Argus Mts.,
Onyx, March 13).

10. Carpophilus sayi spec, now

Carpophilus niger (Say) of authors, in error = Colastus riiger (Say).
Holotype (cf) and allotype from Bear Lake, Warren County, Pennsylvania

in the collection of the author. Paratypes from New York to Virginia

west to Illinois in the author's collection.

Oval, slightly oblong, subopaque, sparsely pubescent, dark piceous,
legs and antennae (except club) dark rufous, pronotal margins and
humeri often rufous. There is a tendency for the humeri and margins
of the pronotum to be paler. Head very densely punctate. Prothorax
with width to length as 1.5 to 1, sides moderately arcuate, narrowed
in front, margins bluntly crenulate, hind angles moderately prominent,
hind margin sinuate on each side, disc slightly flattened, a feeble
oblique impression on each side of the scutellum, surface densely,
variosely punctate. A narrow smooth median line on the posterior
half of the pronotum. Elytra conjointly with width to length as
1.2 to 1, slightly narrowed posteriorly, disc slightly flattened, surface
a little more sparsely punctate than the pronotum. Abdomen much
more finely punctate than the elytra. Prosternum densely punctate.
In the male a large, vague, shallow depression on each side, before the
hind margin of the hypopygidium (these depressions may be moder-
ately deep and connected) ; additional segment not visible from above.
The female with a distinct, blunt carina on the pygidium. Length
3-4.5 mm.

This species is closely related to lugubris, but differs in being more
oval, darker, and shallower foveae on the male hypopygidium. A
female from Albuquerque, New Mexico (writer's coll.) is evidently
this species.

172 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

This species occurs (April-October) from Quebec to Georgia, west
to Texas (Dallas), Iowa (Mt. Pleasant), and Manitoba (Aweme);
also New Mexico (Albuquerque).

11. Carpophilus lugubris Murray

Carpophilus lugubris Murray, 1864, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 24, 355.
Types: from Caracas, Venezuela and Florida in the British Museum.

Oblong oval; moderately convex; sparsely pubescent; uniformly
fuscous (rarely black with paler elytra) except for rufescent elytral
humeri and dark piceous antennal clubs. Head and pronotum rather
coarsely, very densely punctate. Prothorax with width to length as
1.5 to 1; sides moderately arcuate, slightly narrowed in front, margins
narrowly reflexed; sinuate before and behind the moderately prominent
hind angles. Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1.1 to 1, densely,
very shallowly punctate. Dorsal segments more finely, sparsely punc-
tate than the elytra. Prosternum densely obsoletely punctate. In the
male two deep, circular, depressions on the hypopygidium; additional
segment not visible from above. In the female the pygidium is more
or less bluntly carinate, the carina shining and tuberculiform at its
apex. Length 3-4.5 mm.

This species is very near sayi but more parallel, paler, and has differ-
ent male characters. Some specimens from Virginia, Pennsylvania,
Ohio, and Illinois seem to be intermediate between sayi and lugubris,
but are here treated as sayi.

This species occurs (June-October) from Brazil through Middle
America to Arizona (Globe, Huachuca Mts., Duncan, Cornville), New
Mexico (Las Vegas Hot Sprgs., Jemez Mts., Taos Co., Albuquerque),
Texas (Cypress Mills), Utah (Green River), "W.T." (A.N.S.P.),
Colorado (Mason ville, Colorado Springs, Denver), Kansas, and Iowa;
also Black Mts., N. C.

12. Carpophilus californicus Schaeft'er

Carpophilus californicus Schaeffer, 1911, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 19, 115.
Type: from Tulare County, California (O. Dietz) in the U.S.N.M.

Very closely related to sayi but differing in having narrower pro-
notal margins, pronotal disc not so evidently flattened, pronotum
usually darker/ elytra bright rufous with suture, apices, and lateral
margins piceous or black, and a more or less deep transverse depression
preceding the hind margin of the pygidium, and the pygidium bluntly

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 173

carinate in the female. Male hypopygidium with a crescentic, shallow
depression before the hind margin. Length 3.5-4.5 mm.

Although usually distinguished by the large, bright rufous elytral
spots, some specimens in the U.S.N.M. from Wash. Terr, and Cali-
fornia (Santa Cruz Mts., Los Gatos) have the rufous spots obsolete
and only shown clearly by large humeral spots.

This species occurs (June- August) in Wash. Terr., California (Tulare
Co., Kaweah, Madera Co., Sylvania, Los Gatos, Santa Cruz Mts., Los
Angeles Co.), Arizona (Huachuca Mts., Tucson, McNary, 7200 ft.)
and Texas (Brewster Co.).

13. Carpophilus rufiventris Schaeffer

Carpophilus rufiventris Schaeffer, 1911, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 19, 116.
Type: from the Huachuca Mts., Arizona in the Cornell Univ. Coll.

Elongate oval, depressed, covered with rather dark pubescence,
piceous or black, underneath rufous, legs and antennae paler. Head
rather coarsely, closely punctate. Prothorax with basal and apical mar-
gin nearly equal, sides feebly arcuate, anterior angles broadly rounded,
basal angles distinct, punctures on the disc distinctly separated. Ely-
tra more sparsely punctate than the pronotum. Dorsal segments more
finely and densely punctate than the elytra. In the male the hypopy-
gidium is simple; the additional segment not visible from above.
Length 5-5.5 mm.

Known only from the Huachuca Mts., Arizona.

14. Carpophilus deflexus Sharp

Carpophilus deflexus Sharp, 1899, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Col., 2, 290. Schaeffer,

1911, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 19, 118.
Types: from Mexico (Hoge) and Guatemala (Champion) in the British

Museum.

Moderately depressed ; strongly punctate ; nigroferrugineous ; humeri
feet, and antennae rufous, antennal club fuscous. The margin of the
pronotum is lightly impressed before the posterior angles. In the male
a single broad depression on the middle of the hypopygidium; basal
half of the middle tibiae much slenderer than the apical half. In the
female the pygidium is slightly convex toward the apex. Length
4-4.5 mm.

Sharp states that deflexus can be separated from lugubris by the
unusually coarse punctation, the depression on the pronotal margins,,

174 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

and the peculiar middle tibiae of the male. Also lugubris is less convex
than deflexus.

This species, known to the writer only by the types, was described
from Mirador, Mexico and Cerro Zunil and Duenas, Guatemala.
Schaeffer doubtfully referred two females (now in Cornell Univ. coll.)
from the Huachuca Mts., Arizona to this species.

15. Carpophilus funebris Sharp

Carpophilus funebris Sharp, 1889, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Col., 2, 288; pi. 9, fig. 10.
Types: from Guatemala and Panama (Champion) in the British Museum.

Oblong, feebly convex, very sparsely and finely pubescent, uniformly
black, except that the antennae and feet are piceous, antennal club
darker. Head and pronotum densely, rugosely punctate. Prothorax
with width to length as 1.9 to 1, sides moderately arcuate, slightly nar-
rowed anteriorly, margins very narrowly reflexed, sinuate before and
behind the small hind angle. Elytra conjointly as wide as long,
shallowly, variosely punctate. Dorsal segments more finely and much
more sparsely punctate than the elytra. Presternum densely, rugosely
punctate. In the male a vague, shallow depression on each side, near
the hind margin of the hypopygidium. In the female the pygidium is
carinate.

The types are from Cerro Zunil, Guatemala and Volcan de Chiriqui,
Panama. Sharp also mentions atypical specimens from Mexico. The
above description is based on a single male collected July 15, 1938,
Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona in the M.C.Z. (Fall collection).

16. Carpophilus obsoletus Erichson

Carpophilus obsoletus Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 259.

Carpophilus cribellatus Motsch., 1858, Etud. Ent., 7, 41.

Carpophilus strigipennis Motsch., 1858, Etud. Ent., 7, 41.

Carpophilus funereus Reitt., 1884, Nitid. Japans, p. 259.

Types: of obsoletus in the Berlin Museum, of cribellatus from East Africa and
Corsica and of strigipennis from Ceylon and Siam both presumably in the
Zool. Mus., Univ. of Moscow, of funereus from Japan presumably in the
National Museum in Budapest.

Oblong oval, convex, sparsely covered with long cinereous, rarely
testaceous, pubescence. Occasionally all black above, or piceous,
usually black with elytra dark piceous and the humeral umbone pale.
Antennae and legs fuscous, the legs often becoming testaceous towards
the extremities. Antennal club piceous. Head densely, rather coarsely

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 175

punctate, finely alutaceous. Prothorax with width to length as 1.5 to 1 ,
apex very feebly emarginate, sides feebly arcuate, slightly narrowed in
front, densely punctate at center and very densely, more coarsely,
rugosely punctate at the sides; finely alutaceous; a large vague depres-
sion near the hind angles but not near the margin. Hind angles variably
subrectangular. Scutellum pentagonal. Elytra conjointly with width
to length as 1.3 to 1, slightly longer than the pronotum, about as
coarsely but more densely punctate than pronotum at center, punc-
tures becoming obsolete apically and rugose at margin. Presternum
densely punctate, prosternal process carinate. Male hypopygidium
simple or with two vague foveae. Male and female pygidium simple or
variably acuminate and reflexed. Length 2.5-3.5 mm.

Like most widespread species obsoletus varies greatly in secondary
sexual characters, punctation, convexity, proportions, etc.

This species occurs in Madagascar, Corsica, China, Japan, and the
Oriental region, and apparently is recently introduced into the Lnited
States where it is found in California (Indio, M.C.Z.: Fall collection;
Castro Valley, Feb. 27, 1938, in the Univ. of Calif, coll. and writer's
coll.). These agree with specimens from China in the writer's collection.

17. Carpophilus brevipennis (Blanchard)

Nitidula brevipennis Blanchard, 1842, Voy. d'Orbigny, Am. mer. Ins., p. 64.

Carpophilus lacertosus Murray, 1864, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 24, 354.

Carpophilus purpureipennis Murray, 1864, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 24,
354, 396.

Carpophilus ignobilis Fall, 1910, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 36, 124.

Types: of brevipennis from Arica, Peru presumably at Paris, of lacertosus and
purpureipennis both from Venezuela in the British Museum, of ignobilis
from the Santa Rita Mts., Arizona in the M.C.Z. (Fall collection).

Moderately elongate oval, subdepressed, sparsely pubescent, cas-
taneo-piceous, legs and antennae, except club, paler. Head coarsely,
moderately densely punctate. Prothorax with width to length as 1.4
to 1, sides evenly feebly arcuate, very slightly narrowed in front,
margins very narrow, hind margin sinuate on each side behind the
moderately prominent hind angles, punctation rather coarse and dense,
the punctures on the disc usually separated by less than their diame-
ters, disc with a very narrow, median, impunctate line on basal half.
Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1.1 to 1, punctate about as
the pronotum. Dorsal segments much more finely punctate than the
elytra. In the male the hypopygidium is simple, the additional segment
not visible from above. The female pygidium is very bluntly carinate

176 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

and the lateral margins more or less reflexed. Length 3.5, width 1.6 mm.

This species is perhaps most closely related to lugubris but is more
depressed and parallel. It also tends to approach calif 'ornicus, but the
latter is larger, more convex, and more coarsely punctate. In the Fall
coll. (M.C.Z.) are specimens from the Huachuca Mts., Arizona with
rufous elytra.

This species is found in Yucca macrocarpa and Agave palmeri (May-
July) in Arizona (Oracle, Tucson, Santa Rita Mts., 5-8000 ft., Hua-
chuca Mts.), New Mexico, Texas, through Mexico, Guatemala (Cape-
tillo), Venezuela, to Peru and Brazil.

18. Carpophilus dimidiatus (Fabricius)

Nitidula dimidiatus Fabr., 1792, Ent. Syst., 1, 261.

Carpophilus luridus Murray, 1864, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 24, 377.

Carpophilus mutilatus Erichson, 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 258.

For complete synonymy see Grouvelle, 1913.

Types: of dimidiatus, from the West Indies, possibly at Kiel; of luridus from
Europe, North America, South America, East Indies, Ceylon in the British
Museum; of mutilatus from Brazil, West Indies, Portugal, Sicily in the
Berlin Museum.

Oblong, convex, surface finely granular, feebly shining, sparsely
pubescent; color varying from piceous to testaceous with the elytra
always paler. Head rather densely, coarsely punctate, clypeus much
more sparsely, finely punctate. Pro thorax with width to length as
1.5 to 1, sides very feebly arcuate, narrowed in front, hind angles
obtuse not prominent, surface sparsely, coarsely punctate. Elytra con-
jointly a little longer than wide, as sparsely but much more finely punc-
tate than the pronotum. Prosternum densely punctate. In the male
the hypopygidium is simple, the additional segment not visible from
above. Pygidium simple in the female. Length 2 — 3.5 mm.

The above description is of typical dimidiatus. The species is so
variable that a number of variations or possible distinct species have
been described. The form mutilatus is larger and narrower, more
finely and shallowly punctate; the form luridus has the pro thorax more
quadrate than in mutilatus and approaches dimidiatus in punctation.
Since all three forms are cosmopolitan and intergrade, it seems best
to make them all one variable species.

This species occurs in all tropical and temperate parts of the world.
In the United States dimidiatus is found at all times of the year from
Quebec to Florida west through Texas and Kansas to California (as
far north as Redlands).

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 177

19. Carpophilus floridanus Fall

Carpophilus floridanus Fall, 1910, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 36, 122.
Type: from Enterprise, Florida in the M.C.Z. (Fall collection).

Closely related to dimidiatus, but the head, prothorax, and elytra
concolorous (rarely the elytra more pale), brown; dorsal surface of
the abdomen and sometimes the metasternum darker. Also differs
from dimidiatus in finer punctation, slightly stouter legs, the hind
tibiae of the male subcylindrical for a short distance at base, then
rather abruptly widening, the inner outline arcuate. Length 2 —
2.5 mm.

This species is easily distinguished from dimidiatus by the male
hind tibiae.

This species is known (April-October) in South Carolina (Yenassea),
Florida (Enterprise, Sanford, Marathon), and Alabama (Mobile).

20. Carpophilus nitens Fall

Carpophilus nitens Fall, 1910, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 36, 125.

Type: from Mobile, Alabama (H. P. Loding) in the M.C.Z. (Fall collection).

Oblong, subovate, moderately convex, surface shining, sparsely
pubescent; piceous brown, beneath paler. Head moderately punctate.
Prothorax with width to length as 1.5 to 1, subparallel basally, sides
arcuately narrowed in front, hind angles well defined, surface coarsely,
sparsely punctate, with a median, basal, impunctate line. Posterior
half of scutellum impunctate. Elytra conjointly with width to length
as 1.1 to 1, a little more finely punctate than the pronotum and the
punctures becoming obsolete at the apices. Prosternum densely coarsely
punctate. In the male the hypopygidium is simple, the additional
segment almost visible from above. The pygidium is simple in the
female. Length 2.7-3 mm.

This species occurs (April-June, Sept.-March) from New Jersey
(Avenel, Lakehurst) and Ohio (Columbus) to Georgia (Tybee Isl.,
Millidgeville in Ergot), west through Alabama (Mobile), to California
(Santa Barbara, Santa Ana, Fresno, north to Alameda Co.).

21. Carpophilus marginatus Erichson

Carpophilus marginatus Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 262.
Type: from North Carolina (Zimmermann) in the Berlin Museum.

Oval, slightly oblong, sides of prothorax and elytra continuous, finely
sparsely pubescent, moderately shining, rufous or rufo-piceous, pos-

178 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

terior fourth of elytra and sometimes the sutural margins somewhat
darker. Head rather finely, densely punctate. Prothorax with width
to length as 1.8 to 1, sides straight, arcuately narrowed in front, widest
at the rectangular hind angles, surface densely punctate. Scutellum
pentagonal. Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1.2 to 1, nar-
rowed posteriorly, apices squarely truncate, more densely, obsoletely
punctate than the pronotum. Prosternum sparsely punctate. In the
male the hypopygidium is simple, the additional segment not visible
from above. The female pygidium often has a faint suggestion of a
carina. Length 1.5-2 mm.

The peculiar outline and very small size distinguishes marginatus.

This species occurs on freshly cut oak (May-November, chiefly July)
from "Poughkeepsie" (N. Y. State List), and New Jersey (Camden),
to Florida, west to Alabama (Tuskegee), north to Michigan (Detroit)
and Lake Superior; also Oregon (Leconte coll.).

22. Carpophilus corticinus Erichson

Carpophilus corticinus Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fiir Ent., 4, 263.
Type : from eastern United States (Knoch) in the Berlin Museum.

Oval, slightly oblong, subdepressed, feebly shining, sparsely pube-
scent, castaneo-piceous, rarely dark piceous, legs rufo-piceous, anten-
nal club fuscous. Head and pronotum moderately densely, finely punc-
tate. Prothorax with width to length as 1.6 to 1, as broad at base as at
apex, sides broadly arcuate, margins rather broadly reflexed, hind
angles subrectangular. Elytra conjointly a little wider than long,
punctate as in the pronotum but with the interstices more granular.
Prosternum densely punctate. In the male the hypopygidium is deeply
emarginate for the additional segment, which is nearly visible from
above. Length 2.8-3.4 mm.

Most closely related to brachypterus, corticinus differs in being larger,
more depressed, and in the differently shaped pronotum.

This species occurs (April-Sept., chiefly June) from New York
(Harrison), New Jersey (Fort Lee), and Ohio (Cincinnati) to Georgia,
west to Texas, north to Michigan (Detroit, Gd. Ledge).

23. Carpophilus brachypterus (Say)

Nitidula brachypterus Say, 1825, Journ. Acad. N. S. Philad., 5, 183.
Carpophilus carbonatus Leconte, 1859, Smiths. Contr. Knowl., p. 6.
Types: of brachypterus from eastern United States is lost, of carbonatus from
Nebraska and Lake Superior in the M.C.Z. (Leconte collection).

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 179

Oblong oval, subdepressed, surface finely granular, very sparsely
pubescent, piceous to black. Head and pronotum sparsely punctate.
Prothorax with width to length as 1.6 to 1; apex and base equal, sides
moderately arcuate, hind angles small but distinct. Elytra conjointly
with width to length as 1 to 1.1, apices strongly truncate, face more
finely, sparsely punctate than the pronotum. Presternum nearly
smooth. In the male the hypopygidium is not emarginate, but the
additional segment is not visible from above. Length 1.8 — 2.5 mm.

This species occurs (April-August) from Ontario (Prince Edward
Co.) and Quebec (Rigaud) to North Carolina (Southern Pines, March
26), west to Texas, Nebraska (Lincoln), Kansas (Douglas Co., Bene-
dict, Onaga), Iowa (Mt. Pleasant), South Dakota (Sioux Falls) and
White Fish Point, Lake Superior.

24. Carpophilus discoideus Leconte

Carpophilus discoideus Lee, 1858, Proc. Acad. N. S. Philadelphia, 10, 62.
Carpophilus apicalis Lee, 1859, Smiths, Contr. Knowl., p. 6.
Tribrachys caudalis Lee, 1859, Proc. Acad. N. S. Philadelphia, 11, 70.
Types: of discoideus (no. 6963) from Arizona; of apicalis from Georgia and

Nebraska; of caudalis (no. 6964) from Nebraska are all in the M.C.Z.

(Leconte collection).

Oval, slightlyoblong, subdepressed, sparsely pubescent; rufo-piceous
to piceous, legs paler, each elyton with a large pale discal spot. Head
and pronotum moderately sparsely punctate. Prothorax with width
to length as 1.7 to 1; apex and base equal, sides moderately arcuate,
hind angles small but distinct. Elytra conjointly as wide as long,
punctate like the pronotum, but more obsoletely punctate toward
the apices. Presternum smooth or nearly smooth. Male hypopygidium
simple but deeply emarginate for the additional segment. Female
pygidium deflexed at apex, so that it appears truncate from above.
Length 2.2-3 mm.

Evidently closely related to decipiens, discoideus differs in being
usually darker, smaller, less depressed, and narrower. But the key
character and the female pygidium seem to offer the only dependable
differences.

This species occurs (April-August) in Washington, California (Los
Gatos, Santa Cruz Mts., Sisson, Sylvania, Pomona, Imperial Co.),
Wyoming (Nat. Park), Nevada (Reno), Arizona (Ft. Yuma, Santa
Rita Mts.), Utah (Uinta Co.), Colorado (Telluride), New Mexico
(Gallup, Silver City, Albuquerque), Texas, Nebraska, Michigan (Port

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Huron) and Lake Superior; also "111." (A.N.S.P.), "Geo." (Leconte
coll.) and "Mass." (A.N.S.P.).

25. Carpophilus decipiens Horn

Carpophilus decipiens Horn, 1879, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 7, 279.

T}'pes: from Tejon, California, Arizona, and Lower California. Cotypes in
M.C.Z. (Leconte collection) and Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci. (Horn col-
lection).

Oblong oval, depressed, sparsely pubescent, piceous, elytra and legs
paler. Head and pronotum sparsely, rather coarsely punctate. Pro-
thorax with width to length as 1.5 to 1, base very slightly narrower
than the apex, sides moderately arcuate, slightly sinuate posteriorly,
hind angles distinct but slightly retracted, disc flat. Elytra conjointly
very little longer than wide, more granular and more finely, sparsely
punctate that the pronotum. Prosternum densely punctate. In the
male the hypopygidium is deeply emarginate for the additional seg-
ment, which is nearly visible from above. Female pygidium not trun-
cate at apex. Length 2.4-3.5 mm.

This species occurs (March-Nov., Jan., chiefly July) from Alaska
(Nome), through Canada to California (Castro Valley, Alameda Co.,
Santa Clara Co., Canta Cruz Co., Fresno Co., Pomona, Los Angeles,
San Bernardino Mts., 6000 ft.), east through Arizona (Williams, Pinal
Mts., Tucson, Huachuca Mts.), New Mexico (Albuquerque) and
Texas (Chisos Mts.) to Nebraska and Louisiana (Opelousas).

26. Carpophilus zuni Casey

Carpophilus zuni Casey, 1884, Contr. Coleopt. N. A., pt. 1, p. 34.

Type: from Arizona (Morrison) in the U.S.N.M. (Casey collection). Evidently
this specimen came from the Leconte collection because there is in that
collection (apparently substituted) an Epuraea labelled "zuni type" in
Casey's handwriting.

Elongate, depressed, pubescence sparse and very fine; piceo-cas-
taneous, beneath rufous, including the legs and antennae. Head
minutely punctulate and rugulose. Prothorax one-half wider than
long, width at base and apex equal, sides arcuate, strongly sinuate
before the hind angles, margins broadly reflexed (rarely moderately
so), surface minutely and very closely punctulate. In both sexes the
pygidium has three strong posteriorly convergent carina. Length
3.1 mm.

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 181

This species resembles an Epuraea and is remarkable in the broadly
reflexed pronotal margins and the singular pygidium.

A rare species, zuni occurs (July 9-August 17) in Arizona (Williams)
and New Mexico (Beulah, Albuquerque).

27. Carpophilus tempestivus Erichson

Carpophilus tempestivus Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 260.
Carpophilus tempestivus var. terminatus Murray, 1864, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lon-
don, 24, 389.
Types: both from Cuba (Gundlach) in the Berlin Museum.

Oblong, moderately elongate, finely granular, moderately convex,
shining, very finely and sparsely pubescent, pale rufous, suture and
apices of elytra often narrowly piceous, antennal club sometimes
darker. Prothorax with width to length as 1.4 to 1, sides feebly arcu-
ate, sinuate before the hind angles, which are small and retracted, sur-
face sparsely punctate. Elytra conjointly a little longer than wide,
more sparsely punctate than the pronotum. Prosternum very sparsely
punctate. In the male the hypopygidium is simple, the additional seg-
ment not visible from above. In the female the pygidium is bluntly
carinate. Length 1.7-2.5 mm.

Murray described the variety terminatus for those specimens with
only the elytral apices piceous; a variation so slight that it cannot be
dignified with a name.

This species occurs throughout the year from Georgia to Florida
(Enterprise, Haulover, Lake Harney, Indian River, St. Lucie, Bis-
cayne Bay), west to Louisiana (Lake Mary, Winnfield) and Arkansas
(Hot Springs) ; also in the West Indies (Cuba, Porto Rico, Montserrat).

28. Carpophilus antiquus Melsheimer

Carpophilus antiquus Melsh., 1844, Proc. Acad. N. S. Philadelphia, 2, 105.
Type: from Pennsylvania in the M.C.Z. (Melsheimer collection).

Oblong, moderately convex, surface finely granular, moderately
shining, very sparsely, very finely pubescent; rufous to rufo-piceous,
paler beneath, at least the apical fourth of elytra always piceous. Head
and pronotum sparsely, rather coarsely punctate. Prothorax with
width to length as 1.7 to 1, base and apex of equal length, sides feebly
arcuate, hind angles subrectangular. Scutellum mostly impunctate.
Elytra conjointly as wide as long, a little more coarsely and sparsely
punctate than the pronotum. Prosternum at middle very sparsely

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punctate. In the male the hypopygidium is simple, the additional seg-
ment not visible from above, and the pygidium reflexed at apex. The
female pygidium is simple. Length 2-3 mm.

This species occurs (April-September) from "Can." (A.N.S.P.),
Massachusetts (Sagamore), and New York (Flatbush), to Florida
(Atlantic Beach), west to Texas, Missouri (Webster Groves, St.
Charles), Kansas (Neosho Co.), and Iowa (Mt. Pleasant).

NITIDULINAE

Nitidulinae Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 226.

This subfamily grades imperceptibly into Carpophilinae, so that
the differences seem superficial. The Nitidulinae are more heterogen-
eous than the other subfamilies and probably should be subdivided.
In the following key the genera could not be placed in the order of
their relationships. Since they are described in their natural order,
the numbers after the genera in the key refer to this arrangement.

Key to genera of Ncarctic Nitidulinae

1 . Prothorax not margined at base ; head horizontal 2

Prothorax margined at base; head vertical 15

2. Prosternum depressed behind the coxae, not prolonged 3

Prosternum elevated behind, often prolonged 12

3. All tarsi very distinctly dilated 4

Tarsi not dilated, or but feebly so 7

4. Antennal grooves strongly convergent 5

Antenna! grooves parallel, passing directly backwards

Stelidota (4)

5. Labrum bilobed 6

Labrum feebly emarginate Nitidula (6)

6. Posterior tibiae of the male slightly arcuate, slender at basal half,

suddenly broadened apically (not true of all exotic species);

middle tibiae slender, similar in both sexes Haptoncus (1)

Posterior tibiae of both sexes slender, similar, or the middle tibiae
dissimilar, that of the male being sinuate within and thickened
at tip Epuraea (2)

7. Mentum broad, covering the base of the maxillae . Prometopia (7)
Mentum not covering the maxillae 8

PARSONS : A REVISION OF NEARCTIC NITIDULIDAE 183

S. Front not lobed over the antennae 9

Front lobed over the insertion of the antennae 10

9. Tip of mandibles slightly bifid Phenolia (10)

Tip of mandibles not bifid Omosita (5)

10. Antennal grooves strongly convergent behind Soronia (9)

Antennal grooves parallel 11

11. Elytra not, or merely apparently costate Lobiopa (8)

Elytra distinctly costate Amphotis (11)

12. Head without antennal grooves 13

Head with distinct antennal grooves 14

13. Anterior tibia bidentate at middle Perthalycra (13)

Anterior tibia not toothed externally Thalycra (12)

Anterior tibia with outer apical angle greatly prolonged in the

form of a large triangular tooth Quadrifrons (14)

14. Tarsi not dilated; body oval, pubescent Pocadius (15)

Front tarsi dilated; body parallel and glabrous . . .Orthopeplus (3)

15. Mesosternum protuberant in front; middle coxae widely sepa-

rated 16

Mesosternum small, oblique, not protuberant 18

16. Prosternum prolonged, broadly dilated at tip; body glabrous. .17
Prosternum less prolonged, feebly dilated at tip, body pubescent

Amplucrossus (17)

17. Labrum deeply bilobed; hind tarsi longer than middle

Oxycnemus (21)

Labrum feebly bilobed, hind and middle tarsi of equal length ....
Camptodes (16)

18. Metasternum not protuberant; middle coxae narrowly sepa-

rated 19

Metasternum protuberant, widely separating the middle coxae;
prosternum not prolonged at tip Cyllodes (20)

19. Hind tarsi longer than the others; body glabrous. . .Pallodes (19)
Hind tarsi equal to the others; body pubescent. . .Cychramus (18)

1. Haptoncus Murray
Plates 4, 12

Haptoncus Murray, 1864, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 24, 401.

Genotype: Haptoncus tetragonus Murr. = Haptoncus ocularis (Fairm.).
Haptoncura Reitter, 1875, Verh. Nat. Ver. Bri'mn., 13, 61 et 64.

Genotype: Epuraea luteola Er.

184 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Body small, slightly convex. Head broad, clypeus indistinct, slightly
porrect. Antennae a little longer than the head, first segment enlarged
on the outside, second convex as long as the third, club large, oval,
pubescent. Antennal grooves short, convergent. Labrum long, deeply
bilobed. Mandibles strongly or feebly bidentate. Lacinia broad and
rounded at tip, heavily bearded. Maxillary palpi with first segment
small, second much larger and clavate, third smaller than the second,
fourth cylindrical and much longer than the second. Ligula with
rather large laterally projecting paraglossae, the palpi with first two
segments small, the third greatly enlarged. Mentum transverse, more
or less emarginate in front. Pronotum as broad as the elytra. Scutel-
lum not round posteriorly. Epipleurae broad and attaining the elytral
apices. Elytra long, the pygidium and penultimate segment ordi-
narily visible from behind, but not from above. Prosternal process
widened and rounded posteriorly, sometimes reaching the metasternum.
Mesocoxae a little further apart than the procoxae; the metacoxae
about twice as far apart as the mesocoxae. In the male there is an
additional segment, behind the pygidium, which is visible from above.
Femurs canaliculate, tarsi feebly dilated, front tarsi more strongly
dilated. Claws simple.

This genus connects the Nitidulinae with the Carpophilinae. It is
very similar to Carpophilus, but differs in the longer elytra, different
labial palpi, and the undeflexed eighth abdominal segment of the male.

Haptoncus contains 34 species. Except for one Brazilian species
and the tropicopolitan lutcolus, the genus is Old World.

Haptoncus luteolus (Erichson)

Plates 4, figs. 1-8; pi. 12, fig. 11

Epuraea luleola Ei\, 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 272.
Epuraea texana Crotch, 1874, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 3, 76.
For complete synonymy see Grouvelle, 1913.

Types: of luteolus from Cuba (Otto) in the Berlin Museum; of texana from
Texas, no. 8310 in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.).

Oval, slightly oblong, moderately shining, sparsely pubescent;
uniformly testaceous, except for the black eyes and fulvous antennal
club. Head finely, sparsely punctate. Prothorax with width to length
as 1.9 to 1, sides feebly arcuate, narrowing anteriorl}', margins narrowly
reflexed, hind angles rectangular, surface rather finely, densely punc-
tate. Elytra a little longer than wide, narrowed posteriorly, apices
truncate, surface a little more sparsely and coarsely punctate than the
pronotum. Middle tibiae simple in both sexes. In the male the

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 185

posterior tibiae have the basal two-fifths slender and the apical por-
tion suddenly about twice as wide; the additional segment is acutely
rounded. Length 2-2.5 mm.

A tropicopolitan species, luteolus occurs throughout the year in the
United States from California (Elsinore Lake, Pasadena, Tustin,
Vista), Arizona (Yuma), Texas (Fedor), Alabama (Mobile), to
Florida (many localities) ; also Tennessee, Ohio (Columbus) and New
Jersey (Hopatcong). The recent northern records indicate that
luteolus is being spread by human agency.

2. Epuraea Erichson

Plates 4, 12

Epuraea Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 267.
Dadopora C. G. Thorns., Skand. Col., 1859, 1: 68; 1862, 4, 168; 1867, 9: 378.
Epuraeanella Crotch, 1874, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 5, 76.
Omosiphora Reitt., 1875, Verh. Nat. Ver. Brtinn., 13, 56 et 63.
Micrurula Reitt., 1884, Wien. Ent. Zeit., 3, 209.
Micruria Reitt., 1874, Verh. Nat. Ver. Briinn., 13, 58 et 64.
Genotype of Epuraea : Nitidula decemguttata Fabr.

Body rather small, more or less oblong. Head rather small, clypeus
indistinct. Antennae a little longer than the head, first segment
strongly enlarged anteriorly, second convex as long as the third,
third to fifth elongate, sixth and seventh short, eighth more or less
transverse, club rather large and oval. Antenna! grooves rather feeble,
strongly convergent posteriorly. Labrum rather deeply bilobed.
Mandibles with a single tooth behind which is a smaller tooth and a
beard. Lacinia broad and rounded at tip, heavily bearded. Maxillary
palpi with first segment very small, the second clavate, the third very
short and transverse, the fourth cylindrical and nearly as long as the
others together. Mentum strongly transverse, feebly emarginate
anteriorly. Labial palpi with first segment small, second clavate, the
third greatly enlarged and rounded or securiform (subg. Dadopora).
Pronotum as broad or nearly as broad as the elytra. Elytra truncate
or entire; epipleurae broad and attaining the apices. Prosternal process
widened and rounded behind the coxae. Mesocoxae about as far apart
as the procoxae, the hind coxae far apart (Subg. Epuraeanella) or not.
Middle and hind tibiae variously developed, sometimes sexually
dimorphic (see key). The three middle ventral segments shorter than
the first and fifth. In the male the additional eighth segment is visible
from above (from beneath in liebeeki). Tarsi dilated; sometimes the

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posterior tarsi are feebly dilated. Claws simple or toothed (Subg.
Micrurula).

This genus is most closely related to Haptoncus from which it differs
in details of the mouthparts.

The genus Epuraea contains nearly 200 species found in all regions
of the earth except South America. Epuraea is particularly well devel-
oped in the Holarctic region.

The members of this genus are most commonly found at sap in the
spring. Some are found in fungi, in bees' nests, on flowers, or under
old leaves.

Since the species could not all be keyed in the order in which they
are described, the number after each species refers to its order in the
natural arrangement.

Key to Nearctic Epuraea

1. Middle tibiae dissimilar in the two sexes, that of the male sinuate

within and thickened at tip, that of the female slender 2

Middle tibiae similar in the two sexes, slender 21

2. Intercoxal process of abdomen broad, truncate 3

Intercoxal process of abdomen narrow, acute, metasternum

usually notched for its reception 7

3. Length 5 mm. or more, form broadly oblong 4

Length less than 5 mm., form more oval than oblong 5

4. Pronotal margins moderately explanate, hind angles rectangular . .

monogama (1)

Pronotal margins not explanate, hind angles obtuse . . . liebecki (2)

5. Color yellow, elytra conjointly as wide as long horni (3)

Color testaceous to piceous, elytra conjointly longer than wide . . 6

6. Elytra narrower at apex, margins reflexed helvola (4)

Elytra scarcely narrower at apex, margins very narrowly reflexed

rufa (5)

7. Elytra obliquely prolonged, not truncate 8

Elytra truncate at apex 10

8. Length 3 mm. or longer, pronotum not at all or moderately sinuate

before the hind angles 9

Length 2.4-3.2 mm., pronotum strongly sinuate before the hind
angles papagona (8)

9. Middle tibiae of male feebly dilated at tip Integra (7)

Middle tibiae of male rather strongly dilated ambigua (6)

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 187

10. Form oblong oval 11

Form elongate, parallel; middle tibiae of male feebly sinuate. .18

11. Middle tibiae of male strongly sinuate within; the inward pro-

longation of the tip well marked 12

Middle tibiae of male feebly sinuate, tip merely thickened .... 14

12. Prothorax broadest at or near the base, hind angles rectangular. .

erichsoni (11)

Prothorax distinctly narrowed at base 13

13. Sides of pronotum simply arcuate, hind angles not prominent . . .

rufida (9)

Sides of pronotum sinuate posteriorly, hind angles rather acute . .
corticina (10)

14. Large, pale yellow species with sides of thorax curved at base. . 17
Smaller, testaceous to fuscous, with sides of thorax obliquely

narrowed and more or less sinuate at base 15

15. Hind angles of pronotum acute (perhaps also rectangular)

terminalis (14)

Hind angles of pronotum subrectangular or rectangular 16

16. Fuscous above, elytral margins very narrowly reflexed

adumbrata (12)

Pale testaceous to rufo-testaceous above, elytral margins less
narrowly reflexed avara (13)

17. Hind angles of thorax obtuse, margin very narrowly reflexed. . . .

fulvescens (15)

Hind angles of thorax acute and prominent, margin broadly
reflexed duryi (16)

18. Prothorax one-half wider than long orantula (20)

Prothorax one-third wider than long 19

19. Antennal segment 3 elongate, 4-8 short pla?iulata (19)

Antennal segments 3-5 moderately elongate (20)

20. Surface moderately shining, distinctly punctate. . .truncatella (18)
Surface subopaque, obsoletely punctulate linearis (17)

21. Abdominal intercoxal process broad, obtuse 22

Abdominal intercoxal process triangular, more or less acute ... 26

22. Elytra not spotted 23

Elytra spotted 25

23. Elytra very broadly truncate behind, apex subequal in width to

base; male first ventral with 2 longitudinal rows of hairs

alternans (21)

Elytra narrowing to the truncate apex; male first ventral not
modified 24

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24. Elytra narrowly margined; pubescence above gray, not con-

spicuous obtusicollis (22)

Elytra more widely margined : pubescence above long, conspicuous
due to silvery lustre populi (23)

25. Disc of pronotum uniformly dark colored; posterior male femora

simple; body oblong, depressed flavomaculata (24)

Pronotum with a median longitudinal pale stripe; posterior male

femora obtusely subangulate; body form more oval and convex

peltoides (25)

26. Last antennal segment much larger than preceding . dcpressa (26)
Last antennal segment smaller than preceding 27

27. Prothoracic margin narrowly explanate 28

Prothoracic margin broadly explanate 29

28. Less than 3 mm. long, apex of pronotum distinctly emarginate . . .

labilis (27)

Length of 3 mm. or more, apex of pronotum feebly emarginate . .
umbrosa (28)

29. Elytra conjointly emarginate at apex scapkoides (29)

No alternate.

The species of this genus are extremely variable, and consequently
very difficult to key accurately. The females can only be named by
guess work, by association with similar males. Almost every collection
contains some aberrant specimens and even distinct, unnamed species.
These cannot be described until each is represented by. a series of
both sexes.

1. Epuraea monogama Crotch

Epuraea monogama Crotch, 1874, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 5, 76.

Type: from Vancouver and Sierra Nevada, California in a small globular

fungus on dead pine, lectotype no. 7957 from Calif, in the M.C.Z. (Leconte

coll.).

Very large, broadly oblong, depressed; above rufo-piceous to dark
piceous, more rufous beneath; moderately shining; sparsely covered
with short brown pubescence. Head moderately densely punctulate.
Antennae rufous; segments 3, 4, 5 equal; 6, 7, 8 equal, each half the
length of the three preceding segments. Prothorax feebly convex;
its width to length as 1.7 to 1; narrowed in front; sides moderately
arcuate, explanate, slightly reflexed, not fimbriate; hind angles rec-
tangular; hind margin bisinuate. Elytra conjointly with width to
length as 1 to 1.1; sides feebly arcuate, margin rather broadly and
strongly reflexed; disc punctate as in the pronotum. Male and female

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 189

pygidia fimbriate. Middle tibiae of male sinuate within and thickened
at tip, of the female simple. Male eighth dorsal segment visible from
above. Length 5-5.5, width 2.6-3 mm.

Comparisons with liebecki are to be found under the latter species.

This species occurs (May-July) from British Columbia (North Bend,
Salmon Arm, Vancouver) through Washington (Easton), Idaho
(Moscow Mt.), to California (Napa, Cameno, along the Sierra Nevada)
in Nevada and Texas (Rivers collector).

2. Epuraea liebecki spec. nov.

Very large, broadly oblong, depressed, feebly shining, sparsely
pubescent. Color above dark ferrugineous, beneath (except antennal
club) pale ferrugineous. Prothorax very feebly convex, with width
to length as 1.6 to 1, narrowed in front, sides moderately arcuate,
not explanate, finely fimbriate, hind angles broadly rounded, hind
margin slightly bisinuate; surface finely alutaceous, densely, rather
coarsely punctate, each puncture bearing a short recurved dark seta.
Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1 to 1.1, lateral margins
evenly and very feebly arcuate, not explanate, very narrowly reflexed,
finely fimbriate. The sutural half of each elytron with about seven
vague rows of obsolete tubercles, each tubercle bearing a moderately
long recumbent dark seta. Surface of elytra more finely and sparsely
punctate than the pronotum, each puncture bearing a short recumbent
seta. Pygidium with long pale fimbriae. Middle tibiae of male feebly
sinuate within and feebly thickened at tip. Male eighth dorsal seg-
ment visible only from beneath. Length 5-6.3, width 2.8-3.4 mm.

Although resembling monogama, liebecki is broader, duller, lateral
pronotal margins fimbriate but not explanate, head more flat, prono-
tum more strongly emarginate at apex, hind angles more obtuse, and
surface more coarsely punctate.

This species is known from three males from Arizona, holotype in the
M.C.Z. (Liebeck coll.); a paratype in the collection of the author;
and a paratype collected July 14 at Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mts.
(A.M.N.H.).

3. Epuraea horni Crotch

Epuraea Horni Crotch, 1874, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 5, 76.
Type: from Grimsby, Canada (Pettit coll.) in the Philadelphia Acad. Nat.
Sci.

Broadly oval, moderately shining, sparsely covered with short
fulvous pubescence, color fulvous to testaceous. Head rather densely

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punctulate; antennae proportioned as in monogama; anterior fourth
of presternum transversely wrinkled. Prothorax with width to length
as 1.6 to 1, sides moderately arcuate and gradually narrowed from
base to apex, feebly sinuate before the subrectangular hind angles,
apex moderately emarginate, lateral margins more widely explanate
posteriorly and very slightly reflexed, surface moderately densely
punctulate. Elytra conjointly as wide as long, broadest near the
middle, margins rather broadly explanate and feebly reflexed, surface
more sparsely punctulate than the pronotum. Epipleurae very sparsely
punctate. Male middle tibiae feebly sinuate within, and only moder-
ately thickened and prolonged at tip. Length 3.7-4.5, width 2-2.4 mm.

The form of horni is nearest helvola but even broader.

This species occurs from Canada (Grimsby) and Pennsylvania
(Crooked Creek) south to North Carolina, west to Illinois.

4. Epuraea helvola Erichson
Plates 4, figs. 9-16; pi. 12, fig. 12

Epuraea helvola Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. flir Ent., 4, 273.

Omosita castanea Melsh., 1846, Proc. Acad., Philad., 2, 106.

Epuraea rufa Reitt. (non Say), 1873, Verh. Nat. Ver. Briinn., 12, 28.

Types: of helvola from Pennsylvania in the Berlin Museum; of castanea from
Pennsylvania in the M.C.Z. (Melsheimer coll.); of rufa from North
Carolina probably in the Hungarian National Museum, Reitter coll.).

Broadly oval; moderately convex; moderately shining, covered with
short, sparse, pale pubescence; color rufous to dark piceous, usually
piceous brown, epipleurae and legs paler. Head coarsely, densely
punctate. Prothorax with width to length as 1.6 to 1, apex deeply
emarginate, base feebly bisinuate, sides strongly arcuate and narrowing
at base, feebly sinuate in front of the subacute hind angles, margins
broadly explanate and slightly reflexed, surface densely punctate and
subgranulate. Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1 to 1.1,
suture slightly elevated, margin reflexed, obsoletely punctate and sub-
granular. Male middle tibiae strongly sinuate and dilated at tip.
Length 2.7-3.7 mm.

Closely resembling rufa, helvola differs in the more deeply emarginate
prothorax, the more attenuate elytra, and the broadly reflexed elytral
margins.

This species occurs (May-Oct.) from New Hampshire to Virginia
(Afton, Crooked Corner) and Kentucky, west to Iowa (Mt. Pleasant),
and Mantiba (Aweme, Winnipeg).

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 191

5. Epuraea rufa (Say)

Nitidula rufa Say, 1825, Journ. Acad. Philad., 5, 180.

Omosita badia Melsh., 1846, Proc. Acad. Philad., 2, 106.

Epuraea rotundicollis Reitt., 1873, Verh. Nat. Ver. Briinn., 12, 25, 34.

Types : of rufa from eastern United States is lost ; of badia from Pennsylvania

is in the M.C.Z. (Melsheimer coll.); of rotundicollis from boreal America

in the National Museum, Budapest (Reitter coll.).

Oval; moderately convex; color sometimes rufous, usually rufo-
piceous, beneath rufous; moderately shining; sparsely covered with
short fulvous pubescence. Head densely punctate. Prothorax with
width to length as 1.7 to 1, apex moderately emarginate, base feebly
bisinuate, sides strongly arcuate and narrowing at base, feebly sinuate
before the subacute and moderately prominent hind angles, margin
broadly explanate but not reflexed, surface subgranular but not densely
punctate. Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1 to 1.2, suture
slightly elevated, margin narrow and slightly reflexed, surface densely
punctate, subgranular. Male middle tibiae strongly sinuate and
dilated at tip. Length 2.9-3.5 mm.

Comparisons with its nearest relative, helvola, will be found under
the latter. This species occurs (March-October, chiefly June) beneath
leaves, at sap, and in fungi from Ontario (Prince Edward Co.) and
Quebec (Montreal) to Georgia (Clayton), west to Missouri, Kansas
(Lawrence), Nebraska (Lincoln), Minnesota (Goodhue Co., bred from
fallen seeds of Acer saccharum), and Lake Superior (White Fish Point,
Isle Roy ale).

6. Epuraea ambigua Mannerheim

Epuraea ambigua Mann., 1843, Bull. Moscow, 16 (pt. 2), 256.
Type: from Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. A cotype (no. 7959) is in the M.C.Z.
(Leconte coll.) and cotypes are presumably in the Zool. Mus., Helsingfors.

Oblong oval, fulvous to dark rufous, elytra often clouded with
fuscous, moderately shining, very sparsely covered with fulvous
pubescence. Prothorax with width to length as 1.6 to 1, apex feebly
emarginate, base very feebly bisinuate, sides moderately arcuate,
obliquely narrowing (but slightly if at all sinuate) before the sub-
rectangular hind angles, margin narrowly explanate (posterior third
more broadly) and slightly reflexed, surface rather densely punctate.
Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1 to 1.4, apices prolonged
not truncate, margin very narrowly reflexed, slightly more coarsely

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punctate than the pronotum. Male middle tibiae feebly sinuate within
and strongly prolonged inward. Length 3.4-3.8 mm.

This species occurs (May-August) from Alaska (Kenai) through
British Columbia (Quesnel Lake) and Washington (Olympia) to
California (Siskiyou Co., Eldorado Co., Santa Cruz Mts., San Mateo
Co., Fieldbrook, Los Gatos).

7. Epuraea Integra Horn

Epuraea Integra Horn, 1897, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 7, 212.
Type: cotypes from Fort Whipple, Arizona (Palmer) and Colorado (Morrison)
are in the Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci. and the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.).

Oblong oval, rufo-testaceous, elytra sometimes fuscous, moderately
shining, sparsely covered with short fulvous pubescence. Head densely
punctate. Prothorax with width to length as 1.7 to 1, base slightly
wider than apex; sides moderately arcuate, near the base obliquely
narrowed and slightly sinuate before the rectangular, moderately
prominent hind angles ; margin moderately explanate, slightly reflexed ;
apex moderately emarginate; base slightly bisinuate, surface densely
punctulate and subgranular. Elytra conjointly with width to length
as 1 to 1.3, margin narrowly reflexed, apices conjointly rounded and
covering the pygidium, suture slightly dehiscent at tip, surface densely
punctulate and subgranular. Male middle tibiae feebly sinuate and
feebly dilated at tip. Length 2.8-3.5 mm.

Although related to ambigua, Integra differs in the male middle
tibiae and the more prominent hind angles of the pronotum.

This species occurs (April-July) in Nevada and Colorado, south to
Arizona (Williams, Fort Whipple, Pinal Mts., Globe, Santa Rita Mts.,
Chiricahua Mts.) and New Mexico (Beulah). Sharp records Integra
from Guatemala (7000-9000 ft., Quiche Mts.). Cockerell collected it
in the nest of Bomb us juxtus at Beulah, New Mexico, in July.

8. Epuraea papagona Casey

Type: from Arizona (Morrison) no. 6967, labelled "type" in Casey's hand-
writing, in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.).

Oblong oval, flavo-testaceous, moderately shining, sparsely covered
with short fulvous pubescence. Head densely punctate. Prothorax
with width to length as 1.5 to 1, base slightly wider than apex, sides
moderately arcuate, near the base strongly sinuate, before the acute
or rectangular hind angles, margins narrowly explanate except for

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 193

posterior halves which are broadly explanate, base bisinuate, surface
densely punctulate. Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1 to 1.2,
margin narrowly reflexed, the apex of each elytron evenly rotundo-
truneate, suture not dehiscent at tip, surface a little more coarsely and
sparsely punctate than the pronotum. Male middle tibiae very feebly
sinuate within and very feebly thickened at tip. Length 2.4-3.2 mm.

Very closely related to integra, papagona tends to differ in its smaller
size, acute posterior pronotal angles, more truncate elytral apices
and apical sutural angles not dehiscent.

This species occurs in June on Popuhis tremuloides in Colorado,
Arizona (Williams), and New Mexico (Albuquerque). Sharp's record
of northern Sonora is almost certainly based on specimens Morrison
collected in what is now southern Arizona.

9. Epuraea rufida (Melsheimer)

Omosita rufida Melsh., 1846, Proc. Acad. Philad., 2, 106.

Type: from Pennsylvania is not in the Melsheimer collection (M.C.Z.) but

may yet be found in the general collection, among which Melsheimer '£

specimens were distributed by Samuel Henshaw.

Oblong oval, testaceous to dark rufous, moderately shining, sparsely
covered with short fulvous pubescence. Head densely, rather coarsely
punctate; antennal segments 4, 5 as long as 3. Prothorax with width
to length as 1.6 to 1, apex feebly emarginate, base feebly bisinuate,
sides moderately arcuate, feebly narrowed but not sinuate before the
subrectangular hind angles; margins moderately widely explanate
and very slightly reflexed; surface moderately coarsely and densely
punctate, subgranular. Elytra conjointly with width to length as
1 to 1.1, margin narrowly reflexed, apices truncate, surface densely
punctate, subgranular. Male middle tibiae very strongly sinuate
within and strongly thickened and prolonged inward. Length 3.5-
4.1 mm.

Comparisons with its closest relative corticina, will be found after
the description of the latter. Although resembling crichsoni, rufida
is larger, more finely punctate, pronotal margin broader, and the
pronotum more narrowed posteriorly.

This species occurs (April-Sept.) beneath bark of oak and on
flowers of linden from Ontario (Rosseau) to South Carolina (Charles-
ton), west to Louisiana (Vowell's Mill) north to Michigan (Gd. Ledge).

194 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

10. Epuraea corticina Erichson

Epuraea corticina Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 270.
Type: from North America (probably eastern Pennsylvania) in the Berlin
Museum (Koch coll.).

Oblong oval, fulvous to fuscous, usually rufo-testaceous with disc
of pronotum and elytra often clouded with a darker color, moderately
shining, sparsely covered with short fulvous pubescence. Antennal
segments 4 and 5 shorter than 3. Prothorax with width to length as
1.5 to 1, apex slightly narrower than base, rather strongly arcuate,
feebly narrowed and sinuate before the usually acute (rarely rectan-
gular) hind angles, margins narrow and very feebly reflexed, surface
densely and rather finely punctate, finely alutaceous. Elytra con-
jointly with width to length as 1 to 1.3, margin narrowly reflexed,
surface more coarsely and sparsely punctate than the pronotum.
Male middle tibiae sinuate within and greatly dilated at tip. Length
3.1-3.6 mm.

The convexity of the prothorax and the sinuation of its sides are
variable. This species is closely related to rufida but is slightly smaller,
more convex, prothorax wider, its sides more arcuate and hind angles
more acute, usually darker, and the male middle tibiae less prolonged
inwards.

This species occurs (April-Sept., Dec.) under oak bark from New
York (Rochester, N. Y. State List )to Florida (St. Augustine), west
through Alabama (Mobile) to Louisiana (Winnfield), Mississippi
(Meridian, Lucedale), Kansas (Douglas Co.), Iowa (Burlington, Mt.
Pleasant), and Wisconsin; also "Nev." (A.N.S.P.).

11. Epuraea erichsoni Reitter

Epuraea Erichsoni Reitter, 1873, Verh. Nat. Ver. Briinn., 12, 25, 35.
Type : from North America, cotypes in the Vienna Museum and Paris Museum
(Marseul coll.).

Oblong oval, fulvous to dark rufous, usually luteo-testaceous,
margins of elytra more or less fuscous, moderately shining, sparsely
covered with short yellow pubescence. Head sparsely punctate.
Prothorax with width to length as 1.6 to 1, apex very feebly emarginate,
base feebly sinuate, sides feebly arcuate, only slightly narrowed before
the rectangular hind angles, margin narrowly and feebly reflexed,
surface densely, rather coarsely punctate. Elytra conjointly with

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 195

width to length as 1 to 1.2, margin narrowly reflexed, apices truncate,
surface less densely punctate than the pronotum. Male middle tibiae
strongly sinuate within and strongly thickened at tip. Length 2.2-
3 mm.

It is similar to labilis but has a less emarginate pronotum and
different middle male tibiae.

This species occurs (April-August) in the early spring beneath bark
and at sap, later on flowers of maple, huckleberry, and various marsh
plants from Ontario (Rosseau) and Quebec (Montreal) south to
Florida, west to Texas, Nebraska, and Manitoba (Cedar Lake).

12. Epuraea adumbrata Mannerheim

Epuraea adumbrata Mann., 1852, Bull. Moscow, 25 (pt. 2), 336.
Type: from Sitka, Alaska, a eotype (no. 7960) is in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.)
and cotypes are presumably in the Zool. Mus. at Helsingfors.

Oblong oval, moderately shining, color of eotype fuscous, beneath
pale, except for antennal club, underside of meso- and metathorax
and abdomen which are fuscous; covered with fine yellow pubescence.
Head rather finely, densely punctate. Prothorax with width to length
as 1.6 to 1, apex feebly emarginate, base moderately bisinuate, sides
rather feebly arcuate, moderately narrowed and very slightly sinuate
before the subrectangular hind angles, margins moderately broadly
explanate and very slightly reflexed, surface densely punctate, sub-
granular. Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1 to 1.2, margins
very narrowly reflexed, apex of each elytron truncately rounded,
surface very slightly more coarsely and sparsely punctate than the
pronotum. Male middle tibia very feebly sinuate and thickened at
tip. Length 3 mm.

The above description is of the eotype. Horn was confused about
this species. Specimens from Olympia, Washington (Liebeck coll. :
M.C.Z.) have unicolorous antennae, the pronotum more coarsely
punctate and with less explanate margins than the eotype. Although
very closely related to terminalis, adumbrata differs in being darker,
pronotum more convex, and more explanate, and more sparsely punc-
tate, and the elytra less explanate.

This species occurs (May-July) from Alaska (Sitka, Tschunuktnu
River, Kenai Peninsula) to Washington (Olympia) and Colorado
(Douglas Co.), east to Quebec (Montreal) and south to North Carolina

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13. Epuraea terminalis Mannerheim

Epuraea terminalis Mann., 1843, Bull. Moscow, 16 (pt. 1), 95.

Epuraea immunda Sturm, 1844, Deutschl. Fn. Ins., 16, 59.

Epuraea infuscata Maklin, 1853, Bull. Moscow, 26 (pt. 2), 206.

For complete synonymy see Grouvelle, 1913.

Types: of terminalis from Finland (at sap on birch) presumably in the Zool.
Mus. at Helsingfors; of immunda from Germany presumably in the
Zool. Mus. at Munich ; of infuscata from Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, a cotype
(no. 8309) is in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.) and cotypes are presumably
in the Zool. Mus. at Helsingfors.

Oblong oval, moderately shining, sparsely and finely pubescent,
color rufo-testaceous, elytra laterally and apically tending to be
clouded with fuscous, beneath rufo-testaceous, metasternum darker,
antennae unicolorous or with club fuscous. Head densely punctulate.
Prothorax with width to length as 1.7 to 1, apex very feebly emar-
ginate,base very feebly bisinuate, sides moderately arcuate, moderately
explanate, and slightly reflexed, more or less distinctly sinuate before
the prominent, acute hind angles, surface densely punctulate, finely
alutaceous. Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1 to 1.1, sides
rather strongly, evenly arcuate, margin narrowly reflexed, surface
more coarsely and sparsely punctate than the pronotum. Intercoxal
process rather broad and triangular. Male middle tibiae abruptly but
only moderately thickened at tip. Length 2.5-3 mm.

The species described by Horn under immunda is not this, but
another unnamed one mentioned next. Arrow had sent Fall a European
specimen of terminalis determined by Grouvelle which enabled Fall
to determine that Horn's "immunda" was another species. The
European terminalis, with one of its forms, in the writer's collection
also show that it occurs in the New World.

This species occurs in Europe, across Siberia, and (May-July) from
Alaska (Anchorage) south through British Columbia (Terrace) to
Colorado (Douglas Co.), east to Wisconsin (Bayfield), Quebec (Jol-
iette), and Maine (Paris).

Epuraea sp. nee terminalis (immunda auct.)

There is a species, widespread in western United States, that is
labelled immunda in many collections, but is not immunda { = termin-
alis). A series of this species is in the Fall collection with the label
"immunda" turned down. The Horn collection has a series from
Salada Beach, California. It is difficult to determine just what the
species is.

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 197

14. Epuraea avara (Randall)

Nitidula avara Rand., 1838, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 2, 18.
Epuraea nulrila Lee, 1857, Pacific R.R. Report. App. 1, p. 36.
Types: of antra from Maine (at sap on prostrate sugar maple) is lost; of
nubila from San Jose, California (no. 6908) in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.).

Elongate oval, moderately shining, sparsely and finely pubescent,
rufo-testaceous, often with three indistinct fuscous spots on each
elytron. Head densely punctate. Prothorax with width to length as 1.5
to 1, apex slightly narrower than base, apex moderately emarginate,
base moderately bisinuate, sides feebly arcuate, the posterior third
feebly narrowed to the rectangular hind angles, margin moderately
broad and slightly reflexed, surface densely punctate, finely alutaceous.
Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1 to 1.2, apices rotundo-
truncate, margins narrowly reflexed, surface finely alutaceous, more
sparsely and coarsely punctate than the pronotum. Male middle
tibiae very feebly sinuate within and slightly thickened at tip. Length
2.3-3.5 mm.

This is a very variable species. In particular, a specimen from
El Dorado Crk., N. W. Terr. (Fall coll.: M.C.Z.) is more widely
explanate and more sparsely punctate. Specimens from B. C, Calif.,
and Maine tend to be darker, pronotum with less explanate margins
and more obtuse hind angles.

This species occurs especially at sap of maple and birch (May-
August, chiefly June) from Yukon (El Dorado Crk.), British Columbia
(Cawrston), and Quebec (Joliette) south to California (San Jose),
Nevada, New Mexico (Albuquerque), and South Carolina.

15. Epuraea fulvescens Horn

Epuraea fulvescens Horn, 1879, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 7, 290, 296.
Type: from Grimsby, Canada in the Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci.

Oblong oval, moderately shining, sparsely covered with yellow
pubescence, color above and beneath fulvous, antennal club sometimes
darker. Prothorax with width to length as 1.7 to 1, apex feebly emar-
ginate, base feebly bisinuate, sides very feebly arcuate, not sinuate
before the more or less obtusely subrectangular hind angles, margin
very narrowly explanate, surface rather coarsely and densely punc-
tate, finely alutaceous. Elytra conjointly with width to length as
1 to 1.2, margin moderately narrowed, apex of each elytron broadly
rounded, surface very slightly more coarsely and sparsely punctate

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than the pronotum. Male middle tibiae slightly stouter than the
posterior and feebly thickened at tip. Length 3-3.5 mm.

This very rare species occurs in June from Canada (Grimsby) to
Georgia (Clayton).

16. Epuraea duryi Blatchley

Epuraea duryi Blatchley, 1910, Coleoptera of Indiana, p. 639, fig. 240.
Type: from Crawford Co., Indiana in the Blatchley coll. at Purdue University,
Lafayette, Ind.

Broadly oval, subdepressed. Uniform pale yellow, sparsely pubes-
cent, distinctly shining. Head finely and sparsely punctate. Thorax
two-thirds wider than long, widest at middle, the sides thence con-
verging and nearly straight to apex, feebly curved to base; disk finely
and rather sparsely punctate, broadly and shallowly impressed near
the hind angles. Elytra together a little longer than wide, tips sub-
truncate; disk finely and rather sparsely punctate. Abdomen finely
granulate-punctate. Intercoxal process rather broad, but acute at
apex. Length 3.5-4.7 mm.

Since duryi is unknown to the writer, the above description is copied
from Blatchley. In the writer's collection is a female from East Dorset,
Vt., which is much nearer duryi than any other species. But it is
rufo-testaceous and has the pronotum somewhat differently shaped
and punctate.

This species is known only from Blatchley 's records of Indiana
(Crawford Co., June 27-28) and Ohio (Cincinnati, collected by
Charles Dury and presumably in his collection).

17. Epuraea linearis Maklin

Epuraea linearis Maklin, 1853, Bull. Moscow, 26, 205.

Type: cotype (no. 8308) from the interior of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska is

in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.) and cotypes are presumably in the Zool.

Mus. at Helsingfors.

Oblong to elongate, parallel; subopaque; piceo-rufous, elytra darker
than the pronotum; when dark piceous or black the pronotal margins
may be testaceous; sparsely covered with pale pubescence. Head
sparsely, obsoletely punctulate. Antennae rufous, segments 6-8 very
short. Prothorax with width to length as 1.5 to 1, very little wider
at base than at apex, sides evenly very feebly arcuate, margin very
narrowly reflexed, apex very feebly emarginate, base very feebly

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 199

Insinuate, hind angles subrectangular, surface variably obsoletely
punctulate, subgranulate. Elytra conjointly with width to length as
1 to 1.5, apices rotundo-truncate, margin very narrowly reflexed,
surface slightly more coarsely and sparsely punctate than the prono-
tum. Length 2.7-3 mm.

A specimen from Quesnel Lake, B. C. (Kans. Univ. coll.) has the
lateral margins more broadly explanate and the apex of the pronotum
more distinctly emarginate. Examples from the southwest (U.S.N.M.)
have the discs of the pronotum and elytra mainly black.

This species occurs on pine and spruce (May-Sept.) from Alaska
(Kenai Peninsula, Seward, Sitka) through British Columbia (Quesnel
Lake, Vancouver), Alberta (Edmonton), Oregon (Astoria), Montana
(Sula), South Dakota (Black Hills), Colorado (Veta Pass) to Arizona
(Chiricahua Mts.) and New Mexico (Cloudcroft); also New Hamp-
shire (Waterville: U.S.N.M.). This last record should be rechecked.

18. Epuraea truncatella Mannerheim

Epuraea truncatella Mann., 1846, Bull. Moscow, 19 (pt. 2), 514.

Epuraea nigra Maklin, 1853, Bull. Moscow, 26 (pt. 3), 204.

Types: of truncatella from Sitka, Alaska presumably in the Zool. Mus. at
Helsingfors; of nigra a cotype from Kenai Peninsula, Alaska is in the
M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.) and cotypes are presumably in the Zool. Mus. at
Helsingfors.

Elongate, parallel, sparsely pubescent, moderately shining, color
piceo-testaceous to nearly black, antennae unicolorous or with club
darker. Head sparsely punctate. Prothorax with width to length as
1.3 to 1, apex feebly emarginate, base truncate, sides feebly arcuate
and at posterior third narrowed and more or less strongly sinuate
before the subrectangular or rectangular hind angles, margin narrowly
explanate but more widely posteriorly, more or less feebly reflexed,
surface densely punctate, finely alutaceous. Elytra conjointly with
width to length as 1 to 1.4, narrowly reflexed, slightly more sparsely
punctate than the pronotum, finely alutaceous. Male middle tibiae
sinuate within and strongly dilated at tip. Length 2.5-3 mm.

In color and degree of elongation truncatella varies considerably.
It is easily confused with planulata and is compared under the latter.

This species occurs (April-August) from Alaska (Kenai Peninsula,
Seward) through Yukon (Klondike), British Columbia (Terrace),
Alberta (Edmonton), Ontario (Rosseau), Quebec (Hull) to Labrador
(Ungava Bay), south to California (Sisson, Los Gatos, Lassen Co. on

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Pinus jeffreyi), Nevada, Colorado (La Veta), New Mexico (Cloud-
croft, Las Vegas, 11000 ft.), Indiana (Lawrence Co. in decaying fungi),
West Virginia (Kingmont), and Virginia (Lee Co.).

19. Epuraea planulata Erichson

Epuraea planulata Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 271.

Epuraea placida Maklin, 1853, Bull. Moscow, 35, 203, sep. p. 111.

Types: of planulata from Sitka, Alaska in the Berlin Museum; of placida a
cotype (no. 8311) from Kenai Peninsula, Alaska is in the M.C.Z. (Leconte
coll.) and cotypes are presumably in the Zool. Mus. at Helsingfors.

Elongate, rufous to piceous usually rufo-piceous, when pale the
elytra often clouded with a darker color; moderately shining; sparsely
covered with pale pubescence. Head sparsely punctulate; antennal
segment 3 moderately elongate, 4 and 5 shorter. Prothorax with
width to length as 1.4 to 1, apex feebly emarginate, slightly narrower
at apex than at base, sides very feebly arcuate, more or less feebly
narrowing and more or less feebly sinuate before the rectangular hind
angles, base truncate, margin very narrowly or moderately explanate
and slightly or not at all reflexed, surface densely punctate, finely
alutaceous. Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1 to 1.4, each
elytral apex broadly rounded, margin very narrowly reflexed, surface
slightly more coarsely punctate than the pronotum. Length 2.5-3 mm.

It is not easy to separate planulata from truncatella, but the former
has differently formed antennae; the pronotum is more depressed,
its sides less arcuate and sinuate posteriorly, its margins less explanate.

In Leng's Catalogue boreella Zetterst. is given as possibly the same
as planulata. In the writer's collection is a series from Europe which
show boreella to be more closely related to truncatella, from which it
differs in the sides of the pronotum being more arcuate, more sinuate,
etc.

This species occurs (May-July) from Alaska (Kenai Peninsula,
Sitka) through British Columbia (Terrace), Alberta (Edmonton), to
Quebec (Montreal), south to Washington, Nevada, Colorado (Ouray,
8000 ft.), and in the east to North Carolina (Toxaway Lake).

20. Epuraea ornatula Notman

Epuraea ornatula Notman, 1919, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 27, 102.
Type: from Cochrane, Ontario (August 22-30) in the collection of Howard
Notman.

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 201

Oblong, slightly elongate, rather convex, rufo-testaceous. Pro-
thorax one-half wider than long, narrowed in front, sides moderately
arcuate from apex to one-third from the base, thence obliquely nar-
rowed to the posterior angles which are obtuse, distinct, but finely
rounded. Pronotal margins widely explanate, narrowly, strongly
renexed. Third antennal segment twice as long as wide, one-third
longer than fourth, fourth and fifth equal, six-eight shorter. Elytra
twice the length of the prothorax. Intercoxal process narrow and
triangularly acute. Male middle tibiae faintly sinuate on inner edge
and strongly dilated at tip. Length 2.25, width 1 mm.

Since the type of ornatula was not seen, the exact identity of this
species is a question. Notman compares it with boreclla (evidently
meaning planulata) but says that ornatula is smaller, differently formed
and colored. In the writer's collection is a series from North Elba,
New York which agree with Notman 's description except for being
rufo-piceous and the antennae somewhat intermediate.

This species is known definitely only from Cochrane, Ontario and
possibly from North Elba, Essex co., N. Y. (Oct.).

21. Epuraea alternans Grouvelle

Epuraea alticola Fall. 1907, (nee Sharp) Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 33, 223.
Epuraea alternans Grouv., 1912 (1913), Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 81, 394.
Type: from 11,000 ft., Las Vegas Range, New Mexico in the M.C.Z. (Fall
coll.).

Broadly obtusely oval, testaceous, moderately shining, sparsely
covered with fine, yellow pubescence. Head moderately sparsely
punctate. Prothorax with width to length as 1.7 to 1, apex strongly
emarginate, base feebly bisinuate, sides moderately arcuate, the pos-
terior third narrowed and very slightly sinuate before the subrec-
tangular hind angles, margins moderately explanate and slightly re-
flexed, surface sparsely punctate and finely granular. Elytra con-
jointly with width to length as 1 to 1.1, convex, margins narrowly
reflexed, apices rather distinctly truncate, surface more coarsely and
densely punctate than the elytra. First ventral segment with two
longitudinal lines of hairs at the middle. Intercoxal process broad,
obtuse. Length 2.4, width 1.4 mm.

This species is distinctive in the ventral rows of hairs and the very
truncated elytra. It is related to ovata but is more depressed, elytral
apices more truncate, the pronotum less explanate, etc.

It is known only from the male holotype (no. 24,486).

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22. Epuraea obtusicollis Reitter

Epurea obtusicollis Reitt., 1873, Verh., Nat. Ver. Briinn, 12, 24, 32.

Epuraea ovata Horn, 1879, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 7, 298.

Type: Amer. bor. (Mus. Chevrolat); of ovata, from Michigan (Schwarz),

Canada (Pettit) and California (Crotch) in the Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci.

and a cotype no. 7962 from Michigan is in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.).

Oval; rufo-piceous, rarely testaceous, margins paler; moderately
shining; convex, particularly the elytra; sparsely covered with pale
yellow pubescence. Head moderately densely punctate. Prothorax
with width to length as 1.7 to 1, apex narrower than base and moder-
ately deeply emarginate, sides strongly arcuate posteriorly and strongly
narrowed to retracted, small, distinct, rectangular hind angles, margins
narrowly to widely explanate and moderately reflexed; base very
feebly insinuate; surface rather sparsely punctate and finely aluta-
ceous. Elytra often fuscous, conjointly with width to length as 1 to
1.2, sides gradually narrowing to the apices which are conjointly
rounded and not truncate, margins rather narrowly reflexed, surface
more coarsely and densely punctate than the pronotum. Male middle
tibiae simple. Length 2-3 mm.

Horn's description of obtusicollis was based on the type. Subse-
quently he received specimens from the District of Columbia (Ulke)
which he named this species. It is similar to ovata except that it
averages smaller (2 mm.), is more finely punctate, the pronotal and
elytral margins more narrow, and the color testaceous or rarely
piceous. The form is known from Mass. (Sherborn), New York,
District of Columbia, and California (Lake Tahoe). Since the variable
ovata grades into obtusicollis, it seems impossible to retain the former
as a distinct species.

This species occurs under beech bark, in fungus, and in the fall under
old leaves and in humus (May-Sept., chiefly June) from Quebec
(Montreal, Quebec) and Maine (Mt. Katadin, 5060 ft.) to North
Carolina (Black Mts.), west through Pennsylvania, Indiana, Nebraska
(Nebraska City), Colorado (Garland), Arizona to California (Pasa-
dena, Lake Tahoe), north to Alberta (Edmonton) and Manitoba
(Winnipeg).

23. Epuraea populi Dodge

Epuraea populi Dodge, 1939, Ent. News, 50, 288.

Type: from Itaska Park, Minnesota, June 15 (allotype, July 9) in the U.S.N.M.

Paratypes are in the M.C.Z., A.N.S.P., A.M.N.H., F.M.N.H., H. R.

Dodge coll., and C. T. Parsons coll.

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 203

Broadly oblong-oval, uniformly dark piceous, somewhat paler be-
neath, moderately shining, sparsely covered with rather long, silvery
grey pubescence. Head densely punctate, rather deeply foveate
between the eyes. Prothorax with width to length as 1.8 to 1, apex
moderately emarginate and distinctly narrower than the base, base
feebly bisinuate, sides moderately arcuate and very slightly narrowed
before the subrectangular hind angles, margin broadly explanate and
slightly reflexed, an oblique depression on each side of the disc before
the hind angles, surface rather sparsely, obsoletely, and finely punc-
tate, finely alutaceous. Elytra conjointly with width to length as
1 to 1.1, sides evenly, feebly arcuate, apices rather distinctly truncate,
margin very narrowly explanate, slightly reflexed, surface slightly
more coarsely and sparsely punctate than the pronotum. Intercoxal
process broadly triangular. Length 2.9 mm.

This species occurs on the bark of dead or dying aspen Popuhis
trcmuloides (May 27-July 25) in Minnesota (Itaska Park) and
Michigan.

24. Epuraea flavomaculata Maklin

Epuraea flavomaculata Maklin, 1853, Bull. Moscow, 26, 205.
Epuraea depressa (111.) of authors, in error.

Type: from Kenai Peninsula, Alaska is presumably in the Zool. Mus. at
Helsingfors.

Rather broadly oblong-oval, rarely broadly oval, shining, very
sparsely pubescent, color brown to piceous, lateral margins and an
anterior and posterior spot on the disc of each elytron testaceous,
the anterior pair of spots are larger than the posterior and more often
tend to be contiguous along the suture, beneath brown to piceous.
Head densely, rather coarsely punctate. Prothorax with width to
length as 1.8 to 1, apex moderately emarginate, base feebly bisinuate,
sides rather feebly arcuate, posterior third moderately narrowed to
subrectangular hind angles, margins moderately explanate and feebly
reflexed, surface densely punctate and finely alutaceous. Elytra con-
jointly with width to length as 1 to 1.2, margin moderately narrowly
reflexed, apices moderately prolonged, surface more coarsely and
sparsely punctate than the pronotum. Male middle tibiae simple.
Length 2.5-3.4 mm.

Apparently most closely related to peltoides, flavomaculata differs
in being more oblong, less convex, with different color and posterior
male femora.

This species occurs (May-Sept., chiefly June) from Ontario (Rainy

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R. Dist., Beaver Mine) to New Hampshire (Mt. Washington) west
through Michigan (Detroit) to Manitoba (Winnipeg) and Alberta
(Edmonton); also New Mexico (Cloudcroft, 9000 ft.).

25. Epuraea peltoides Horn

Epuraea peltoides Horn, 1879, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 7, 298.
Type: cotypes from Michigan (Schwarz) and Maryland in the Philadelphia
Acad. Nat. Sci. and the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll., no. 7963).

Oval to rather broadly oval, dark piceous above with the following
markings testaceous to fuscous : pronotal margins and a median longi-
tudinal stripe on basal half of pronotum, the margin of each elytron
and four spots of which one on the humeral umbone and one posterior
to it at the elytral two-fifths are of equal size; a larger spot on the
suture at the elytral three-fifths, and the largest spot at the inner
basal angle of the elytron; beneath testaceous to fuscous; moderately
shining, sparsely covered with pale greyish pubescence. Head sparsely
punctate. Pro thorax with width to length as 1.8 to 1, apex strongly
emarginate, base feebly bisinuate, sides rather strongly arcuate, hind
angles prominent and rectangular, margin more or less broadly ex-
planate, feebly or moderately reflexed, surface rather sparsely punc-
tate. Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1 to 1.1, sides evenly
feebly arcuate, margin narrowly reflexed, apices feebly truncate.
Intercoxal process moderately broad and obtuse at tip. Male pos-
terior femora are obtusely subangulate near the tip. Length 2.5-3.2
mm.

This species occurs (May-Sept., chiefly in the spring) from Ontario
and Quebec (Montreal) to Virginia, west to Indiana and Wisconsin
(Madison).

26. Epuraea depressa (Illiger)

Nitidula depressa Illiger, 1798, Kafer Preuss., 1, 386.

Nitidula aestiva Fabr., 1775, Syst. Ent., p. 77.

Epuraea convexiuscula Mann., 1843, Bull. Moscow, 16 (pt. 2), 255.

For complete synonymy see Grouvelle, 1913.

Types: of depressa from Germany either in the Naturh. Mus. at Braunschweig
or in the Berlin Museum; of aestiva from Europe (on flowers) possibly at
Kiel or Copenhagen; of convexiuscula from Sitka, Alaska, cotypes pre-
sumably in the Zool. Mus. at Helsingfors and a cotype no. 8312 in the
M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.).

Oval, slightly oblong; convex; rufo-testaceous or rufous, sometimes
an elongate fuscous spot on each elytron; moderately shining; sparsely

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 205

covered with testaceous pubescence. Head densely punctate; terminal
segment of antennae somewhat quadrangular, as large or larger than
the two preceding segments together, that of the female larger than
that of the male. Prothorax with width to length as 1.8 to 1, apex
moderately emarginate and distinctly narrower than the base, base
very feebly bisinuate, sides feebly evenly arcuate sometimes very
feebly obliquely narrowed before the subrectangular hind angles,
margin narrowly explanate and very slightly reflexed, disc with a
vague depression on each side near the hind angles, surface densely
rather coarsely punctate, finely subrugose. Elytra conjointly with
width to length as 1 to 1.25, margin very narrowly reflexed, apices
separately rounded and feebly truncate, surface more sparsely truncate
than the presternum. Intercoxal process acutely oval in front. Length
2.5-3.5 mm.

This is more convex than any other Nearctic Epuraea and easily
recognized by the greatly enlarged terminal segment of the antenna.
Comparisons with its closest Nearctic relative will be found under
labilis.

This species occurs on flowers in the spring (May-July) in Europe,
northern Asia, and from Alaska (Unalaska I., Sitka) through British
Columbia (North Bend), Manitoba (Aweme), to Ontario (Prince
Edward Co.) south to California (Alameda Co., Lake Tahoe), Nevada,
New Mexico (Beulah), Texas and Florida.

27. Epuraea labilis Erichson

Epuraea labilis Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 272.

Type: from North America (probably Pennsylvania) in the Berlin Museum.

Oval, slightly oblong, distinctly convex, rufo-testaceous, moderately
shining, sparsely covered with pale pubescence. Head rather densely
and coarsely punctate. Prothorax with width to length as 1.7 to 1,
apex slightly narrower than the base and feebly emarginate, sides
feebly arcuate and very slightly obliquely narrowed before the sub-
rectangular hind angles, margin narrowly explanate and slightly or
not at all reflexed, surface rather coarsely and moderately densely
punctate. Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1.2 to 1, apex
rather distinctly truncate, sides very narrowly reflexed, punctate as
in the pronotum. Intercoxal process broadly triangular. Length
2-2.5 mm.

Evidently closely related to depressa, labilis differs in the much

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smaller terminal antennal segment, the more acute intereoxal process,
body slightly less convex, and the elytral apices more truncate.

This species occurs on flowers of dogwood, elder, etc. (May-Sept.,
chiefly in the spring) from Ontario (Toronto) and Quebec (Joliette)
to Georgia, west to Texas, Kansas (Douglas Co.), and Manitoba
(Winnipeg).

28. Epuraea umbrosa Horn

Epuraea umbrosa Horn, 1879, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 7, 300.

Type: from Fort Cobb, Caddo Co., Oklahoma, lectotype no. 3209 in the

Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci. and cotype no. 7964 in the M.C.Z. (Leconte

coll.).

Oval, slightly oblong, moderately shining, rufo-testaceous to fer-
rugineous (cotype is pale testaceous), elytra usually somewhat clouded
with fuscous, so that an oval pale intra-humeral spot and another
subapical spot are indicated, sparsely covered with yellow pubescence.
Head densely punctate, antennae unicolorous. Prothorax with width
to length as 1.5 to 1, apex feebly emarginate, base moderately Insin-
uate, sides evenly moderately arcuate and slightly narrower at base
than at middle, hind angles subrectangular, margin very narrowly
reflexed, surface rather coarsely moderately densely punctate, obso-
letely subgranular. Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1 to 1.5,
apices truncate, margin narrowly reflexed, surface punctate as in the
pronotum. Male middle tibiae simple. Length 3-3.5 mm.

This species seems to be most nearly related to labilis, but is larger,
the pronotum less emarginate apically and less explanate laterally.
A pair from Cloudcroft, New Mexico (Kans. Univ. coll.) is very aber-
rant in having the pronotum and elytra much more broadly reflexed.
Also the pronotum of one is broader than usual. These specimens
resemble an elongate ferrugineous populi.

This species occurs (March 26-Sept. 1) from Texas (Lee Co.,
Columbus, Fedor) through Oklahoma (Ft. Cobb, Caddo Co.), Arkan-
sas, Georgia, to North Carolina (Southern Pines) and New York (Lake
George) ; also the aberrant pair from Cloudcroft, New Mexico.

29. Epuraea scaphoides Horn

Epuraea scaphoides Horn, 1879, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 7, 300.
Type: from Colorado (Morrison) in the Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci. (holo-
type no. 3208).

Elongate oval, depressed, uniformly rufo-testaceous, rather feebly
shining, very finely and sparsely pubescent. Head moderately densely

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 207

punctate; the third and fourth antennal segments of equal length
and about three-fourths the length of the second. Prothorax one-third
wider than long, slightly narrower in front, apex deeply emarginate,
base truncate, sides feebly arcuate, hind angles rectangular, margins
broadly explanate and strongly reflexed, surface moderately finely,
densely punctate. Elytra conjointly one-third longer than wide,
moderately narrower posteriorly, apices circularly conjointly emar-
ginate, margin broadly explanate and strongly reflexed, surface
punctate as in the pronotum. Intercoxal process triangular, acute.
Length 3 mm., width 1.6 mm.

As Horn says, this is a most peculiar species, since it resembles a
miniature Embaphion with the elytra conjointly emarginate

It is known only from the male holotype.

3. Orthopeplus Horn

Plates 5, 12

Orthopeplus Horn, 1879, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 7, 311.
Genotype: Orthopeplus quadricollis Horn.

Body elongate, parallel, glabrous, head broad and concave above,
clypeus indistinct. Antennae longer than the head, first segment en-
larged, second convex, third to fifth about of equal length; club large
not compact. Antennal grooves broad, convergent behind. Labrum
feebly bilobed. Mandibles acute at tip, feebly toothed on inner sur-
face. Maxillary palpi with first segment small, next two about of
equal length, the third thick and truncate at tip. Mentum apparently
feebly emarginate in front. Pronotum as broad as the elytra. Pro-
sternal process moderately expanded behind the coxae, elevated at
tip, and subconically protuberant. Elytra long, exposing only the tip
of the pygidium; epipleurae rather narrow, attaining the apices.
Mesosternum not carinate. The procoxae and metacoxae about twice
as far apart as the nearly contiguous mesocoxae. First and fifth ventral
segments long, about of equal length; the second to fourth short and
of equal length. An additional deflexed dorsal segment is clearly seen
in the male. Anterior tarsi moderately dilated, other tarsi simple.
Claws simple.

This genus is rather closely related to Epuraea, differing in details
of maxillae, antennae, prosternal process, and tarsi. Orothopeplus con-
tains only one rare species from the cordilleran region of the United
States.

208 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Orthopeplus quadricollis Horn
Plates 5, figs. 1-5; pi. 12, fig. 13
Orthopeplus quadricollis Horn, 1879, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 7, 312.
Type: from Colorado (Morrison) in the Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences.

Elongate, parallel, moderately convex, glabrous, moderately shining,
rufo-piceous, elytra darker. Head broadly concave, minutely punc-
tate. Prothorax with width to length as 1.1 to 1, very slightly nar-
rower posteriorly, apex feebly emarginate, sides very feebly arcuate
and narrowly margined, base very feebly arcuate, disc moderately
convex and transversely flattened anteriorly, surface finely densely
punctate. Elytra parallel, very narrowly margined, apices rotundo-
truncate, surface more coarsely and sparsely punctate than the pro-
notum. More distinctly punctate beneath; abdomen sparsely pube-
scent. Length 2.5, width 1 mm.

This species occurs on Pinus ponderosa (June-Sept.) from Colorado
(Estes Park) and New Mexico (Cloudcroft) to Arizona (Grand Can-
yon, Flagstaff, Santa Catalina Mts.).

4. Stelidota Erichson
Plates 4, 12
Stelidota Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fiir Ent., 4, 300.
Genotype: Nitidula geminata Say.

Body oval, rather convex, moderately small. Head small, clypeus
may or may not be distinct. Antennae a little longer than the head,
first segment strongly enlarged anteriorly, second convex, third to
fifth narrow and elongate, sixth to eighth short, club oval. Antennal
grooves subocular, parallel, and moderately deep. Labrum bilobed.
Mandibles with a small tooth behind the apex, bearded. Lacinia
short, broad, rounded at tip, heavily bearded apically and on inner
side. Maxillary palpi with first segment small, second clavate, third
short and transverse, fourth cylindrical, about as long as the other
three. Ligula with rather small paraglossae; labial palpi with first
segment minute, second clavate, third thick, oblong, with or without a
seta at apex. Mentum transverse, broadly and deeply emarginate
anteriorly. Pronotum as broad or broader than the elytra. Elytra
tapering apically; epipleurae broad, attaining the apices. Prosternal
process broad, elevated and rounded behind the coxae. Mesocoxae
a little further apart than the procoxae. Metacoxae nearly twice as
far apart as the mesocoxae. The male additional dorsal segment may

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 209

be distinctly visible or scarcely evident. Middle and posterior tibiae
sometimes apically dilated in the male. Tarsi moderately dilated.
Claws simple.

Stelidota is intermediate between Epuraea and Ipidia and most
closely related to Epuraea. The Brazilian Pseudostelidota is unknown
to the writer.

The genus Stelidota contains about 40 species which are generally
distributed except in continental Africa. It is primarily a tropical
genus and the three North American species seem to have a Neotropi-
cal origin. The species are found at sap in the spring, and later at
rotten fruit, fungi, and under chips.

Key to Nearctic species

1. Prothorax at apex deeply emarginate, base distinctly bisinuate,

margin broad and deplanate 2

Prothorax at apex feebly emarginate, base truncate, margin narrow

and not deplanate at base strigosa

2. Prothorax arcuately narrowed from base to apex, broadest at base . .

geminata

Prothorax with sides more arcuate at base, so that the thorax is
narrower at base than a little in front octomacalata

Stelidota strigosa (Gyllenhal)

Nitidula strigosa Gyll., 1808, Syn. Insect., 1 (pt. 2), 140.
Nitidula lusca Gyll., loc cit.

Types: of both species from St. Eustatius Isl., Lesser Antilles (Forsstrom)
presumably in the Zool. Mus. of the University, Upsala.

Oval, narrower posteriorly, moderately shining, rather sparsely
pubescent, testaceous to rufo-piceous, elytra indistinctly maculate in
the paler specimens. Prothorax nearly twice as wide as long, nar-
rowed in front, sides arcuate, hind angles subrectangular, margin
narrow not deplanate, disc moderately convex, surface coarsely,
densely, substrigosely punctate. Each elytron not subcostate but
with 11 rows of coarse, closely placed punctures, between which are
rows of sparsely spaced fine punctures, each of which bears a pale hair.
Beneath densely, rather coarsely punctate. Length 1.5 — 2.5 mm.

This species occurs throughout the year but chiefly in the spring
from Michigan (Marquette) and New Jersey to Florida (generally
distributed) west to Kansas (Onaga) and Arizona, south through
Central America and the West Indies into South America.

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Stelidota geminata (Say)

Plates 4, figs. 17-23; pi. 12, fig. 14

Nitidula geminata Say, 1825, Journ. Acad. Philad., 5, 181.
Type: of geminata from eastern United States is lost.

Oval, narrower posteriorly, moderately shining, sparsely punctate,
testaceous to rufo-piceous, elytra with indistinct pale spots. Head
coarsely, densely, shallowly punctate. Prothorax twice as wide as
long, narrower in front, apex deeply emarginate, base Insinuate, sides
regularly arcuate from base to apex, margin broad, deplanate, hind
angles rectangular, disc moderately convex, surface coarsely, densely
punctate. Elytra slightly broader than the pronotum. Each elytron
with 9 costae each of which has a row of fine punctures, each puncture
bearing a short pale hair. Between the costae are rows of large, shallow
punctures. Beneath moderately densely, coarsely punctate. In the
male the middle and posterior tibiae distinctly arcuate, the former
suddenly dilated in its distal half, the latter in the distal third. Length
2-3 mm.

This species occurs (Feb. 20-Oct. 23) chiefly in the spring from
Massachusetts (Tyngsboro, Springfield) to Florida (Capron, Haulover,
Edgewater, Miami, Paradise Key), west to Iowa (Mt. Pleasant), Mis-
souri (St. Louis) and Texas (Columbus), south through Middle
America to Colombia and Brazil.

Stelidota octomaculata (Say)

Nitidula octomaculata Say, 1825, Journ. Acad. Philad., 5, 181.
Stelidota biseriata Reitt., 1874, Verh. Nat. Ver. Briinn, 12, 15.
Types: of octomaculata from the Arkansas River in eastern Colorado is lost;
of biseriata from Baltimore, Maryland, Cuba, and Brazil presumably in
the National Museum, Budapest (Reitter coll.) and a cotype "Am. sept."
in the Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci.
Oval, narrower posteriorly, moderately shining, sparsely pubescent,
dark rufous to piceous, elytra with more or less indistinct pale spots.
Thorax twice as wide as long, narrower in front, apex deeply emargi-
nate, base bisinuate, sides arcuate, more abruptly so posteriorly, hind
angles subrectangular, margin broad, moderately deplanate, surface
densely, coarsely punctate. Elytra as broad as the pronotum. Each
elytron with 9 rows of large, very shallow, oval, closely placed punc-
tures between which are rows of very sparsely placed fine punctures,
each bearing a short pale hair. Beneath coarsely, densely punctate.
In the male the eighth dorsal segment is particularly evident. Length
2.2—3.5 mm.

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 211

Horn placed biseriata as a synonym of geminata, but the cotype in
his collection belongs to octomacidata.

This species occurs (April-Oet., chiefly in the spring) from Ontario
(Toronto) and Quebec (Montreal) to Florida, west to New Mexico
(Las Vegas Hot Springs), Arizona (Tucson), Nebraska (West Pt.),
Michigan (Lansing, Adrian, Marquette), and Wisconsin (Clinton ville).

5. Omosita Erichson

Plate 4, figs. 24-31; pi. 12, fig. 15

Omosita Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 298.
Genotype: Silpha colon Linn.

Oblong oval, moderately convex. Antennae longer than the head,
first segment enlarged, second convex and as long as the third, club
large and compact. Antennal grooves deep, slightly convergent pos-
teriorly. Labrum feebly bilobed. Mandible usually pointed with a
tooth on inner side, but may be blunt and untoothed. Lacinia broad
and rounded at tip, heavily bearded. Maxillary palpi with first seg-
ment small, second much longer and clavate, third shorter than the
second, fourth cylindrical and a little longer than the second. Ligula
with rather large laterally projecting paraglossae, the palpi with first
segment small, the next two long and of equal length. Mentum trans-
verse, emarginate in front. Epipleurae broad and attaining the
elytral apices. Elytra long; pygidium exposed. Prosternal process
broad and expanded behind the coxae. Mesocoxae a little further
apart than the procoxae; metacoxae slightly further apart than the
mesocoxae. Male eighth dorsal segment scarcely visible. The tarsi,
particularly the anterior pair, are strongly dilated. Claws simple.

This genus is more or less intermediate between Nitidula and
Epuraea.

Omosita contains nine species, of which two occur in New Zealand,
one is Indian, one is from Mexico and Guatemala, three are Palaearctic,
and two are Holarctic. There is evidence that the Holarctic forms
originated in the Old World.

Posterior halves of elytra mainly testaceous colon

Posterior halves of elytra mainly piceous discoidca

Omosita (Saprobia) colon (Linn.)

Silpha colon Linn., 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. X, p. 362.
See Grouvelle, 1913, for complete synonymy.

Type: from Europe, presumably in the collection of the Linnaean Society of
London.

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Oval, moderately convex, sparsely pubescent. Piceous, except for
clypeus, antennae, margins of pronotum, some small basal elytral
spots, and a large apical elytral spot, which are testaceous or rufous.
The large apical elytral spot encloses a small piceous spot. Beneath
dark rufous. Prothorax with width to length as 1.6 to 1, margins
broadly renexed, moderately arcuate, surface very densely, coarsely
punctate. Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1 to 1.1, a little
less densely and coarsely punctate than the pronotum. Length 2 —
3.5 mm.

For an account of the biology of colon see Eichelbaum, 1903, All.
Zeitschr. Ent., 8: 81. Comparisons with discoidea are under the latter
species.

This species occurs (April -Sept.) from southeastern Canada to
Florida, west to Texas (Dallas, Brownsville), New Mexico, Missouri
(Kirkwood), Nebraska (West Pt.), Kansas (Topeka, Lawrence), Iowa
(Ames), Oregon (Corvalis) and British Columbia; south into Mexico
(Orizaba and Paso de San Juan, Cordova); also northern Eurasia.

Omosita (Saprobia) discoidea (Fabricius)

Nitidula discoidea Fabr., 1775, Syst. Ent., p. 78.

Nitidula cincta Heer, 1841, Fauna Helvetia, 1, 396.

Omosita inversa Leconte, 1857, Pacific R.R. Rep. App. I, p. 36.

Types: of discoidea from England probably in the British Museum (Banksian

coll.); of cincta from Switzerland in the Ent. Inst, of the Eidgen. Techn.

Hochschule at Zurich; of inversa from San Jose, California in the M.C.Z.

(Leconte coll.).

Oblong oval, moderately convex, rather sparsely pubescent. Above
testaceous, except for the head, antennal club, and posterior third of
elytra, which are piceous. The posterior third of the elytra encloses
several pale spots. Beneath dark rufous. Prothorax with width to
length as 1.6 to 1, margins broad, moderately arcuate, surface densely,
rather coarsely punctate. Elytra conjointly with width to length as
1 to 1.3, more sparsely and finely punctate than the pronotum.
Length 2—3.2 mm.

This species is less oval, more finely punctate, and differently marked
from colon.

This species occurs (April-Sept.) in Europe, Northern Asia, and
from Alaska (Skagway) to southern California (Los Angeles, San Ber-
nadino Mts.), also from Alberta (Edmonton) to New Mexico (Las
Vegas Hot Springs) ; east to Colorado by 1879, to Maryland (Chester-
town) by 1899, and to New Jersey and New York by 1930. Possibly
discoidea was introduced into New Jersey and Maryland directly from
Europe.

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 213

6. Nitidula Fabricius

Plates 5, 12

Nitidula Fabr.. 1775, Syst. Ent. p. 77.
Genotype: Silpha rufipes Linn.

Body oblong, head broad, clypeus indistinct, slightly porrect. An-
tennae a little longer than the head, first segment enlarged, second
convex, third long and slender, club large, nearly round in outline.
Antennal grooves short and slightly convergent. Labrum feebly bi-
lobed. Mandibles with blunt apices and no secondary teeth. Lacinia
broad, rounded at tip, heavily bearded. Maxillary palpi with first seg-
ment small, second much larger and clavate, third smaller than the
second, fourth cylindrical and about as long as the second. Ligula
with large paraglossae; palpi with first segment small, second and
third long and about of equal length. Mentum strongly transverse,
feebly emarginate in front. Prothorax nearly as broad as the elytra.
Elytra long, exposing only the tip of the pygidium; epipleurae broad,
nearly attaining the apices. Prosternal process greatly expanded be-
hind the coxae, but not attaining the metasternum. Mesocoxae a
little further apart than the procoxae; the metacoxae about twice as
far apart as the mesocoxae. Ventral segments about of equal length,
first a little longer than the rest. Tarsi feebly dilated; claws simple.
Male eighth dorsal segment just visible from behind.

This genus seems nearest to Omosita. The beetles breed in carrion
and fungi, and in Europe some species are known to be predaceous on
Scolytidae.

Nitidula contains ten Holarctic, two Nearctic, and three Neotropical
species. Of the American species with Holarctic distribution at least
two, and possibly two more, are introduced. The forms vary much in
shape, pubescence, and markings.

Key to Nearctic Nitidula

1. Each elytron with one pale spot bipunctata

Elytra plain or with other markings 2

2. Unicolorous above, piceous or black 3

Elytra maculate or at least paler than pronotum 4

3. Color black nigra

Color piceous (rarely black) rufipes

4. Pronotum moderately convex 5

Pronotum feebly convex, with yellow margins flavomacvlata

5. Length 3 — 5 mm ziczac

Length 1.6 — 3 mm camaria

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Nitidula bipunctata Linn.

Silpha bipunctata L., 1758, Syst. Nat. ed. X, p. 359.
For complete synonymy see Grouvelle, 1913.

Type: from Europe, probably in the collection of the Linnaean Society of
London.

Broadly oval, moderately convex, densely pubescent, color above
brown to black, beneath somewhat paler and more rufous ; a testaceous
or rufous spot on the disc of each elytron near the suture. Prothorax
with width to length as 1.7 to 1; sides usually broadly reflexed, mod-
erately arcuate, narrowing anteriorly, posterior angles subrectangular.
Head and pronotum densely covered with medium and minute punc-
tures. Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1 to 1.1, finely and
sparsely punctate. Prosternum coarsely punctate. Length 3 — 5 mm.

This species is very variable in color, punctation, and convexity of
pronotum. Specimens from Alberta and Alaska are aberrant in being
black with orange elytral spots, pronotum less convex and with finer
punctation. But these differences are found separately in specimens
from other regions.

This species occurs (April-July) from Alaska (McKinley Park)
through Yukon (Dawson), Manitoba (Aweme), Ontario (Toronto)
to Quebec (Montreal), south to Virginia (Middleton), "Carolina"
(Olivier), Kentucky, west to Texas, Missouri (Sedalia), Kansas
(Topeka), Iowa, and Minnesota; and south in the west to Oregon.

Nitidula nigra Schaeffer

Nitidula nigra Schaef., 1911, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 19, 117.
Type: from Alaska in the Cornell University collection at Ithaca.

Oblong oval, moderately convex, densely pubescent, moderately
shining, dark piceous or black, legs rufous. Prothorax with width to
length as 1.6 to 1, disc rather flat, margins narrowly reflexed, sides
feebly arcuate, narrowing anteriorly, hind angles rectangular, densely
covered with medium and minute punctures. Elytra conjointly with
width to length as 1 to 1.2, finely and sparsely punctate. Length 3.5 —
4 mm.

This species is hardly distinguishable from rufipes but tends to be
black instead of piceous, have the pronotum narrower at apex, its
lateral margins more reflexed, and the surface more sparsely punctate.
Since both nigra and rufipes are very variable, these differences do
not hold true. However, nigra seems to be geographically distinct,
and should probably be a subspecies of rufipes.

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 215

This species occurs (May-Sept.) from Alaska (McKinley Park,
Rampart House) through British Columbia (Cranbrook), Yukon
(Dawson, White Horse), Alberta (Edmonton, Jasper) to Manitoba
(Aweme, Winnipeg). Specimens that are more or less typical have
been seen from as far south as Iowa.

Nitidula rufipes (Linn.)

Plate 5, figs. 6-13

Silpha rufipes L., 1767, Syst. Nat., ed. XII, 2 (pt. 2), 573.
For complete synonymy see Grouvelle, 1913.

Type: from Europe, probably in the collection of the Linnaean Society of
London.

Oblong oval, moderately convex to rather depressed, moderately
densely pubescent, moderately shining, piceous to dark piceous, rarely
black, legs paler. Pro thorax with width to length as 1.6 to 1, rather
depressed or moderately convex, margins narrowly reflexed, sides
feebly arcuate, very slightly narrowed anteriorly, hind angles subrec-
tangular, densely covered with medium and minute punctures. Elytra
conjointly with width to length as 1 to 1.2, finely and sparsely punc-
tate. Length 2 — 4 mm.

This species is very variable in degree of convexity, punctation, and
pubescence. The American examples tend to be more convex than
the European.

This species occurs (April-Sept.) from British Columbia (Peachland,
Quesnel Lake) through Manitoba (Winnipeg) to Ontario (Toronto),
south to Pennsylvania (Harrisburg), west to Kansas, Wisconsin, Lake
Superior (Port Arthur), and Montana.

Nitidula flavomaculata Rossi

Nitidula flavomaculata Rossi, 1790, Fauna Etrusca, 1, 58.
Nitidula flexuosa Oliv., 1790, Ent., 2, 7. PI. 1, fig. 6.
Type: from Italy, probably in the Berlin Museum.

Oblong oval, moderately depressed, densely and finely pubescent.
The color is piceous except for the antennae (except the club), legs,
lateral margins of pronotum, a pair of humeral spots, which may or
may not be contiguous with a pair of discal elytral spots (which may
or may not be contiguous with each other) are testaceous. Prothorax
with width to length as 1.5 to 1, lateral margins slightly narrowed
anteriorly, very narrowly reflexed, moderately arcuate, more strongly

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so at posterior third, hind angles obtuse, surface finely and densely
punctate. Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1 to 1.1, more
finely and sparsely punctate than the pronotum. Length 3 — 5 mm.

This species occurs in Europe, North Africa, and the Near East.
Recently Dodge, 1939, has reported it from Oakland Co. Oct., 1933)
and Alameda Co. (March, 1934), California, also Washington, D. C,
April 13, 1934. The writer has seen specimens from California (Mt.
Diablo, Altamont, Antioch, Davis, Castro Valley) of which the earliest
date is April 1, 1933. C. A. Frost has it from Maine and Massachusetts.
Malkin records it from Manasquan Beach, New Jersey (Journ. N. Y.
Ent. Soc, 1941). Evidently it has been introduced into the west and
east coasts separately and has already become naturalized.

Nitidula ziczac Say
Plate 12, fig. 16

Nitidula ziczac Say, 1825, Journ. Acad. N.S. Philad., 6, 179.

Nitidula uniguttata Melsh., 1846, Proc. Acad. N.S. Philad., 2, 106.

Nitidula humeralis Lee, 1859, Proc. Acad. N.S. Philad., p. 70.

Nitidula inornata Horn, 1879, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 7, 303.

Types: of ziczac from Pennsylvania is lost; of uniguttata from Pennsylvania in
the M.C.Z. (Melsheimer coll.); of humeralis from Fort Tejon, California
in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.); of inornata not found in the Philadelphia
Acad, of Sciences.

Oblong, moderately convex, densely pubescent. Typically the color
is rufo-piceous, the elytra with three longitudinal basal spots and a
median sigmoid band testaceous. The elytra markings may be absent
or vary in their degree of development. Prothorax with width to length
as 1.6 to 1, lateral margins very narrowly reflexed, moderately arcuate,
hind angles obtuse. Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1 to 1.2.
Pronotum and elytra finely, sparsely punctate. The pubescence over
the elytral spots tends to be grey. Length 3 — 5 mm.

This species is extremely variable. The name uniguttata is based on
a very small specimen (3.2 mm) with the elytral markings greatly
reduced. Leconte's humeralis is based on a specimen that is longer
and more convex than usual and has only a juxta-humeral spot.
Horn's inornata is pale piceous and entirely immaculate.

The range of ziczac is (April-October) all over the United States
north to British Columbia (Peachland), Alberta (Lethridge), Mani-
toba (Winnipeg), Michigan (Detroit), and New York (Rochester:
N. Y. State List) ; also south into Mexico.

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 217

NlTIDULA CARNARIA (Schall.)

Silpha carnaria Schall., 1783, Abh. Schrift. Nat. Ges. Halle, 1, 257.
For complete synonymy see Grouvelle, 1913.
Type: from Europe, unknown to the writer.

Oblong oval, moderately convex, densely pubescent, piceous with
two pale spots on each elytron. These spots may be obsolete. Pro-
thorax with width to length as 1.8 to 1, lateral margins very narrowly
re flexed, apex very slightly narrower than the base, sides moderately
arcuate, hind angles obtuse, surface very densely covered with small
and minute punctures. Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1 to
1.2, more finely and sparsely punctate than the pronotum. Length
1.6 — 3 mm.

This is a Palaearctic species which has been introduced into the
United States. Although there is a specimen from "Utah" in the Le-
conte collection, the first definite record seems to be a specimen in the
writer's collection from New York, July 14, 1894. It has since been
found (April-October) from Massachusetts (Cambridge, Lynn Beach)
to New Jersey (Manasquan Beach) and Pennsylvania (Easton), west
to Michigan and Wisconsin; also California (Oakland).

7. Prometopia Erichson

Plates 5, figs. 14-21 ; pi. 12, fig. 17

Prometopia Erichson, 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 279. Genotype:
Nitidula sexmaculata Say.

Body large, oval, depressed. Head large, clypeus indistinct. An-
tennae longer than the head, first segment convex, second short and
convex, third slender and very long as long as next three together,
fourth to eighth short and about of equal length, ninth triangular, club
elliptical. Labrum nearly semicircular, feebly bilobed. Mandibles
prominent, bifid at tip, and a tooth behind the apex. Lacinia slender,
rounded at tip, with a short beard. Maxillary palpi long and slender,
first segment small, second longer and clavate, third longer, and
fourth slender and about as long as the first three. Ligula with small
paraglossae; palpi long and slender, first segment minute, second longer
than the third. Mentum large, semi-circular, anteriorly with a small
deep emargination. Pronotum deeply emarginate anteriorly, sides
broadly explanate, as wide as the elytra. Scutellum small and broad.
Elytra entire, covering the pygidium ; epipleurae very broad, attaining

218 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

the apices. Prosternal process flat, greatly widened behind the coxae,
truncate posteriorly. Mesocoxae twice as far apart as the procoxae,
metacoxae slightly more separated than the mesocoxae. First ventral
segment as long as next two together, second to fifth about of equal
length. Femurs broad and flat. Tarsi very feebly dilated. The male
eighth dorsal segment visible only from beneath. Claws simple.

Prometopia is related to the Palaearctic Ipidia and the Oriental
Parametopia but is not very near any Nearctic genus.

The genus contains 24 species and is lacking in the Palaearctic
region. Only two species, evidently of Neotropical origin, are Nearctic.

Body oval, elytra maculate sexmaculata

Body oblong-oval, elytra unicolorous bidentata

Prometopia sexmaculata (Say)

Nitidula sexmaculata Say, 1825, Journ. Acad. N.S. Philad., 5, 178.

Type: from eastern United States is lost, but there is an autotype from Milton,

Mass., May 2, 1829 in the T. W. Harris collection now on deposit in the

Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Broadly oval to oblong oval, depressed, moderately shining, very
finely and sparsely pubescent, pale to dark piceous, margins rufous,
each elytron with an irregular H-shaped basal spot and a round spot
at apical third rufous, beneath dark rufous. Prothorax twice as wide
as long, narrower in front, apex deeply emarginate, base truncate,
sides feebly arcuate, hind angles subrectangular, margins broadly
explanate, surface covered with rather coarse and very fine punctures
intermixed, each puncture bearing a short hair. Elytra conjointly as
wide as long in the male, slightly longer than wide in the female, surface
rather coarsely punctate, each puncture bearing a short hair. Length
4.5 — 6.5 mm.

This species occurs at sap (April-Sept., chiefly in July) from New
Hampshire (Farmington, Rumney) to Florida, west to Texas (Dallas,
Anahuac), Missouri (St. Louis), Kansas (Douglas Co., Topeka), and
Iowa (Iowa City); also Santa Barbara, California (U.S.N. M.). Speci-
mens from Beeville, Texas and St. Louis, Missouri (U.S.N.M.) are
aberrant in being more oblong, as in bidentata. It hibernates beneath
logs and under bark.

Prometopia bidentata Schaeffer

Prometopia bidentata Schaef., 1909, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brooklyn Inst., 1, 375.
Type: no. 42,561 from Arizona (Huachuca Mts.) in the U.S.N.M.

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 219

More elongate than sexmaculata Say; feebly pubescent; above uni-
colorous piceous, margins of thorax and elytra pale, legs, antennae, and
underside ferruginous. Head coarsely punctate with smaller punctures
intermixed. Prothorax twice as wide as long, sides slightly arcuate,
narrowing anteriorly, apex less deeply emarginate than in sexmaculata,
base truncate, hind angles rectangular, margins less widely explanate
than in sexmaculata, surface covered with intermixed coarse and
fine punctures. Elytra slightly longer than wide, sides feebly narrowing
to apex, apices separately rounded, margins explanate and slightly
reflexed, surface confusedly punctate. Prosternum and metasternum
coarsely punctate; abdomen more finely punctate. Middle and hind
femora obtusely bidentate. Length 6 mm.

This species differs from sexmaculata in being more slender, unicolor-
ous, having narrower margins, and different femora. There is nothing
like it in the British Museum.

Aside from the type, bidentata is known from a specimen in the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences from 6000 ft., Mt. Washington, Nogales,
Arizona, July.

8. Lobiopa Erichson

Plates 5, 13

Lobiopa Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 291.
Cerophorus (pars) Castelnau, 1840, Hist. Nat. Col., 2, 10.
Soronia (pars) Reitter, 1873, Verh. Nat. Ver. Briinn., 12, 46. Horn, 1879,
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 7, 306. Genotype: Lobiopa cimicina Er.

Body oval, large, depressed. Head large, clypeus indistinct, front
lobed over the insertion of the antennae. Antennae a little longer than
the head, first segment very greatly widened anteriorly, second short
convex, third elongate about as long as next three together, fourth to
eighth short, ninth triangular, club oval. Antennal grooves parallel.
Labrum feebly bilobed. Mandibles prominent, bifid at tip, no tooth
behind the apex. Lacinia short, rounded at tip, heavily bearded.
Maxillary palpi with first segment small, third short, second and
fourth long about of equal length. Ligula with large paraglossae, palpi
incrassate, first segment minute, second clavate, third oval about as
long as second. Mentum rectangular, bisinuate anteriorly. Pronotal
margins broadly explanate; pronotum about as wide as the elytra.
Scutellum small and transverse. Elytra entire, covering the pygidium.
not costate; epipleurae not extending around the apices. Prosternal
process greatly expanded behind the coxae, truncate posteriorly.

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Mesocoxae as far apart as procoxae, metacoxae slightly further apart,
First ventral segment as long as next two together, second to fifth
about of equal length. Femurs broad; tarsi very feebly dilated. Claws
simple. The male eighth dorsal segment visible only from beneath.

Lobiopa is most closely related to Soronia but is related also to
Prometopia.

The genus Lobiopa contains about 25 species in the New World
and one at Cape of Good Hope. The species are found at sap and
fungi or under bark.

Key to Nearctic Lobiopa

1 . Six or seven distinct rows of setae on the disc of each elytron 2

About nine distinct rows of setae on the disc of each elytron . . setosa

2. From above, eyes not as long as pronotal emargination is deep 3

From above, eyes as long or longer than pronotal emargination is

deep 5

3. Distinctly less than twice as long as wide 4

Twice as long as wide oblonga

4. Submentum finely punctate, length 3.6 — 5.3 mm undulata

Submentum coarsely punctate, length 5.3 — 6.7 mm falli

5. Above with pubescence, setae, and coarsely punctate, length more

than 4.4 mm 6

Above nearly glabrous, finely punctate, length 3.5 — 4.5 mm

briinneseens

6. Lateral margins narrowly explanate ptmctata

Lateral margins broadly explanate insularis

Lobiopa setosa Harold

Lobiopa setulosa Leconte (non Erichson), 1863, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 6, 63.
Lobiopa seiosa Harold, 1868, Col. Hefte, 4, 104.

Soronia undulata (pars) Horn, 1879, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 7, 307.
Soronia substriata Hamilton, 1893, Can. Ent., 25, 306.

Types: of setosa from Illinois (no. 6972) in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.); of
substriata from Allegheny, Pennsylvania in the Carnegie Museum.

Broadly oval, depressed, finely pubescent, upper surface setaceous,
above piceous with margins testaceous and discs of pronotum and
elytra with irregular testaceous maculae, beneath dark rufous. Head
rather finely densely punctate, pubescent and setaceous, shallowly
bi-impressed between the eyes. Fyes not as long as pronotal emargina-
tion is deep. Pronotum with very broadly explanate, feebly arcuate

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 221

lateral margins, hind angles subrectangular, surface closely, rather
finely punctate, finely pubescent, sparsely setaceous, the distal half of
each seta recurved posteriorly. Prosternal process particularly broad
between the coxae. Scutellum transverse. Elytra with broadly expla-
nate, evenly arcuate margins, surface moderately densely and finely
punctate; nine more or less distinct rows of setae on each elytron.
Beneath finely punctate, finely pubescent. Length 5 — 6.5 mm., width
3.2 — 3.5 mm.

This rare species tends to be broader, more depressed, duller, and
darker than its closest relative undulata. This species occurs (March
21-Xovember) in Massachusetts (Chicopee, Brookline), New York
(Staten Island), Pennsylvania (Alleghenny), Washington, D. C, Vir-
ginia (Fall's Church), North Carolina, Illinois (Fairbury), Michigan
(Detroit), Utah, Washington (Prescott), and British Columbia (Kam-
loops). In Penn. it was found in May under bark of Acer rubrum.

Lobiopa oblonga Parsons

Lobiopa oblonga Pars., 1938, Psyche, 45, 159, fig. 6.

Type: from Marble Fork Bridge, 3000-5000 ft., Sequoia National Park,
California, June 12, 1929; and male allotype, Upper Soda Spring, Siskiyou
County, California, Aug. 6, 1906 in the Calif. Acad. Sci. (Van Dyke coll.).

Length twice the width, oblong, oval, feebly convex. Above dull
rufo-piceous with faint, irregular, pale maculae. Margins of thorax
and elytra rufo-testaceous. Beneath, including antennae and legs,
dark rufo-testaceous. Head pubescent; closely, finely punctate; very
broadly, shallowly impressed between the eyes. The lobes over the
insertion of the antennae more prominent than in all the other North
American species except falli. Prothorax more emarginate anteriorly
than in brunnescens but less so than in the other North American spe-
cies; with broadly explanate, feebly arcuate lateral margins; hind
angles rather broadly rounded; hind margin feebly bisinuate; surface
closel}' finely punctate, finely pubescent, sparsely covered with short
pale setae. Prosternal process relatively more narrow between the
coxae than in the other species. Visible part of scutellum forming an
equilateral triangle. Elytra with broadly explanate, feebly arcuate
margins; closely, finely punctate; finely pubescent; each elytron with
six or seven rows of pale setae. Beneath closely, finely punctate, rather
sparsely pubescent. Length of holotype 5 mm., width 2.5 mm.; allo-
type 4.2 mm., width 2.2 mm.

This species, apparently closest to falli, is distinctive in its oblong

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form. It is less convex than brunnescens, punctata, and falli but more
convex than the other species.

This species occurs (June-August) in California. In addition to the
two types, there are three specimens in the U.S.N.M. (Lake Tahoe,
Idyllwild in the San Jacinto Mts., and one reared Jan. 17 from Libo-
cedrus decurrens at Placerville).

Lobiopa undulata (Say)

Plates 5, figs. 22-28; pi. 13, fig 1

Nitidula undulata Say, 1825, Journ. Acad. N.S. Philad., 5, 179.
Soronia undulata Horn, 1879, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 7, 307.
Lobiopa undulata Sharp, 1890, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Col., 2, pt. 1, p. 321.
Type: from eastern United States is lost.

Broadly oval, feebly convex, feebly shining, finely sparsely pube-
scent. Above piceous, with more or less faint irregular testaceous
maculae. Margins of thorax and elytra testaceous. Beneath, including
antennae and legs, rufous. Head not densely punctulate; front shal-
lowly, semicircularly impressed. Prothorax twice as wide as long;
sides flatly arcuate; hind angles broadly rounded, the angle itself
small, distinct, and retracted; base feebly bisinuate, surface moder-
rately densely, finely punctate at middle, less densely at sides. Elytra
slightly wider than the prothorax, humeral angles feebly dentiform,
each elytron with 7 or 8 rows or setae which are strongly, regularly
recurved backwards, surface more coarsely punctate than the pro-
notum. Beneath finely, sparsely punctate. Length 3.6 — 5.3 mm.,
width 2.3 — 3.1 mm.

This species varies considerably in color, shape, and size. It is
found at sap in the spring and autumn and hibernates beneath logs.

This species occurs (April-Oct., chiefly in the spring at sap) from
Maine to Florida, west to Texas (Harris Co., Alpine, Kerryville, San
Diego), Missouri (Mackenzie City), Nebraska (West Pt.), Kansas
(Wilson Co., Topeka), Iowa (Burlington), and Manitoba; also a
series labelled "Cal." (U.S.N.M.). Sharp's record of undulata from
"northern Sonora" must be falli, since there is Biologia material
labelled "Mex." in the B. M. which is falli.

Lobiopa falli Parsons
Lobiopa falli Pars., 1938, Psyche, 45, 161, fig. 7.
Type: from Arizona in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.).

More oval than oblong; feebly convex. Above dull rufo-piceous
with the margins of the prothorax and elytra rufo-testaceous. Also

parsons: a revision of ne arctic nitidulidae 223

there are on the upper surface faint, irregular, pale maculae, in particu-
lar usually a transverse pale band at the posterior third extending
half way across each elytron. This band is more evident in insularis
and undulata. Beneath rufo-piceous with the legs paler. Head with a
few, thick, erect setae; pubescent; rather coarsely compactly punc-
tate; alutaceous; with a broad, transverse impression between the
eyes; lobes over the insertion of the antennae very prominent, more
so than in the other North American species. Eyes of ordinary
size. Prothorax as emarginate anteriorly as in setosa and undulata,
more so than in insularis in which the prothorax is more emarginate
than in oblonga. Prothorax with lateral margins broadly explanate,
evenly and flatly arcuate, narrowing shortly before the acute hind
angles; hind margin distinctly bisinuate; surface closely and rather
coarsely punctate, alutaceous, pubescent, sparsely covered with thick
setae. Visible part of scutellum forming a strongly transverse triangle.
Elytra with broadly explanate margins; rather close, coarse, obsolete
punctures; alutaceous; finely pubescent; each elytron with about seven
rows of thick setae. Beneath coarsely punctate, sparsely and finely
pubescent. Length 5.3 — 6.7 mm., width 3.1 — 4.1 mm.

This species varies in outline and in color. In the pale specimens
the maculation is most evident, whereas in those that are piceous the
maculation is not discernible. The species is distinctive in the promi-
nent lobes over the insertion of the antennae, transverse scutellum,
and the unusual covering of thick setae. It is apparently related to
undulata; in fact there are specimens from Texas in the Fall collection
which approach falli in the maculation, setae, and frontal lobes. But
in falli the scutellum is more transverse, punctures beneath more
coarse, and shape usually more oval.

The range of falli is central and southern Arizona east to Alpine,
and Chisos Mts., Texas (May- August).

Lobiopa brunnescens (Blatchley)

Soronia brunnescens Blatch., 1917, Can. Ent., 49, 238.

Type: from Dunedin, Florida (June 10) at Purdue University (Blatchley
coll.) and a paratype is in the U.S.N.M.

Oblong, oval, moderately convex. Uniformly pale reddish-brown,
legs slightly paler. There may be a trace of maculation which is like
that of insularis. Head finely, sparsely punctate, broadly impressed
between the eyes. Prothorax two-thirds wider than long, apex broadly
and shallowly emarginate; sides flatly, evenly arcuate, hind angles

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obtuse, lateral margins moderately broadly explanate, surface sparsely
and evenly punctate. Elytra slightly wider than the prothorax, mar-
gins evenly arcuate and more broadly explanate than the pronotum,
punctate like the pronotum, surface glabrous. Abdomen minutely
pubescent, finely and densely punctate. Length 3.5 mm.

Specimens from Louisiana have the pronotum slightly more coarsely
punctate than in the types. See under punctata for comparisons with
the nearest relative of brunnescens. Aside from the type locality
brunnescens is known from Covington, Louisiana, June 13 and Martha's
Vineyard, Mass., Aug. 31, 1931 in the New England Museum of
Natural History.

Lobiopa punctata Parsons

Lobiopa -punctata Pars., 1938, Psyche, 46, 163, fig. 4.
Type: from Miami, Florida in the M.C.Z. (Fall coll.).

Oblong oval, rather strongly convex, shining, rufo-testaceous above
and beneath. Head sparsely pubescent, closely, coarsely punctate;
broadly impressed between the eyes; frontal lobes more transverse
than in the other North American species. Prothorax as emarginate
in front as brunnesccns, therefore less emarginate than in the other
North American species; lateral margins narrowly explanate and
evenly arcuate; hind angles broadly rounded, the angle itself obtuse;
hind margin feebly Insinuate; surface closely, coarsely punctate, with
sparse pubescence and sparser small setae. Prosternal process only
slightly reflexed behind the coxae. Elytra with narrowly explanate,
feebly arcuate lateral margins; eight rows of small setae on each ely-
tron; finely pubescent; each elytron with two pale spots extending
across anterior median angle, a transverse pale band across inner half
at posterior third, and center somewhat darker. Beneath closely,
coarsely punctate, finely pubescent. Length 5.2 — 4.5 mm., width
3.1 — 2.5 mm.

Described from four males; holotype and paratype from Miami,
Florida, March 11, 1924 in the M.C.Z. (Fall coll.); one paratype from
Miami, Florida, March 31, in the Calif. Acad. Sci. (Van Dyke coll.);
and a paratype from Balaclava, Jamaica, A. E. Wright in the M.C.Z.

This species is apparently closest to brunnesccns, particularly in the
convexity of the body, and degree of emargination of the pronotum.
It differs from brunnesccns in its larger size, much coarser punctation
and pubescence, narrower lateral margins, and in the prosternal process
being only slightly arched longitudinally between the coxae; whereas

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 225

in brunnescens the prosternal process is strongly arched between the
coxae and reflexed posteriorly.

Lobiopa insularis (Castelnau)

Nitidula insularis Cast., 1840, Hist. Nat. Col., 2, 10 (Cerophorus).

Lobiopa contaminata Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitsehr. fur Ent., 4, 296.

Lobiopa decumana Er., loc. cit., p. 295.

Lobiopa dimidiata Er., loc. cit., p. 295.

Lobiopa grandis Er., loc. cit., p. 294.

Types: of insidaris from Cuba probably in the Paris Museum; of contaminata
(Brazil), of decumana (Cuba), of dimidiata (St. Thomas, Antilles. Col-
ombia), of grandis (Para, Brazil) all in the Berlin Museum.

Oval, feebly convex, moderately shining, finely sparsely pubescent.
Color dark rufous except that the discs of the pronotum and elytra
are piceous broken by rufous spots, particularly by a pale band. Head
very shallowly, semicircularly impressed between the eyes, sparsely,
rather coarsely punctate. Prothorax nearly twice as wide as long,
lateral margins broadly explanate, feebly arcuate, hind angles obtuse,
hind margin feebly bisinuate, surface rather coarsely, sparsely punc-
tate, disc covered with straight, subclavate setae. Elytra more vaguely,
coarsely punctate than the pronotum, margins broadly explanate,
each elytron with 7 rows of nearly straight, obliquely set, subclavate
setae. Beneath very finely sparsely punctate. Length 5 — 6.5 mm.,
width 3.2—4.1 mm.

As the synonymy indicates, insularis is a highly variable species.
It is more shining than usual, has distinctive setae, and is more oval
than undulata.

This species occurs (May-November) from Georgia (Savannah,
Valdosta) to Florida (Orange Co.), west through Alabama (Mobile,
Kushla) to Texas (Harris Co., Brownsville), south through Central
America and the West Indies to Colombia and Brazil.

9. Soronia Erichson

Plate 6

Soronia Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitsehr. fur Ent., 4, 277.

Genotype: Nitidula punctatissima Uliger. (cf. Plate 6, figs. 1-7).

Oblong, oval, large, depressed. Head large, clypeus indistinct, front
lobed over the insertion of the antennae. Antennae longer than the
head, first segment greatly widened anteriorly, second short convex,

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third elongate about as long as fourth and fifth together, sixth to eighth
short, ninth trapezoidal, club oval. Antennal grooves strongly con-
vergent posteriorly. Labrum large, feebly bilobed or emarginate.
Mandibles with simple apex, an acute cusp behind the tip, bearded.
Lacinia short, rounded at tip, and heavily bearded. Maxillary palpi
with first segment small, second long, slightly clavate, third short,
fourth as long as the second and third together. Ligula with large
paraglossae, palpi incrassate, first segment minute, second subclavate,
third enlarged, longer than the second. Mentum transverse, bisinu-
ately emarginate in front. Pronotal margins broadly explanate; pro-
notum about as wide as the elytra. Visible part of scutellum small,
not very transverse. Elytra entire, covering the pygidium, feebly
costate, epipleurae may extend to the suture. Prosternal process
greatly expanded behind the coxae, truncate posteriorly. Mesocoxae
as far apart as procoxae, metacoxae twice as far apart as mesocoxae.
First ventral segment not as long as the next two together, second to
fifth about of equal length. Femurs broad, tarsi very feebly dilated,
claws simple. The male eighth dorsal segment small, visible from
beneath.

Soronia is nearest to Lobiopa but is more oblong, and has different
antennal grooves, mentum, antennae, etc.

The genus Soronia contains about 30 species, generally distributed
in the Old World, but only three species are known from the New
World, one each from North America, Brazil, and Mexico to Brazil.
In temperate regions at least the beetles occur at sap under the bark
of deciduous trees.

Soronia guttulata (Leconte)

Lobiopa guttulata Lee, 1863, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 6, 64.

Type : described from a specimen collected by Ulke in Illinois. In the Leconte
collection (M.C.Z.) there is no specimen from Illinois but there is one
from Canada bearing the Leconte's name label and labelled "type, 6970.

Elongate oval, feebly convex, feebly shining, finely, sparsely pube-
scent. Dark rufous, head and discs of the pronotum and elytra piceous,
broken by more or less vague pale maculae, particularly a testaceous
band across inner half of each elytron at posterior three-fifths. Head
with sinuous impression between the eyes, rather densely, finely punc-
tate. Prothorax slightly less than twice as wide as long, narrowed in
front, apex broadly, rather deeply emarginate, margins broadly ex-
planate, feebly arcuate, slightly sinuate just before the sub-rectangu-

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 227

lar hind angles, base feebly bisinuate, disc with about four vague
foveae on each side and sometimes a median impression, surface
moderately densely finely punctate. Elytra slightly broader than the
prothorax, margin moderately broad, slightly reflexed, each elytron
with about five vague costae, surface more sparsely punctate than the
pronotum. Beneath densely punctate, presternum sparsely punctate.
Length 5 — 6 mm., width 2.8 mm.

This rare species occurs usually under the bark of Pinus ponderosa
(April-Oct.) in Canada (probably Ottawa), New York, Pennsylvania,
Michigan, Iowa, Montana (Columbia Falls, reared Oct. 24 at Lame-
deer), Idaho (Stiles, Smith's Ferry), Colorado (Evergreen), Nevada,
Arizona (Santa Catalina Mts.), California (McCloud, Carrville,
Facht, Lookout, Monterey Co., Jan. 6, under bark of Pinus radiata).

10. Phenolia Erichson
Plates 6, figs. 8-15; pi. 12, fig. 18

Phenolia Erichson, 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 299.
Genotype: Nitidula grossa Fabr.

Elongate oval, moderately convex, large. Head large, feebly im-
pressed between the eyes, clypeus indistinct, front not lobed over the
insertion of the antennae. Antennae longer than the head, first seg-
ment strongly convex, widened anteriorly but not auriculate, second
short but only slightly more convex than the next, third to eighth be-
coming progressively shorter, club abrupt and compact. Antennal
grooves d'eep, parallel. Labrum feebly bilobed. Mandibles bifid at
tip, not toothed on inner side, feebly bearded. Lacinia short, rounded
at tip, heavily bearded. Maxillary palpi with first segment small,
second clavate, third short, fourth as long as second and third together.
Paraglossae short and transverse, palpi incrassate, first segment min-
ute, second clavate, third as long as the second and thick. Mentum
feebly, bisinuately emarginate in front. Pronotal margins broadly
explanate; pronotum not as wide as the elytra. Scutellum small, not
strongly transverse. Elytra entire, covering the pygidium; feebly cos-
tate; epipleurae extending to the apex of the elytra but not to the
suture. Prosternal process broad between the coxae, expanded and
truncate behind. Procoxae and mesocoxae equally far apart, meta-
coxae twice as far apart as the mesocoxae. First ventral segment as
long as the next two together, second to fifth of equal length. Anterior
tarsi feebly, middle more feebly, and posterior very feebly dilated.
Claws simple. Male eighth dorsal segment visible only from beneath.

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Phenolia is most closely related to Soronia. Unfortunately the
Madagascan Ornosia and Idosoronia are unknown to the writer.

The genus Phenolia consists only of one eastern Nearctic species,
found beneath bark and in fungi.

Phenolia grossa (Fabricius)

Nitidula grossa Fabr., 1801, Syst. Eleuth., 1, 347.

Type: from "Carolina" presumably in the Paris Museum (Bosc coll.).

Elongate oval, nearly glabrous, feebly shining, moderately convex-
Dark rufo-piceous, elytra, except margins, darker with rufous spots-
Head with very coarse, shallow punctures. Prothorax less than twice
as wide as long, apex a little narrower than base, margins broadly
explanate, slightly reflexed, moderately arcuate, slightly sinuate before
the subrectangular hind angles, base feebly bisinuate, disc faintly
impressed on each side of middle, alutaceous, coarsely and finely punc-
tate. Elytra with rather narrow margins, each elytron with seven
feeble costae, a row of fine punctures, each bearing a short hair, along
each costa, the intervals vaguely, biseriately, coarsely punctate. Be-
neath densely, presternum less densely, punctate. Length 6 — 8.5 mm.

This species occurs (April-Sept.) from Ontario (Toronto) and Maine
to North Carolina (Asheville, Retreat), and Alabama (Wadley), west
to Texas, Missouri (St. Louis), Arkansas (Hope), Iowa (Mt. Pleasant,
Guttenberg), and Minnesota (Itaska Park); also Wyoming.

11. Amphotis Erichson

Ampkotis Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitsehr. fur Ent., 4, 290.
Soronia (pars) Horn, 1879, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 7, 287.
Genotype: Nitidula marginata Fabr.

Elongate oval, moderately convex, large. Head moderately large,
clypeus indistinct, front broadly Iobed over the insertion of the an-
tennae. Antennae as long as the head, first segment strongly convex,
widened anteriorly but not auriculate, second short and convex, third
narrow, third to eighth progressively more convex and shorter,
club rather small, oval, compact. Antennal grooves deep, parallel.
Labrum large, feebly bilobed. Mandibles with simple apex, an acute
cusp behind the tip, feebly bearded. Lacinia short, rounded at tip,
heavily bearded. Maxillary palpi with first segment minute, second
short and clavate, third slightly shorter than the second, fourth as
long as the first three together. Ligula with very small paraglossae,

parsons: A REVISION of nearctic nitidulidae 229

palpi moderately incrassate, first segment minute, second clavate, as
long as the third. Mentum deeply emarginate and strongly bisinuate
in front. Pronotal margins broadly explanate; pronotum nearly as
wide as the elytra. Scutellum small, moderately transverse. Elytra
entire, covering the pygidium, costate; epipleurae extending to the
suture. Prosternal process greatly expanded behind the coxae, trun-
cate posteriorly. All the coxae equally far apart. First ventral seg-
ment at middle as long as the next two together, second to fifth about
of equal length. Tarsi very feebly dilated; claws simple. Male eighth
dorsal segment small, visible from beneath.

Grouvelle places Amphotis among tropical Old World genera
unknown to the writer.

The genus contains three Palaearctic and two Nearctic species,
which are mainly myrmecophilous, but are also found under bark at
fungi or on flowers.

Each elytron with six long costae ulkei

Each elytron with eight long costae schwarzi

Amphotis ulkei Leconte
Plates 7, figs. 1-8; pi. 13, fig. 2

Amphotis ulkei Lee, 1866, Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad., p. 376.

Soronia ulkei Horn, 1879, Trans. Amar. Ent. Soc, 7, 307.

Type: lectotype no. 6971 from Washington, D. C. and a cotype from Massa-
chusetts in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.); cotype presumably in the Carnegie
Museum (Ulke coll.).

Elongate oval, depressed, feebly shining, nearly glabrous. Testaceous
to chestnut brown, sometimes a faint rufous band on elytra at
posterior three-fifths; discs of pronotum and elytra tending to be
darker. Head not impressed, densely rather finely punctate. Pro-
thorax one and one-half times as broad as long, narrowed in front,
apex very deeply emarginate, base very feebly bisinuate, margins
broadly explanate, feebly arcuate, hind angles subrectangular, surface
densely, rather finely punctate, sometimes very sparsely pubescent.
Elytra slightly wider than the pronotum; humeral angles slightly
dentiform; margins broad and reflexed; with a sutural and five discal
costae; along each costa is a row of fine punctures each of which bears
a pale, recumbent hair; the intervals irregularly, transversely, coarsely
punctate; margin more sparsely and finely punctate. Beneath densely,
presternum less densely, punctate. Length 6-7.5 mm.

This species occurs (April-Oct.). from Massachusetts (West Chop,
Tyngsboro, Springfield) to North Carolina (Welton) and South

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Carolina (Long Creek); also "Texas" (U.S.N.M.) in the nests of
Formica schanfussi, F. Integra, F. truncicola obscuriventris, and Cre-
matogaster lineolata. It is strictly myrmeeophilous in the early spring
but in the fall of the year is found in decaying fungi.

Amphotis schwarzi Ulke

Amphotis schicarzi Ulke, 1887, Ent. Amer., 3, 77.

Type: from Ft. Monroe, Virginia (June 17) in the Carnegie Museum (Ulke
coll.).

Similar to ulkei. Color testaceous to dark rufo-piceous. Differs from
idkei as follows : somewhat less oval, smaller, sides of prothorax more
flatly arcuate, margins of elytra more narrow and less reflexed, eight
instead of six elytral costae, and the mentum narrower and less
emarginate in front. Length 5-5.2 mm.

This species occurs (June, Dec, Feb., March) from Virginia (Ft.
Monroe) through North Carolina (Southern Pines), South Carolina,
Georgia (Atlanta), to Alabama (Spring Hill, Mobile, Langdale,
Chambers Co.).

12. Thalycra Erichson

Plate 7, figs. 9-16; pi. 13, fig. 4

Thalycra Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fiir Ent., 4, 305.
Genotype: Nitidula fervida Oliv.

Oblong oval, moderately small, convex, sparsely pubescent. Head
moderately small, clypeus indistinct, prolonged at middle, sides
parallel; front not lobed or impressed. Antennae longer than the
head, first segment strongly convex, second short, convex, as long as
the third, fourth to seventh shorter, eighth short and very strongly
transverse, club strongly convex, nearly round, and closely coadapted.
No antennal grooves distinctly defined. Labrum large, bilobed. Man-
dibles with simple apex, a large, acute cusp behind and sometimes
very near the tip, feebly bearded. Maxillary palpi with first segment
minute, second rather short and clavate, third shorter than the second,
and the fourth tapering as long as the second and third together.
Ligula with large laterally projecting paraglossae, palpi incrassate,
first segment small, second long and clavate, third a little longer than
the second, oval, truncate at tip. Mentum rectangular; feebly,
arcuately emarginate in front. Prothorax nearly as broad as the
elytra, margins very narrow. Elytra entire, exposing only the tip

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 231

of the pygidium. Scutellum rather large, triangular. Epipleurae
extend to the elytral apices. Prosternal process expanded and strongly
reflexed dorsad behind the coxae. Mesosternum not carinate. Coxae
all about equidistant. First ventral segment about as long as next
two together. Fifth ventral segment nearly as long as preceding two,
segments two to four of equal length. Anterior tibiae triangularly
dilated (less so in the female), the outer apical angle dentiform; middle
and posterior tibiae spinulose externally and at tip. Anterior tarsi
very broadly dilated, middle less broadly and the posterior tarsi feebly
dilated. Claws simple. Male eighth dorsal segment small, visible from
behind.

Thalycra is very closely related to Perthalycra. Comparisons will
be found under the latter genus. It is also closely related to Xeno-
strongylus, Neoihalycra, Thalycrodcs, and perhaps other genera.

The genus is found by sweeping grass and flowers in late afternoon,
also at sap under bark, or in fungi.

Thalycra contains one species in north and middle Europe and one
very rare species in the United States and Canada.

Thalycra concolor Leconte

Thalycra cmicolor Lee, 1850, in Agassiz, Lake Superior, p. 223.
Type: no. 6980 from the north shore of Lake Superior in the M.C.Z. (Leconte
coll.).

Oblong oval, convex, moderately shining, sparsely pubescent.
Color uniformly rufo-ferruginous. Head sparsely punctate in the
center. Prothorax a little less than twice as wide as long, narrower
in front, base very feebly bisinuate, apex very feebly emarginate,
lateral margins very narrow, finely fimbriate, hind angles obtuse,
surface densely, rather finely punctate. Elytra conjointly with width
to length as 1 to 1.2, margins finely fimbriate, surface as coarsely
punctate as the pronotum but less densely, the punctures becoming
rapidly finer until they are obsolete near the apex. Presternum very
sparsely finely punctate. Mesosternum and abdomen coarsely and
moderately densely punctate. Length 3.2-3.5 mm.

This species is very near the European species and would be con-
sidered the same as fervida if the two species were not so completely
isolated from each other. However, concolor is somewhat more
sparsely punctate and the elytra are slightly more attenuate apically.

In addition to the male type, the writer has seen a specimen from

232 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Det[roit, Michigan], September in the U.S.N.M. Ulke, 1902, records
one specimen from the District of Columbia; presumably it is in the
Carnegie Museum (Ulke coll.).

13. Perthalycra Horn

Plates 7, figs. 9-16; pi. 13, fig. 5

Perthalycra Horn, 1879, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 7, 309.
Genotype: Perthalycra murrayi Horn.

Similar to Thalycra but differing as follows. Clypeus is a little
more distinct. Antennae with eighth segment not so strongly trans-
verse; club more abrupt and compact. Anterior tibiae more slender
apically, with apical margin dentate posteriorly, anterior margin more
or less distinctly bidentate at middle; middle and posterior tibiae
more strongly spinulose. Lacinia is relatively longer and the mentum
is less emarginate in front. Anterior tarsi moderately dilated in the
male only; middle and hind tarsi not dilated.

Perthalycra is very closely related to Thalycra since most of the
differences are hardly of generic importance.

The habits are probably the same as in Thalycra.

Apical angle of anterior tibiae bifid murrayi

Apical angle of anterior tibiae simple Carolina

Perthalycra murrayi Horn

Perthalycra murrayi Horn, 1879, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 7, 310.
Type: from San Francisco, California, Oregon, and western Nevada, cotypes
in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.) and the Philadelphia Acad, of Nat. Sciences.

Oblong oval, convex, feebly shining, sparsely pubescent. Color
usually castaneous but may be pale testaceous or piceous. Head and
pronotum densely, moderately coarsely punctate. Prothorax with
width to length as 1.5 to 1, narrowed in front, apex feebly emarginate,
sides very narrowly margined, moderately arcuate, finely fimbriate,
hind angles obtuse, surface densely, rather coarsely punctate. Elytra
conjointly with width to length as 1 to 1.2, apices feebly truncate,
margins finely fimbriate, surface more sparsely and finely punctate
than the pronotum. Beneath moderately densely punctate; the pro-
sternum very sparsely punctate. Length 3-5 mm.

Although murrayi varies considerably in size, color, convexity, and
punctation, all gradations are apparent. An example in the Fall
collection has the prosternum rather densely punctate.

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 233

This species occurs (May -Sept.) from British Columbia (Kaslo)
and Alberta (Jasper) through Montana (Gallatin Co., Bear Paw Mts.,
Cooke), Idaho, Washington (Longmire, Mt. Bonaparte, Lake Cres-
cent), Oregon, to California (generally distributed), Nevada (Lake
Tahoe), Arizona (Prescott, McNary, 7200 ft., White Mts., Gila Co.,
7200-11000 ft.), New Mexico (Rincau, Pecos, Las Vegas Hot Springs),
Colorado (Copeland Park, Boulder Co.), and Wyoming (Nat. Park).

Perthalycra Carolina Wickham

Perthalycra Carolina Wickham, 1920, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 22, 233.
Type: no. 23,727 from Southern Pines, North Carolina and para type from
Pensacola, Florida in the U.S.N. M.

Oblong oval, convex, moderately shining, sparsely pubescent. Color
yellowish testaceous to castaneous. Sometimes the head is darker
and rarely each elytron has an obsolete, dark, discal spot. Head
sparsely, finely punctate. Prothorax with width to length as 1.7 to 1,
narrowed in front, apex feebly emarginate, sides very narrowly
margined, moderately arcuate, finely fimbriate, hind angles obtuse,
surface sparsely, rather finely punctate. Elytra conjointly with width
to length as 1 to 1.3, margins fimbriate, slightly more sparsely punc-
tate than the pronotum. Beneath sparsely punctate; prosternum
smooth (sparsely punctate in the Maryland specimen). Length 3.5-4.5
mm.

This species differs from murrayi in the apical angle of the anterior
tibiae being simple not bifid (feebly bifid in the Maryland specimen),
the apex of the pronotum slightly more strongly emarginate, more
finely and sparsely punctate above, more sparsely punctate beneath,
and in the usually smooth prosternum.

This rare species occurs from Maryland (Glen Echo in the U.S.N.M.)
through North Carolina (Southern Pines, Nov. 23, in the U.S.N.M.
and M.C.Z.: Fall coll.), "Ga." in the M.C.Z.: Fall coll., to Florida
(Pensacola, Dec. 5, in the U.S.N.M. and Ormond in the A.M.N.H.).

14. Quadrifrons Blatchley

Quadrifrons Baltch., 1916, Can. Ent., 48, 92.
Genotype: Quadrifrons castaneus Blatch.

Labrum small, its front edge broadly rounded, not emarginate.
Front and clypeus projecting abruptly from head, subquadrate, its

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sides parallel. Last joint of maxillary palpi oblong-eylindrical. Head
without antennal grooves. Antennae reaching middle of thorax, first
joint robust, obeonieal, second oval, one-length of third, which is
slender and clavate; 4-8 short, as wide as long, closely united; club
large, subglobose, 3-jointed, the sutures distinct, the two basal joints
subequal, strongly transverse, the last joint obtusely conical, smaller
but distinct. Eyes small, very prominent, coarsely granulated. Pro-
sternal spine prolonged and convex between the coxae, then abruptly
bent downward; mesosternum not carinate. Front tibiae with outer
apical angle greatly prolonged in the form of a large triangular tooth,
the outer sharp edge of the tibiae behind this projection curved and
minutely serrate, the inner apical angle with a short spine. Middle
and hind tibiae each armed at apex with two short, slender spines,
their outer angles more or less produced, front tarsi feebly dilated,
middle and hind ones slightly broadened; claws simple.

Related to Perthalycra, but the front more abrupt, labrum not
bilobed, presternum bent abruptly downward behind the front coxae
and structure of front tibiae radically different.

Quadrifrons castaneus Blatchley

Quadrifrons castaneous Blatch., 1916, Can. Ent., 48, 92-93.
Type: from Dunedin, Florida at Purdue University (Blatchley coll.) at
Lafayette, Indiana.

Oblong-oval, convex. Above dark reddish or chestnut-brown, rather
thickly clothed with slender, prostrate golden-yellow hairs, those
along the margins of thorax, elytra and legs longer and erect, forming
a fringe; antennae, legs, and under surface somewhat paler reddish-
brown. Head nearly three times as wide as front, finely and sparsely
granulate. Thorax convex, more than twice as wide as long, sides
broadly rounded, apex feebly and broadly emarginate, base truncate,
hind angles rounded; disc minutely alutaceous, finely and sparsely
granulate-punctate, each puncture bearing a prostrate yellow hair.
Scutellum very large, semi-oval, its apex broadly rounded. Elytra
oblong, convex, scarcely as wide as the middle of thorax, one-third
longer than wide, sides very feebly curved to apical fifth, then broadly
rounded into the subtruncate apex, disc not striate, sculptured and
pubescent like the thorax. Pygidium rather widely exposed, finely
and sparsely granulate-punctate. Abdomen finely and rather closely
punctate. Length 3.2 mm.

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 235

This rare species was collected on April 5 beneath a decaying woody
fungus at Dunedin, Florida. Since it is unknown to the writer, the
generic and specific description is copied from Blatchley.

15. Pocadius Erichson
Plates 8, 13

Pocadius Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 318.
Genotype : Nitidula ferruginens Fabr.

Broadly oval, convex, sparsely pubescent. Head broad, clypeus
moderately distinct. Antennae as long as the head, first segment large
and convex, second moderately convex, as long as the third, third to
fifth more slender, six to eighth strongly transverse, club large, oval,
and compact. Antennal grooves deep and convergent. Labrum rather
prominent, feebly bilobed. Mandibles with simple apex, an acute
tooth behind the tip, feebly bearded. Lacinia rather short, rounded
at tip, moderately heavily bearded. Maxillary palpi with first segment
minute, second long and subclavate, third short, fourth as long as the
second and third together. Ligula with laterally projecting para-
glossae, palpi slender, first small, second subclavate, as long as the
third. Mentum rectangular, feebly emarginate in front. Prothorax
not as broad as the elytra. Elytra entire but exposing the pygidium;
epipleurae broad and attaining the apices. Scutellum long. Pro-
sternal process convex between the coxae; tip with conical protuber-
ance. Mesosternum not carinate. Coxae all about equidistant. First
and fifth ventral segments of equal length, each as long as second and
third combined, second to fourth of equal length. Anterior tibiae
slender, outer apical angle spiniform; middle and posterior tibiae
finely spinulose externally. Tarsi all slender, claws simple. Male
eighth dorsal segment visible from above.

This genus is not very closely related to any other in the Nearctic
region, but it is near various old world genera, such as Macroura,
Pocadltes, and Pocadiodes; and so probably originated in Asia.

In addition to the four Nearctic species of Pocadius, there are
known seven from Asia, two from Brazil, and one each from Argentina,
Cuba, Europe, and Africa. The species are found in the puff-balls,
Lycopcrdon spp.

236 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Key to Nearctdc Pocadius

1. Prosternum in profile strongly arcuate fulvipennis

Prosternum in profile moderately arcuate or nearly plane 2

2. Prosternum behind the coxae plane, not denexed basalis

Prosternum behind the coxae more or less deflexed 3

3. Pronotum black with hind angles obtusely rounded niger

Pronotum testaceous to piceous, hind angles acutely rounded ....

helvolus

Pocadius fulvipennis Erichson

Plate 8, fig. 11

Pocadius fulvipennis Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 319.

Pocadius dorsalis Horn, 1879, Trans. Amer. Ent., 7, 311.

Types: of fulvipennis from Mexico in the Berlin Museum; of dorsalis from

California, a cotype no. 7966 in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.) and a cotype

in the Philad. Acad. Nat. Sciences.

Oval, moderately convex, moderately shining, sparsely pubescent.
The color varies from black with a red basal spot on each elytron to
testaceous. Head coarsely, rather densely punctate. Prothorax twice
as wide as long, narrowed in front, apex feebly emarginate, base
arcuate at middle sinuate at sides, sides feebly arcuate, narrowly
explanate, hind angles subrectangular, surface sparsely covered with
coarse and fine punctures. Elytra conjointly with width to length as
1 to 1.1, sutural angles not dentiform, surface with ten rows of closely
placed, but feebly impressed quadrate punctures, intervals flat with
a single series of fine punctures. Length 2.5-4.2 mm.

This beetle is less oval, more depressed, and differently colored than
helvolus. Its range is (April-June, March 17) Washington (Olympia,
Seattle) to California (Marin Co., Trinity Co., Los Angeles Co.) and
it is found in the puff-ball Lycoperdon giganteuvi.

Pocadius basalis Schaeffer

Plate 8, fig. 8

Pocadius basalis Schaef., 1911, Journ. New York Ent. Soc, 19, 117.
Type: from the Huachuca Mts., Arizona, August 29 in the U.S.N.M.; a
paratype in the M.C.Z. (Liebeck coll.).

Broadly oval, moderately convex, moderately shining, sparsely
pubescent. Color reddish-brown, apical two-thirds of elytra some-
times darker. Head coarsely, rather sparsely punctate. Prothorax

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 237

with width to length as 1.8 to 1, narrowed in front, apex feebly emar-
ginate, base very feebly sinuate at sides, sides moderately arcuate,
very narrowly explanate, hind angles subrectangular, surface sparsely
covered with coarse and fine punctures. Elytra with width to length
as 1 to 1.2, sutural angles feebly dentiform, surface with ten rows of
rather closely placed, shallow, oval punctures, intervals flat with a
single series of fine punctures. Length 3.8 mm.

The punctation of the pronotum is coarser than in helvolus and
fulviperinis; the pronotal sides are more arcuate than in fulvipennis;
but basalis is about as convex as the latter and less so than in the
other species.

This rare species is known from the holotype and three paratypes
from the type locality, and one without label in the U.S.N.M., a para-
type from Palmerlee, Cochise Co., Arizona, Aug. 29 in the M.C.Z.
(Liebeck coll.) and a specimen evidently collected with the types in
the writer's collection (ex Leng coll.).

Pocadius nicer Parsons

Plate 8, fig. 10

Pocadius niger, Pars., 1936, Psyche, 43, 116-117.

Type: from Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexico, June 8 in the U.S.N.M.;

paratypes in the M.C.Z. (general coll., Fall coll.) and in the writer's

collection.

Broadly oval, convex, moderately shining, sparsely pubescent.
Head and pronotum black, elsewhere dark piceous except for a some-
what triangular reddish brown spot on each elytron. Head coarsely,
rather densely punctate. Prothorax with width to length as 1.8 to 1,
narrowed in front, apex feebly emarginate, base very feebly sinuate,
sides moderately and evenly arcuate, very narrowly explanate, hind
angles obtusely rounded, surface sparsely covered with coarse and
fine punctures. Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1 to 11,
sutural angles feebly dentiform, each elytron with ten rows of oval,
shallow punctures, intervals flat, irregularly biseriately punctulate.
Length 3.2-4.3 mm.

The color and the irregular biseriate elytral punctation (also in
helvolus) will at once distinguish this species. Also the hind angles of
the pronotum are more obtuse than usual, and the pronotum is
slightly more convex even than in helvolus.

The range is (June-August) New Mexico (Las Vegas Hot Springs)
and Arizona (Pinal Mts., Sierra Ancha Mt's.).

238 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Pocadius helvolus Erichson
Plate 8, figs. 1-7, 9; pi. 13, fig. 15

Pocadius helvolus Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 320.

Pocadius breviusculus Reitter, 1876, Stettiner Ent. Zeit., 37, 318.

Pocadius infuscatus Reitter, 1874, Verh. Nat. Ver. Briinn, 12, 94.

Pocadius limbatus Reitter, 1874. Verh. Nat. Ver. Briinn, 12, 95.

Types: of helvolus from eastern United States in the Berlin Museum; of
breviusculus from North America in the Paris Museum; of infuscatus
from North America presumably in the National Museum at Budapest
(Reitter coll.); and of limbatus from North America presumably in the
Mus fur Naturkunde at Stettin.

Broadly oval, convex, moderately shining, sparsely pubescent.
Color usually ferrugineous but varies from pale testaceous to dark
ferrugineous with the elytra black except at median basal third.
Prothorax with width to length as 1.9 to 1, narrowed in front, apex
feebly emarginate, base sinuate on each side, sides feebly arcuate,
very narrowly explanate, hind angles subrectangular, surface rather
densely covered with coarse shallow punctures intermixed with fine
punctures. Elytra conjointly with width to length as 1 to 1.1, sutural
angles more or less feebly dentiform, each elytron with ten rows of
vaguely impressed punctures, the intervals very slightly convex,
irregularly biseriately punctulate. Length 3-4 mm.

This species varies considerably in convexity, punctation, and
color. Horn, 1879, who saw Reitter 's types, says that breviusculus
is a small form found in the Gulf States, infuscatus merely a stained
specimen, and limbatus a color variety. Some of the limbatus variety
(with darkened elytra) tend to be less convex than usual. The writer,
1936, recorded helvolus from Cuba because limbatus and infuscatus
are so listed by Grouvelle, 1913. Since then the writer has collected
in Cuba a Pocadius which agrees with Reitter's description of brevis.
The Cuban species varies as much as helvolus and may possibly be
the same as breviusculus, but for the present it is best to exclude helvolus
from Cuba.

This species occurs (June-September) from Connecticut (Stamford)
and New York (West Point) to Georgia (Thomasville) west to eastern
Texas (Columbus, Houston), Kansas, Nebraska, Montana, British
Columbia, north to Manitoba (Aweme) and south into Mexico
(Puente de Ixtla, Durango, Guana juata).

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 239

16. Camptodes Erichson

Plates 8, 13

Camptodes Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 321-322.
Genotype: Sphaeridium scutellatum Sturm.

Broadly oval, convex, glabrous. Head broad, clypeus moderately
distinct. Antennae longer than the head, first segment large and
convex, second moderately convex about as long as the third, third to
fifth slender about of equal length, sixth to eighth shorter and pro-
gressively thicker, club broadly oval. Antennal grooves deep, parallel.
Labrum not prominent, bilobed. Mandibles with simple apex, a tooth
behind the apex, moderately bearded. Lacinia rather short and
slender, rounded at tip, heavily bearded. Maxillary palpi with first
segment minute, second subclavate, third short, fourth slender and
as long as the second and third combined. Ligula small and narrow,
paraglossae laterally projecting, palpi with first segment small, second
long and clavate, third as long as the second. Mentum transverse,
bisinuately emarginate in front. Prothorax as broad as the elytra.
Elytra entire, but exposing the tip of the pygidium. Epipleurae
broad, barely attaining the apices. Scutellum large and broad. Pro-
sternal process more or less flat, expended behind the coxae. Meso-
sternum carinate. Coxae all about equidistant. First ventral segment
as long as the next three together, fifth one and one-half as long as
the fourth. Anterior tibiae slender, outer apical angle simple. Tarsi
broadly dilated, claws simple or toothed. Male eighth dorsal segment
visible from behind.

Grouvelle places Camptodes between Amphierossiis and Idaethina.
The latter is unknown to the writer, but the former is certainly more
closely related to Camptodes than any other Nearctic genus.

Camptodes comprises about 160 tropical American species which
occur on flowers. One is found in southern Arizona and three (one
still unnamed) in extreme southeastern Texas.

1 . Pygidium ferrugineous to piceous 2

Pygidium testaceous to rufous texanus

2. Color testaceous to dark rufo-piceous, humeri feebly pronounced . .

gaumeri

Color jet black, humeri moderately pronounced nigerrimus

240 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Camptodes (Eucamptodes) texanus Schaeffer

Plate 13, fig. 7

Camptodes texanus Schaef., 1904, Journ. New York Ent. Soc, 12, 203.
Type: described from two cotypes (no. 42,559) from Brownsville, Texas in the

U.S.N.M.

Very broadly oval, rather strongly convex, shining, glabrous.
Color dark fuscous to black, sometimes rufous or fading to rufous
at the sides of the pronotum and apex of clypeus, elytra dark rufous
to greenish black, rarely piceous, pygidium and beneath rufous,
antennae unicolorous. Prothorax nearly twice as wide as long, narrow-
ing in front, sides feebly arcuate, hind angles rectangular but obtuse,
punctation sparse and very fine on disc, coarser at sides. Elytra
very slightly broader than long, each elytron with nine very fine
striae, intervals more coarsely and densely punctate than the pro-
notum, sutural striae distant from the suture but approaching the
suture towards the apex, very close to the suture a fine row of punc-
tures, apices feebly sinuate before the sutural angles. Beneath moder-
ately coarsely punctate, pubescent. Claws dentate. Length 3.7-6 mm.

This species is near to the Mexican morio which is broader, has more
finely punctate elytra, more distinct elytral humeri. It is even closer
to gaumeri, which has the pronotum broader in front, is more obso-
letely punctate, usually paler, and has a piceous pygidium.

This species occurs on Ebony (April-October) in Texas (Harlingen,
Brownsville).

Camptodes (Eucamptodes) gaumeri Sharp

Camptodes gaumeri Sharp, 1890, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Col., 2 (pt 1), 330, pi. 10,

fig. 21.
Type: from Temax in northern Yucatan in the British Museum and four

paratypes in the U.S.N.M.

Similar to texanus but more obsoletely punctate above and beneath,
pronotum in front slightly broader, antennal club slightly darker
than the rest of the antenna, pronotum and scutellum usually rufous,
sometimes dark rufous or rufo-piceous, elytra rufo-piceous, beneath
testaceous or rufous, pygidium ferrugineous to piceous. Claws
dentate. Length 4-5 mm.

An example from "Mex." (M.C.Z.) was compared with the type
in the B.M. Later four paratypes were found in the U.S.N.M. All
these agree with the specimens mentioned below.

This species occurs (April 20- June 25) at Brownsville, Texas (Cal.

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 241

Acad. Sci., M.C.Z. : Fall coll., and the writer's coll.), and in Mexico
(Temax, Yucatan). One Texas specimen is testaceous beneath instead
of rufous.

Camptodes (Eucamptodes) nigerrimus spec. nov.

Very broadly oval, rather strongly convex, shining, glabrous. Color
above jet black, beneath black, legs and antennae piceous. One
specimen differs in having the underside and pygidium ferrugineous.
Mentum very sparsely punctate all over. Prothorax very nearly twice
as wide as long, narrowing in front, sides evenly feebly arcuate, hind
angles rectangular but obtuse, punctation sparse and very fine on disc,
slightly more dense and, not at all or very slightly, coarser at sides.
Elytra slightly broader than long, with about seven very fine striae
(excepting the sutural), intervals more coarsely, densely, and irregu-
larly punctate than the pronotum. Sutural striae distant from the
suture but gradually approaching the suture towards the apex, close
to the suture a row of very fine punctures, apices feebly sinuate before
the sutural angles, humeral umbone rather prominent. Pygidium
slightly deflexed apically, the deflexed part somewhat concave (not
so in one specimen). An impunctate longitudinal line on scutellum.
Claws dentate. Length 4.5-5.2 mm., width 3.2-3.6 mm.

This species is closely related to morio but differs in being less broad,
less convex, clypeal suture usually more depressed, head more finely
punctate, mentum more sparsely punctate, pronotal punctures not at
all or only very slightly coarser and denser at the sides, elytra more
coarsely punctate and striate, the humeral umbone nearer the lateral
margin, and pygidium more finely punctate. Both gaumeri and
texanus are more coarsely punctate, particularly on the head and the
sides of the pronotum and elytra, pygidium more densely punctate,
and they are differently colored; otherwise gaumeri and texanus are
nearer to nigerrimus than is morio. The humeral umbone is more
pronounced and slightly nearer the lateral margin than in either
texanus or gaumeri.

Holotype ( 9 ) and paratypes from Patagonia, Santa Cruz Co.,
Arizona, July 6, 1936, M. Cazier collector. Holotype and paratype are
in the L. Gillogly collection; paratypes are in the A.M.N.H. (Cazier
coll.) and the writer's collection. One specimen differs from the others
in having a rufous underside and pygidium, the pygidium undeflexed,
not concave at apex, and is more obsoletely punctate.

242 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

17. Amphicrossus Erichson
Plates 8, figs. 20-26; pi. 13, fig. 6

Amphicrossus Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 346.

Genotype: Nitidula ciliatus Oliv.
Lobostoma Fairm., 1892, Rev. d'Ent., 11, 90.

Genotype: Lobostoma picea Fairm.
Rhacostoma Berg, 1898, Com. Mus. Nat. Buenos Aires, 1, 18. pro Lobostoma

Fairm. nee Gundlach, 1840.

Oval, convex, pubescent. Head moderate, clypeus indistinct.
Antennae longer than the head, first segment enlarged, second convex,
third slightly shorter than the second, third to fifth slender, sixth to
eighth short and progressively transverse, club oval, moderately com-
pact. Antennal grooves subocular, slightly convergent. Labrum
bilobed. Mandibles bidentate at tip, the inner tooth shorter than the
outer, feebly bearded. Lacinia short, rounded at tip, and heavily
bearded. Maxillary palpi with first segment small, second subclavate,
third short, fourth as long as the second and truncate. Ligula moder-
ate; palpi with first segment small, second subclavate as long as the
third, which is truncate at tip. Paraglossae large. Mentum trans-
verse. Prothorax about as broad as the elytra, its hind margin over-
lapping the base of the elytra. Elytra entire, exposing the tip of the
pygidium; epipleurae broad, attaining the apices. Prosternum more
or less carinate, the process prolonged and slightly expanded behind
the coxae. Mesosternum carinate. First ventral segment as long as
the next two combined; the fifth slightly longer than the fourth.
Anterior tibiae simple, middle and posterior spinulose externally.
Anterior tarsi broadly dilated, middle moderately dilated, posterior
very feebly dilated. Claws simple. Male eighth dorsal segment visible
only from beneath; in some species the males have a pencil of setae
on each elytron at or near the suture at its middle.

Amphicrossus seems to be, as Grouvelle placed it, intermediate
between Camptodes and Cychramus.

This cosmopolitan genus contains about thirty species. Amphi-
crossus is absent from Europe, its center of distribution lying in eastern
Asia. Therefore the few (5) rare American forms probably have
developed from ancestors which immigrated from Asia. Apparently
all the species feed at sap.

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 243

Key to X caret ic species

Elytral margins broadly fimbriate, prosternum obtusely carinate ....

ciliatus

Elytral margins narrowly fimbriate, prosternum acutely carinate ....

niger

Amphicrossus ciliatus (Oliv.)

Nitidula ciliatus Oliv., 1811, Encycl. meth., 5, 210.
Nitidula unilineatus Say, 1825, Journ. Acad. N. S. Philad., 5, 182.
Types: of ciliatus "sur les ulceres du Liquidambar en Caroline" probably in
the Paris Museum; of unilineatus from eastern United States is lost.

Broadly oval, convex, sparsely pubescent. Color testaceous to dark
rufo-piceous, legs paler. Pronotum paler at sides and with a median
basal pale spot. Each elytron with five pale spots. These pale mark-
ings may be absent in the dark specimens. Head densely punctate.
Prothorax slightly less than twice as wide as long, narrowed in front,
apex deeply emarginate, lateral margins feebly arcuate, moderately
fimbriate, hind angles broadly rounded, base truncate, surface moder-
ately coarsely and densely punctate. Elytra conjointly as wide as
long, margins broadly fimbriate, surface more finely and sparsely
punctate than the pronotum. The males have a pencil of setae on
each elytron near the sutural margin at middle. Length 3.5-4.5 mm.

For comparisons with niger see under the latter species.

This species occurs (April-Sept, in the north, throughout the year
in the south) from Ontario to Florida (Key Largo, Lake Mary, Enter-
prise), Cuba (Cayamas), Panama (Old Panama), west to Texas
(Dallas), Missouri, and Iowa. In the spring ciliatus is found at sap,
but in the autumn occurs on flowers of Eupatorium and allied plants.

Amphicrossus niger Horn

Amphicrossus niger Horn, 1879, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., 7, 317.
Type: from Arizona, three cotypes in the Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci. and
one in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.).

Oval, convex, sparsely pubescent. Unicolorous, fuscous above,
somewhat paler beneath. Head rather sparsely punctate. Prothorax
nearly twice as wide as long, narrowed in front, apex deeply emar-
ginate, lateral margins feebly arcuate, narrowly fimbriate, hind angles
obtusely rounded, surface moderately finely and sparsely punctate.

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Elytra conjointly longer than wide, margins narrowly fimbriate,
surface more finely and sparsely punctate than the pronotum; no
elytral pencils of setae in the males. Prosternum acutely carinate.

Aside from the key characters, niger differs from ciliatus in being
fuscous, unicolorous, lacking the pencil of setae on each elytron, more
parallel, the pronotum more emarginate in front, and more finely
punctate.

This species is known from southern Arizona (San Pedro River,
Fairbanks, Sept. 6; Tucson, July 19, Aug. 16; Baboquivari Mts.).

18. Cychramus Kugelann
Plates 9, figs. 1-7; pi. 13, fig. 9

Cychramus Kug., 1794, in Schneid. Mag., 5, 543.

Genotype : Sphaeridium luteum Fabr.
Campta Stephens, 1830, Illust. Brit. Ent., 3, 30, 44.

Genotype: Sphaeridium luteum Fabr.

Oval, convex, pubescent. Head moderate, clypeus moderately dis-
tinct. Antennae about as long as the head, first segment strongly
widened anteriorly, second convex, shorter than the third, fourth to
eighth progressively more transverse, club broadly oval, compact.
Antennal grooves short and convergent. Labrum feebly emarginate.
Lacinia broad and rounded at tip, with rather short beard; palpi with
first segment small, second short, slightly longer than the third,
fourth as long as the second and third together. Mandibles broad,
bidentate at tip, feebly bearded. Ligula large, paraglossae moderate,
palpi thick, first segment small, second clavate, third longer than the
second, thickened and truncate at tip. Mentum emarginate in front.
Pronotum about as wide as the elytra, hind margin extending over
base of elytra. Scutellum rounded posteriorly. Elytra entire, exposing
the tip of the abdomen. Epipleurae broad, attaining the apices. Pro-
sternal process acutely elevated behind the coxae. Mesosternum
vertical, not carinate. First ventral segment longer than the next
two combined, second to fourth of equal length, fifth as long as third
and fourth combined. Tibiae simple, tarsi broadly dilated, claws
simple. Male eighth dorsal segment small, visible only from beneath.

Cychramus resembles Amphicrossus but on dissection turns out to
be most nearly related to Cyllodes.

This genus contains 16 species found generally except in the Ethi-
opian region. Two occur in the United States in fungi and at flowers.

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 245

Cychramus adustits Erichson

Cychramus adustus Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 346.
Type: from eastern United States in the Berlin Museum.

Broadly oval, convex, pubescent. Color ferruginous, with lateral
margins and posterior halves of elytra piceous, but the elytra may be
entirely ferrugineous or entirely dark piceous. Head slightly less
densely punctate than the pronotum. Prothorax with width to length
as 1.7 to 1, strongly emarginate in front, sides feebly arcuate, finely
fimbriate, hind angles obtusely subrectangular, base truncate, surface
densely and moderately coarsely punctate. Elytra conjointly as long
as broad, slightly narrower posteriorly, margin finely fimbriate, apex
obtusely truncate, surface with fine elongate punctures arranged in
regular series. Tibiae simple. Length 3-4.5 mm.

This species is near to and probably derived from the European
luteus.

This species occurs (May-Sept., chiefly in June) from New Hamp-
shire to Georgia, west through Alabama (Metanka, Langdale) to
Texas (Dallas), Missouri, and Michigan (Detroit).

Cychramus zimmermanni Horn

Cychramus zimmermanni Horn, 1879, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 7, 319.
Type: from South Carolina, no. 7969, in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.).

Oval, strongly convex, sparsely pubescent. Dark ferrugineous,
elytra somewhat darker to piceous. Head punctate as in the pronotum.
Prothorax with width to length as 1.7 to 1, narrower in front, sides
feebly arcuate, finely fimbriate, hind angles obtusely subrectangular,
base truncate, surface densely, moderately coarsely, submuricately
punctate. Elytra conjointly slightly wider than long, margins finely
fimbriate, seriately, finely, submuricately punctate. Anterior tibiae
feebly sinuate on the outer side, the apical angle produced into a
long, triangular tooth; middle tibiae sinuate externally, the apical
angle moderately prolonged ; posterior tibiae feebly sinuate, the apical
angle more prolonged than the middle but distinctly less than in the
anterior tibiae. Length 3.7-4.2 mm.

This species is less oval and more convex than adustus and differs in
the tibiae and punctation.

In addition to the type there is a specimen from Georgia in the
M.C.Z. (F. C. Bowditch coll.).

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19. Pallodes Erichson

Pallodes Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fiir Ent., 4, 348-350.
Genotype: Pallodes silaceus Er. = pallidas Beauvois.

Medium size, oval, moderately strongly convex, glabrous. Head
moderate, clypeus moderately distinct. Antennae longer than the head,
first segment enlarged, second convex, third to seventh slender becom-
ing progressively convex, eighth transverse, club large, oval, and com-
pact. Antennal grooves short and convergent. Labrum feebly emargi-
nate. Mandibles strongly bidentate at tip. Lacinia rounded at tip,
moderately bearded; palpi with first segment small, second rather short
and clavate, third shorter than the second, fourth rather thick, as long
as the second and third. Ligula large, paraglossae moderate, labial
palpi thick, first segment small, second short and clavate, third oval,
and truncate at tip. Mentum rectangular, feebly emarginate in front.
Pronotum narrower than the elytra. Elytra entire, exposing the tip of
the pygidium ; epipleurae narrowing rapidly, barely attaining the apices.
Scutellum large, triangular. Prosternal process moderately expanded
behind the coxae. Mesosternum carinate (carina may be absent in
some individuals). First ventral segment as long as the fifth which is
less than twice as long as the fourth, second to fourth of equal length.
Outer apical angles of the tibiae are obtusely rounded. Anterior and
middle tarsi moderately broadly dilated, posterior tarsi slender and
greatly lengthened, being as long as tibiae. Male eighth dorsal segment
only slightly exposed, visible only from beneath.

Grouvelle, 1913, has made the Japanese Neopallodes a synonym of
Pallodes, but the former is cer.tainly a valid genus.

Pallodes contains about 80 species which are distributed generally
except in continental Eurasia and Australia. The two Nearctic species
are evidently immigrants from the very rich Neotropical Pallodes
fauna.

Pallodes pallidus (Beauvois)

Plates 9, figs. 8-16; pi. 13, fig. 8

Sphaeridium pallidum Beauv., 1805, Ins. rec. en Afr. et en Amer., p. 157,

pi. 6, fig. 1.
Pallodes silaceus Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 350.
Grouvelle's listing, 1913, of "unistriatus Horn (non Palisot)" as a synonym

is due to a misunderstanding of Horn, 1885, Ent. Amer., 1, 90.
Types: of pallidus from South Carolina is unknown to the writer; of silaceus

from eastern United States is in the Berlin Museum.

Oval, rather strongly convex, glabrous, shining, elytra iridescent.
Color varying from testaceous to dark rufous with elytra black. Pro-

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 247

thorax more than twice as wide as long, apex rather strongly emargi-
nate, sides arcuate, narrowed in front, hind angles subrectangular, base
feebly arcuate, at middle a very short, truncate scutellar lobe, surface
very finely and sparsely punctate. Elytra conjointly longer than wide,
each elytron with nine rows of moderate punctures, the sutural row
deeply impressed; intervals with a single series of very fine punctures.
Length 3 — 4 mm.

This species occurs (May-Sept.) from Massachusetts (Marthas
Vineyard) to Florida (Lake Mary, Lake Co., Crescent City, Jackson-
ville) west to Texas, Arkansas (Hope), north to Michigan (Galesburg).
It is found in fleshy fungi, such as Tricholoma terrifera, Lactarivs
volemus, and Collybia platyphylla.

Pallodes plateosus SchaefTer

Pallodes plateosus Schaef., 1931, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, 26, 174-5.
Type: from Huachuca Mts., Arizona in the U.S.N.M.

Similar to pallidus. Head and antennal club rufo-piceous. Pronotum
testaceous with a large blackish central spot and on each side of this a
small round black spot. Scutellum and elytra dark rufous, the elytra
blackish laterally and apically. Beneath dark rufous. Punctation more
obsolete, and the anterior and middle tibiae more slender than in
pallidus. As in pallidus the punctation varies in distinctness. Length
3.6—4.3 mm.

Of the species in the British Museum, sellatus, described by Sharp
from Mexico, is closely related to plateosus.

This species occurs in southern Arizona at Palmerlee and in Ramsey
Canyon, Huachuca Mts., where it was collected in quantity on
August 3.

20. Cyllodes Erichson
Plates 9, figs. 17-25; pi. 13, fig. 10)

Cyllodes Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 342.

Genotype: Strongylus ater Herbst.
Stronglus Herbst (pars nee Muller, 1780), 1792, Natursyst. Ins. Kaf., 4, 179.
Volroxis Kugel., 1794, in Schneid. Mag., 1, 355 (pars).
Psetidocamptodes Grouvelle, 1896, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 65, 76.

Medium size, oval, moderately strongly convex, glabrous. Head
moderate, clypeus moderately distinct. Antennae longer than the
head, first segment enlarged and convex, second convex, third to fifth

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slender, sixth and seventh short and convex, eighth transverse, club
large and elongate oval. Antennal grooves short and convergent.
Labrum feebly emarginate. Mandibles broad, simple at tip, with about
two small teeth behind the tip, feebly bearded. Lacinia very broad
and feebly bearded; first segment of palpi minute, second short and
clavate, slightly longer than the third, fourth as long as first three to-
gether. Ligula large, paraglossae moderate, labial palpi thick, first seg-
ment small, second clavate, third oblong, about as long as first and sec-
ond. Mentum rectangular, feebly emarginate in front. Pronotum
slightly lobed at base, narrower than the elytra. Elytra entire, expos-
ing the tip of the pygidium; epipleurae broad and attaining the apices.
Scutellum large, somewhat rounded posteriorly. Prosternal process
somewhat expanded behind the coxae and abruptly vertical. Meso-
sternum carinate, usually concealed by the meeting of the pro- and
metasternum, the latter prominent in front. First ventral segment
twice as long as the second, longer than the fifth, second to fourth of
equal length. Outer apical angle of the tibiae acute but not spiniform.
Anterior and middle tarsi rather broadly dilated, posterior tarsi feebly
dilated ; claws simple. Male eighth dorsal segment only slightly visible
from behind.

This genus is closely related to both Pallodes and Oxycnemus,
particularly the latter. Cyllodes is cosmopolitan and contains over
60 species.

Cyllodes biplagiatus Leconte

Cyllodes biplagiatus Lee, 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, p. 377.
Type: from Massachusetts, no. 6983, in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.).

Broadly oval, rather strongly convex, glabrous, shining. Color
black, a large, nearly round, red spot near the base of each elytron.
Head rather finely and densely punctate. Prothorax slightly less than
twice as wide as long, narrowed in front, apex strongly emarginate,
sides moderately, evenly arcuate, hind angles subrectangular, base
with a short, broad, scutellar lobe. Elytra conjointly as wide as long,
each elytron with seven rows of rather fine punctures, each interval
with an irregular row of very fine punctures. Prosternum coarsely,
densely punctate. Tarsi piceous. Length 3.5 — 4.5 mm.

This species occurs (May-July) from New Hampshire (Three Mile
Isl.) to New Jersey (Orange Mt., Monmouth Jet.), west through New
York (Buffalo), Michigan (Detroit, Marquette), Wisconsin (Bayfield),
Minnesota (Filmore Co.), to Manitoba (Aweme, Winnipeg, Victoria

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 249

Beach). Perhaps significantly it is not recorded from Indiana by
Blatchley.

Wickham, 1894, Ent. News, 5: 262, pi. 8, describes the biology of
biplagiatus. The larvae and adults live only in the Oyster fungus,
Pleurotus ostreatus, and pupation is in the earth.

21. Oxycnemus Erichson
Plates 10, 13

Oxycnemus Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 351.

Genotype: Oxycnemus fulvus Er.
Psilopyga Leconte, 1853, Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad., 6, 286.

Genotype: Psilopyga histrina Lee.
Eugoniopus Reitter, 1884, Wien. Ent. Zeit., 3, 264, 267.

Genotype: Eugoniopus lewisi Reitter.

Medium size, oval, convex, glabrous. Head short, clypeus moder-
ately distinct. Antennae longer than the head, first segment enlarged,
second convex and slightly longer than the third, third to seventh slen-
der and becoming progressively convex, eighth strongly convex, club
large, oval, and compact. Antennal grooves long and parallel. Labrum
strongly bilobed. Mandibles with a simple apex, a small or large tooth
more or less near the apex, feebly bearded. Lacinia very short and
broad, moderately bearded; maxillary palpi thick, first segment mi-
nute, second and third of equal length, fourth rounded at tip, as long
as the second and third combined. Ligula broad, paraglossae moderate,
first segment of palpi small, second strongly clavate, third egg-shaped.
Mentum feebly emarginate in front. Pronotum about as broad as the
elytra, hind margin at middle usually with a short but broad, squarely
truncate lobe. Scutellum large, triangular. Elytra truncate, exposing
most of the pygidium; epipleurae broad and sinuate on the inner mar-
gin, attaining the apices. Prosternal process broadly expanded behind
the coxae, covering the mesosternum. Mesosternum may or may not
be carinate within a single species. Second and third ventral segments
combined shorter than the first but longer than the fifth, two to four
about equal in length. Tibiae with outer apical angle dentiform; an-
terior tarsi broadly dilated, middle slightly less broadly dilated, and
posterior tarsi longer and distinctly more feebly dilated; claws simple.
Male eighth dorsal segment easily visible from behind.

Of the Nearctic genera Oxycnemus is nearest to Cyllodes. Sharp,
1891, and Reitter (loc. cit.) have separated genera based on variations

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in the mesosternum. Since this character varies individually, other
differences will have to be found before Psilopyga can be validated.

Oxycnemus contains 12 species distributed throughout the New
World and in eastern Asia. The Nearctic species live in stinkhorn
fungi (Phallus sp.).

Key to Nearctic Oxycnemus

1 . Elytra unicolorous 2

Elytra bicolorous fasciata

2. Pronotum and pygidium black or piceoiis histrina

Pronotum and pygidium bright rufous nigripennis

Oxycnemus fasciatus (Sharp)

Psilopyga fasciata Sharp, 1891, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Coleop., 2 (1), 364.
Type: from Mexico in the British Museum.

Oval, convex, shining. Dark brown,. elytra black except for an orange
basal one-third to three-fifths. Head densely, moderately coarsely
punctate. Prothorax as wide as long, surface densely, finely punctate.
Each elytron with nine or more less complete rows of rather fine punc-
tures, intervals sparsely, finely punctate. Length 5.2—5.5 mm.

This species has a narrower and more carinate prosternal process
than histrina and differs in color and punctation.

A specimen from Prescott, Arizona (U.S.N.M.) was compared with
the unique type by the writer.

Oxycnemus histrina (Leconte)
Plates 10, figs. 1-8; pi. 13, fig. 12

Psilopyga histrina Lee, 1853, Proc. Acad. N. S. Philadelphia, p. 287.
Type: from Pennsylvania, no. 6981, in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.).

Broadly oval, convex, shining. Usually black, sometimes dark brown.
Head very coarsely punctate, with fine punctures intermixed. Pro-
thorax slightly wider than long, surface rather finely punctate, inter-
mixed with extremely fine punctures, some coarse punctures near the
apex. Each elytron with ten rows of coarse punctures, intervals slightly
convex, very finely punctate. Length 4 — 6.5 mm. (typical form).

Variation A. Length 6.6 — 7.7 mm. Yellow with black elytra, and a
black, rectangular, basal, pronotal spot; much larger than typical
histrina, which is 4 — 6.5 mm. long. This form is represented by one in
the M.C.Z. (Fall coll. ex Liebeck coll.) without label and two from

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 251

Monterey, Mass. (U.S.N.M.) collected in the same Phallus with
typical histrina.

Variation B. Length 5.4 — 6.5 mm. Sculptured like histrina, but
colored like typical nigripennis, except for a large, semicircular, black,
basal, pronotal spot. This form is represented by two from Rockhaven,
Kentucky, one from Canton, North Carolina (U.S.N.M.), and one
from Yaphank, N. Y. (Fall coll.).

This species occurs (June-No v., chiefly in August) in the stinkhorn
fungus (Phallus impudicus) from New Hampshire to North Carolina
(Asheville, Rocky Bottom, Table Rock) and Kentucky (Rockhaven).
west through Indiana to Wisconsin (Baraboo).

Oxycnemus nigripennis (Leconte)

Psilopyga nigripennis Lee, 1863, Smithson. Misc. Coll. 6, 64.
Type: from Pennsylvania, no. 6982, in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.).

Similar to histrina but differing as follows. Bright rufous, elytra
black. Head moderately coarsely punctate, not intermixed with fine
punctures. Pronotum moderately punctate, without the very fine
punctures or the coarse punctures near the apex. Prosternum more
carinate; the prosternal process narrower between the coxae and more
rounded posteriorly. Elytral intervals are more coarsely punctate. The
outer apical angles of the tibiae are more prolonged. Length 3.3 —
4.5 mm.

Very rarely this species has been collected in the same stinkhorn
fungus with histrina, but in these cases no intergrading forms have been
found.

This species occurs (March 9, July-Sept.) in the stinkhorn fungus
Phallus impudicus) from Massachusetts (Tyngsboro) through New
York (Yaphank), Maryland (Glen Echo), Virginia (Scott's Run, Fred-
ericksburg), to North Carolina (Table Rock) and Kentucky (Rock-
haven), west to "Indiana" (Blatchley).

MELIGETHINAE

Meligethina Thorns., 1859, Skand. Coleop., 1, 67.

This subfamily contains nine genera of which only one is Nearctic.
The Meligethinae have been placed between the Cateretinae and Car-
pophilinae by Grouvelle (1913) and Leng (1920), between the Car-
pophilinae and the Nitidulinae by Reitter (1911), and in the Nitidu-

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linae by Horn (1879) and Ganglbauer (1899). Since the Carpophilinae
and the Nitidulinae intergrade, the Meligethinae will have to be placed
after the Nitidulinae, particularly as Meligethes is more derivative than
many genera in the latter subfamily.

Meligethes Stephens

Plates 10, 13

Meligethes Stephens, 1830, 111. British Ent., Mandibulata, 3, 30, 45 (pars).
Genotype: Nitidula rufipes Marsh. = Meligethes atratus (Oliv.).

Head narrower than pronotum, no line or furrow separating the cly-
peus from the front. Third antennal segment narrow, about as long as
the first; the compact three-segmented club is oval or round. Antennal
grooves deep and nearly parallel. Labrum transverse, bilobed, often
entirely concealed by the clypeus. Mandibles short and broad, apex
simple with one or two blunt teeth on the inner margin. Lacinia slender,
its apex bent inwards at right angles; galea absent. Maxillary palpi
rather short and thick; first segment minute, second and third short
and thick, about of equal length, the fourth more slender and about as
long as the second and third combined. Mentum strongly transverse,
the anterior margin strongly emarginate. Second segment of the labial
palpi about twice as long as the first, the third about as long as the first
two combined. Pronotum about as broad as the elytra at their base;
hind angles acutely rounded. Scutellum triangular. Elytra more or
less covering the pygidium; epipleurae broad, nearly attaining the
apices. Prosternal process expanded posteriorly, overlapping the me-
sosternum. Mesosternal process truncate, about as wide as the pro-
sternal process. First ventral segment at middle about as long as the
fifth, or the second and third combined; fourth as long as the third.
Last ventral segment with a deeply impressed, semicircular line on each
side, usually in great part concealed by the retraction of the segment.
Anterior tibiae usually more or less serrate; sometimes finely denticu-
late; tarsi broadly dilated; claws usually simple, rarely dentate (subg.
Acanthogethcs and Oclontogethes).

Grouvelle places this genus among exotic genera which are unknown
to the writer. Meligethes contains about 240 species, distributed gen-
erally except in the Neotropical region. Evidently the Nearctic species
are derived from Siberia.

In Europe the larvae are known to feed on the* pollen of various
flowers and pupate in the earth. The adults also feed on pollen, and

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 253

some species seem to be restricted to a single kind of plant. For a
resume of the biology up to 1899 see Ganglbauer (1899) 3: 494. Addi-
tional references for Meligethes aeneus are Chittenden, 1925, Bull.
Brooklyn Ent. Soc, 20: 149; Burkhardt and Lengerken (1920) Zs.
angew. Ent., 6: 270-295; Aksenov (1929) Bull. Siberian Prot. Plants
Sta., Tomsk, 6:559-562.

The Nearctic species of Meligethes are extremely plastic and appar-
ently are in the process of differentiating, as they already have in Eu-
rope, into a number of forms. Intergradations are so numerous, par-
ticularly with mutatus and aeneus, that crossing probably occurs.

Key to subgenera {Nearctic)

Claws dentate, upper side without metallic lustre Acanthogethes

Claws not dentate, often with metallic lustre Meligethes s. str.

Subg. Acanthogethes Reitter

Acanthogethes Reitt., 1871, Verh. nat. Ver. Brlinn, 9, 49.
Subgenotype: Meligethes solidus Kug.

Meligethes pinguis Horn

Plate 10, fig. 18

Meligethes pinguis Horn, 1879, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 7, 314-315.
Type: Cote sud, Terre Neuve, no. 7967 in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.). Horn
states that L. Reiche gave the specimen to Leconte.

Broadly oval, robust, piceous, feebly shining, sparsely pubescent,
surface moderately densely punctate, the elytra more densely than the
pronotum. Prothorax nearly twice as wide as long, narrower in front,
sides arcuate, more broadly arcuate anteriorly, hind angles obtuse,
margin narrow not deplanate, disc convex. Elytra convex, as broad as
long. Body beneath coarsely punctate, piceous, legs paler. Anterior
tibiae coarsely serrate, middle and posterior tibiae finely denticulate.
Prosternum slightly broader behind the coxae, rounded at tip. Clypeus
rather deeply emarginate, the lateral angles acute. Length 2.5 mm.

This species is based on the unique specimen from the south coast of
Newfoundland. Until it is rediscovered, it must remain a doubtful
member of our fauna. It may well be introduced, since it falls well
within the range of variation of the Palaearctic fuscus Oliv. as shown
by the series in the writer's collection.

254 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Subg. Meligethes s. str.
Key to Nearctic species

1 . Anterior tibiae more or less finely denticulate 2

Anterior tibiae strongly serrate saevus

2. Pronotal margins distinctly explanate 3

Pronotum very narrowly margined, the margin not explanate

scminulum

3. Explanate margin of prothorax extending from base to apex . . aeneus
Explanate margin of prothorax not attaining the base .... mutatus

Meligethes saevus Leconte

Plate 10, fig. 19

Meligethes saevus Lee, 1859. Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., 11, 6.
Type: from the Platte River, Nebraska, no. 6974 in the M.C.Z. (Leconte
coll.).

Oval, black, shining, very sparsely pubescent. Clypeus feebly emar-
ginate. Head and pronotum densely punctate, not alutaceous. An-
tennae dark piceous. Prothorax with width to length as 1.7 to 1, nar-
rowed in front, sides moderately arcuate, margin narrow, hind angles
obtuse, disc convex. Elytra conjointly very nearly as wide as long,
surface a little more sparsely and coarsely punctate than the pronotum.
Scutellum transversely alutaceous. Beneath black, coarsely and rather
sparsely punctate. The curved lines each occupy about one-third the
total width of the last ventral segment. Anterior tibiae strongly serrate,
middle tibiae finely spinulose, posterior tibiae dilated and finely spinu-
lose. Length 2 — 2.7 mm.

The emargination of the middle tibiae, mentioned by Horn, is merely
an imperfection found only in the type, because the opposite tibia of
the same specimen is normal.

This species occurs (April-August) from Illinois and Tennessee
(Madison) west to Missouri, Kansas (Topeka), Nebraska (Platte
River), Minnesota, North Dakota (Devil's Lake), and Montana; also
New Mexico (Beulah) and Colorado.

Meligethes seminulum Leconte

Plate 10, fig. 22

Meligethes seminulum Lee, 1857, Rept. of Expl. and Surv. Miss, to Pacific,

12, 37.
Type: from Oregon, no. 6978, in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.).

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 255

Oval, slightly oblong, shining black, sparsely pubescent. Head
densely punctate; clypeus nearly squarely truncate. Prothorax twice
as wide as long, narrower in front, sides more arcuate anteriorly than
posteriorly, margin very narrow, not deplanate, hind angles obtusely
rectangular, surface rather densely punctate. Scutellum alutaceous.
Elytra conjointly one-fourth longer than wide, slightly narrowed to
apex, surface more sparsely and feebly punctate than the pronotum.
Beneath rather densely punctate. Anterior tibiae variably denticulate
(see figures), middle and posterior tibiae finely spinulose. Length
1.9 mm.

This species is variable, but extremes of variation are found at the
same place. Therefore, until ecological or more exact geographical
differences can be ascertained, all the specimens must be included
under one name. As the species now stands, the type is "atypical."

The range of this species seems to be discontinuous. It occurs
(April-July) in Massachusetts (Wayland, Sherborn), Pennsylvania
(Lester, Norwood, Chestnut Hill, Reading, Easton, Mt. Neversink),
north shore of Lake Superior, Manitoba (Mile 214, Hudson Bay R.R.),
Alberta (Edmonton, on Mertensia paniculaia), Oregon (Hood River),
and Yukon (Dawson).

Meligethes aeneus (Fabricius)
Plate 10, figs. 20, 21

Nitidula aeneus Fabr., 1775, Ent. Syst., p. 78.

Meligethes brassicae Reitt. (non Scoppli), 1875, Europ. Nitid., p. 16.

Meligethes moerens Lee, 1857, Pacific R.R. Reports, App. 1, p. 37.

Meligethes rufimanus Lee, 1857, Pacific R.R. Reports, App. 1, p. 37.

Meligethes californicus Reitt., 1871, Rev. Europ. Meligethes, Brunn, p. 33.
1873, Verh. nat. Ver. Brunn., 12, 62.

Types: of aeneus from England (Banks collector) presumably in the British
Museum (J. Banks coll.); of brassicae from Europe and californicus from
California both presumably in the Hungarian Nat. Mus. in Budapest
(Reitter coll.); of moerens, no. 6977 from Oregon, and rufimanus, no 6975
from San Jose, Calif, on flowers of Ranunculus, both in the M.C.Z.
(Leconte Coll.).

For complete synonymy see Grouvelle, 1913.

Oval, slightly oblong, black, brownish, or greenish, with an aeneous
tinge. Clypeus nearly truncate. Prothorax with width to length as
1.8 to 1, narrower in front, hind angles obtusely rectangular, sides
from base to apex narrowly explanate, surface rather densely punctate.

256 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Elytra conjointly one-fourth longer than wide, slightly narrowed to
apex, apices separately rounded, surface more shining, more sparsely
and finely punctate than the pronotum. Body beneath black, antennae
and legs piceous or black. Anterior tibiae more or less finely denticu-
late (see figures), middle and posterior tibiae dilated, finely spinulose.
Length 1.9-2.5 mm.

This extremely variable species grades into mutatus; in fact the
variation of the Palaearctic specimens of aencus in the writer's col-
lection is great enough to include mutatus.

This species occurs all over the Palaearctic region except south-
eastern Asia, and in North America (March 4, May- July), particularly
on the flowers of Ranunculus and Sali.v from British Columbia (Caw-
ston) and Montana (Bozeman) to southern California (San Bernadino
Mts.), Arizona (Gila River), and New Mexico (Santa Fe); also speci-
mens that are more or less typical have been seen from Tennessee,
Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Maine.

Meligethes mutatus Harold

Plates 10, figs. 9-17, 23; pi. 13, fig. 3

Meligethes ruficornis Lee, 1859, Smiths. Contr. Knowl., 11, 6 (non ruficomis

Heer).
Meligethes mutatus Harold, 1868, Cat. Coleopt., 3, 827.
Type: from the Platte River, Nebraska, no. 6976 in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.).

This species is so closely related to aeneus that only the slight
differences are detailed. Both species are so variable that these
differences are not to be strictly interpreted. In mutatus the form is
slightly more robust, the pronotal sides less arcuate, the surface
subopaque, and the interspaces between the punctures distinctly
alutaceous. The margins of the prothorax deplanate, usually not
attaining the hind angles. At about the posterior fourth of the pro-
thoracic margins, the latter become broader, forming a vague depres-
sion (varying in distinctness) behind which the margin is not dis-
tinctly explanate. The elytral apices tend to be more truncate, the
posterior sutural angles less rounded, and the punctuation of the
upper surface of the pronotum closer and finer than specimens of
aeneus from Tennessee, Pennsylvania, and Horn's specimen from
"Cal." which he labelled rufimanus ( = aeneus). Length 2-2.5 mm.

This species occurs (May-July, March) from New York to Califor-
nia, particularly in the cordilleran region from Montana to Arizona
and New Mexico.

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 257

TRYPTARCHINAE

I jiinae Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fur Ent., 4, 355.

This subfamily, apparently the most derivative, contains eight
genera of which three occur in the Nearctic region. Its distinguishing
character is that the labrum is connate with the clypeus, the suture
more or less distinct.

Key to Nearctic genera

1 . Anterior coxal cavities open behind 2

Anterior coxal cavities closed behind ; thorax not margined at base,

body glabrous Pityophagus

2. Thorax margined at base, slightly overlapping the base of the

elytra; body usually pubescent Cryptarcha

Thorax not margined at base; body glabrous Glischrochilus

Pityophagus Shuckard

Plates 11, 13

Pityophagus Shuck., 1839, Elem. Brit. Ent., pp. 171-2.
Genotype : Dermestes ferrugineus Linn .

Elongate, subcylindrical, glabrous. Head large, eyes small, clypeus
not at all evident. Antennae as long or slightly shorter than the head,
first segment enlarged, second slightly more convex than the third,
fourth to eighth moniliform, club oval and compact. Antennal
grooves long, deep, and strongly convergent. Labrum small, not
emarginate. Mandibles variable, simple or very strongly and bluntly
bifid at tip, well bearded. Lacinia long, rounded at tip, feebly bearded;
palpi long, third segment shorter than the second, fourth about as
long as the second and third combined. Ligula very broad, para-
glossae short, palpi moderately thick, second segment about as long
as the third. Mentum strongly transverse, feebly emarginate. Pro-
notum about as broad as the elytra, not margined behind. Elytra
usually exposing the entire pygidium; epipleurae narrow, nearly ver-
tical, and attaining the apices. Prosternal process slightly expanded
between the coxae, elevated, not covering the mesosternum. Meso-
sternum not carinate. First ventral segment as long as the next three
combined, segments two to four about of ecmal length, fifth as long
as the third and fourth. Tibiae greatly constricted basally, more or
less obsoletely spinous externally; anterior tarsi broadly dilated,

258 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

middle somewhat less broadly and the posterior more or less feebly
dilated. Claws simple. Male eighth dorsal segment visible from
beneath.

Because of being modified for tunnels, this genus appears to be
nearest to Glischrochilus but is actually much more closely related to
Cryptarcha.

Pityophagus is Holarctic and contains nine species. Evidently the
genus arrived from Siberia, because it extends into Mexico but is very
rare in eastern North America.

Key to Nearctic Pityophagus

1. Head with a transverse occipital impression, no fovea on vertex. .2
Head with a deep fovea on vertex, and obsolete, transverse, occipital

impression verticalis

2. Length 6-7 mm., western states to Ohio rufipennis

Length 5 mm., Penn. and D. C cephalotes

Pityophagus verticalis Horn

Pityophagus verticalis Horn, 1879, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 7, 325.
Type: holotype no. 3213 from Colorado (Morrison collector) in the Philadel-
phia Acad. Nat. Sci.

Elongate, moderately convex, shining, dark rufo-piceous. Head
densely, coarsely punctate, labrum with two distinct foveae, the vertex
with a deep, longitudinal fovea, behind which is a more or less obsolete
transverse impression. Prothorax with width to length as 1.1 to 1,
sides nearly straight, narrowed posteriorly, surface with moderately
dense and coarse, oval punctures. Elytra punctate as in the pronotum,
punctures coarse at base, sutural striae evanescent anteriorly. Clypeus
deflexed in front, bearing two large foveae in »the middle. Margin of
pygidium strongly elevated. Tibiae obsoletely spinous. Length
6-6.5 mm.

This species is more depressed than rufipennis and agrees with insig-
nia from Chihuahua, but Sharp mentions only the transverse impres-
sion on the head. It agrees with insignis in the remarkable labrum.

This species occurs (May- July) in Colorado (type) and Arizona
(Williams, Flagstaff in the U.S.N.M.) and New Mexico in the M.C.Z.
(Eddy coll.).

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 259

Pityophagus rufipennis Horn

Plates 11, figs. 1-8; pi. 13, fig. 11

Pityophagus rufipennis Horn, 1872, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, 4, 146.

Type: one lectotype no. 3214 from Oregon in the Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci.

and one cotype no. 7971 from Vancouver, British Columbia in the M.C.Z.

(Leconte coll.).

Elongate, convex, shining. Color usually dark castaneous with rufo-
testaeeous elytra; head and pronotum sometimes piceous or black and
very rarely the elytra may be dark piceous also. Head moderately
densely and coarsely punctate; vertex not impressed, but a transverse
impression on the occiput. Prothorax with width to length as 1 to 1,
sides nearly straight, slightly narrowed posteriorly, surface with
rather sparse, moderate punctures. Elytra slightly more finely and
densely punctate than the pronotum, finely alutaceous. Margin of
pygidium strongly elevated. Tibiae obsoletely spinous. Length
4.4-7 mm.

This species occurs (April-August, chiefly in May) from British
Columbia (Pender Harbor, Vancouver, Beaverfoot Range) south
through Washington (Port Angeles, Pullman, Skokomish River),
Idaho (Moscow), Oregon (Hood River, Scarpoose, Mt. Hood) to Cali-
fornia (Lake Tahoe, Fresno, Carmel, Marin Co., McCloud, Mt. Wilson,
San Bernadino Mts.) and Nevada (probably the extreme western part) ;
also one from "Ohio" collected by Blaisdell (Cal. Acad. Sci.: Blaisdell
coll.).

Pityophagus cephalotes Leconte

Pityophagus cephalotes Lee, 1866, Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad., p. 377.
Type: from Pennsylvania, no. 6986, in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.).

Elongate, convex, shining. Color uniformly rufo-piceous, elytra
slightly darker. Head with a transverse impression on the occiput.
Prothorax as wide as long. Punctation as in rufipennis. Margin of
pygidium strongly elevated. Middle tibiae spinous. Length 5 mm.

This species is known from the type and a specimen collected on a
fence south of the Treasury Building, Washington, D. C, and probably
in the Carnegie Museum (l^lke coll.).

Cryptarcha Shuckard

Plates 10, 13

Cryptarcha Shuck., 1839, Element. Brit. Ent., p. 165.
Genotype: Nitidula strigata F.

260 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Size small to large, almost always pubescent, moderately convex.
Head large and broad, elypeus not at all evident. Antennae as long
as the head, first segment enlarged, second convex, shorter than the
third, third to fifth slender, sixth to eighth short and convex, club vari-
able, more or less oval, loose or compact. Antennal grooves short and
convergent. Mandibles simple or feebly bifid at tip, feebly bearded,
in the males of some species the right mandible is much longer than the
left. Lacinia long, rounded at tip, feebly bearded. Maxillary palpi
long, first segment as long as the third, fourth as long as the second and
third combined. Ligula very broad, paraglossae small, palpi thick,
second segment as long as the third. Mentum strongly transverse,
very feebly emarginate in front. Prothorax as broad or broader than
the elytra, posterior margin overlapping the elytra. Scutellum not
large. Elytra entire, exposing none or only the tip of the pygidium.
Prosternal process prolonged behind the coxae and laminiform.
Anterior coxae open behind. First ventral segment longer than the
second and third combined, about as long as the fifth, second to fourth
of equal length. Tibiae slender, spinulose externally; anterior tarsi
broadly dilated, middle and posterior tarsi moderately dilated; claws
simple. Male eighth dorsal segment not or only slightly visible from
beneath.

Cryptarcha is most nearly related to Liareha Sharp from Middle
America. Of the Nearctic genera, it is nearer to Pityophagus than to
Glischrochilus.

This cosmopolitan genus contains about 120 species. Of the six
Nearctic species, all but one (strigatula) show Neotropical affinities.
These beetles occur at sap of deciduous trees and fly readily to light.

Key to Nearctic subgenera

Prosternum broad between the coxae and extending beyond the
middle of the mesosternum; anterior margin of the metasternum
transverse or broadly rounded anteriorly; species usually longer
than 4 mm Cryptarcha s.str.

Prosternum more or less narrow between the coxae and not extend-
ing beyond the middle of the mesosternum ; anterior margin of the
metasternum acutely rounded anteriorly; species usually shorter
than 4 mm Lepiarcha

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 261

Subg. Cryptarcha s. str.
Key to Nearctic species (and strigata)

1 . Unicolorous above 2

Elytra with irregular pale fasciae 3

2. Apex of prosternal process rounded ampla

Apex of prosternal process truncate glabra

3. Apex of prosternal process emarginate . . strigata

Apex of prosternal process rounded strigatula

Cryptarcha ampla Eriehson

Plates 10, figs. 24-31; pi. 13, fig. 14

Cryptarcha ampla Er., 1843, in Germar, Zeitschr. fiir Ent., 4, 356.
Type: from Pennsylvania in the Berlin Museum.

Oblong oval, more obtuse in front, moderately convex, feebly shin-
ing, sparsely pubescent, sometimes almost glabrous above. Color
varies from testaceous to nigropiceous. Prothorax feebly emarginate
in front, sides slightly narrowed anteriorly, feebly arcuate, margins
narrowly reflexed, hind angles obtuse, surface moderately finely and
densely punctate. Elytra gradually narrowing posteriorly, lateral
margins feebly reflexed, apices separately rounded, more obliquely
so in the male, surface substriately punctate, without setae. Length
4.5-7.8 mm.

This species occurs at sap of maple and willow (April-Sept.) from
Ontario and Quebec to Florida, west through Alabama (Mobile) to
Texas, Missouri (St. Louis), Kansas, Iowa, Colorado, California and
Oregon (Portland), but not in the southwest.

Cryptarcha glabra Schaefler

Cryptarcha glabra Sehaef., 1909, Bull. Brooklyn Mus., 1, 375.
Type: from the Huaehuca Mts., Arizona, August 9 in the U.S.N.M.

Oblong oval, moderately convex, glabrous, shining. Dark piceous
to black above, paler beneath. Head moderately finely and sparsely
punctate; mandibles unequal in the male. Prothorax with apex moder-
ately emarginate, sides feebly arcuate anteriorly, nearly parallel pos-
teriorly, hind angles rectangular, surface finely and sparsely punctate.
Elytra gradually narrowing posteriorly, apices separately rounded,
surface with six rows of fine punctures, intermixed with fine punctures.
Beneath very feebly pubescent. Length 5-5.5 mm.

262 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

•

This species differs from ampla in being glabrous, darker, more
parallel, and more finely punctate.

Known only from southern Arizona, glabra is represented by five
specimens beside the type: Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mts., July 7-30
(Calif. Acad. Sci.), Kits Peak, Rincon, Baboquivari Mts. (A.M.N.H.),
Baboquivari Mts., April, August (M.C.Z., Fall coll.), and San Berna-
dino Ranch, 3750 ft., Cochise Co., August in the writer's collection.

Cryptarcha strigatula Parsons

Cryptarcha strigata auctt. (partim).

Cryptarcha concinna Melsh., Reitter, 1873, nee Melsh., 1853, Syst. Eintheil.
Nitid., p. 150.

Cryptarcha strigatula Pars., 1938, Psyche, 45, 98-99, fig. 4.

Type: from the Bronx, New York City, August 15, 1896 in the writer's col-
lection. Paratypes in the M.C.Z., A.M.N.H., C. A. Frost coll., and
C. Parsons coll.

As the name implies, this species is a diminutive relative of strigata.
It is very similar to strigata, egg-shaped, piceous, alutaceous, sparsely
pubescent, with pale setae irregularly arranged on the pronotum but in
seven indistinct rows on each elytron. The two transverse sinuous
fasciae are much as in strigata, except that the anterior may reach the
sutural margin of the elytra. The prosternal process is broadened and
emarginate at the tip in strigata, but only slightly broadened and
rounded at the tip in strigatula. The length is 2.7-3.5 mm., whereas
the length of strigata is 3.2-4.2 mm. The minimum length of strigata
is from the literature and must be very unusual, since the smallest
specimen in the collections of the B.M., M.C.Z., U.S.N.M., and the
writer measures 4.0 mm.

This species occurs (April-Sept.) from Massachusetts (Stoughton)
to Florida (Orange Co.), west to Texas (Columbus) and Michigan.

Subg. Lepiarcha Sharp

Lepiarcha Sharp, 1891, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Col., 2 (pt. 1), 385.

Subgenotype : Cryptarcha omositoides Reitter.
Cryptarchula Ganglbauer, 1899, Kaf. Mitteleur., 3, 551.

Subgenotype: Cryptarcha (Cryptarchula) imperialis Fabr.

This subgenus contains at least the European imperialis and its
allies, the Central American omositoides Reitter, and the following
species.

Prosternal process greatly expanded at tip gila

Prosternal process only slightly expanded at tip concinna

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 263

Cryptarcha gila Parsons

Cryptarcha gila Pars., 1938, Psyche, 45, 99-100, fig. 6.

Type: from Wheatfields near Globe, Arizona, May 4, 1934 in the writer's
collection.

Elongate, piceous above, testaceous beneath. The anterior half of
head, lateral fourths of the pronotum, epipleurae, and elytra! fasciae
testaceous. The upper surface closely punctate, finely pubescent, with
numerous pale setae. The setae are arranged in eight rows on each
elytron. The under surface obsoletely punctate and more sparsely
pubescent. The prosternal process broadly expanded behind the
coxae. The anterior and middle coxae pale testaceous. The mandibles
are of equal length and notched at tip. Length 2.5-3.3 mm.

This species is more elongate and a little longer than concinna. The
apices of the elytra are more pointed than in omositoides and concinna,
agreeing in this respect with imperialis. The margins of the thorax
and the epipleurae are more narrowly reflexed than in concinna and
more broadly reflexed than in imperialis.

This species occurs (April-June) in California (Bakersfield, para-
types in Cal. Acad. Sci.) and Arizona (Ft. Yuma, Catalina Springs,
Globe, Chiricahua Mts.).

Cryptarcha concinna Melsheimer

Cryptarcha concinna Melsh., 1853, Cat. of the desc. Coleop. of U. S., p. 41.

Cryptarcha liturata Lee, 1863, List Coleop. of N. Amer., 1, 30.

Cryptarcha picta Melsh., 1866, Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad., 2, 107.

Cryptarcha betta Reitter, 1873, Syst. Eintheil, Nitid., p. 150.

Types: of concinna from Pennsylvania in the M.C.Z. (Melsheimer coll); of

liturata Lee. from Nebraska in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.); of picta Melsh.

not found in the M.C.Z.; of bella Reit. from North America presumably

in the National Museum, Budapest (Reitter coll.).

Similar to strigatula, but more regularly oval, less convex, more
explanate pronotal margins, and the prosternal process narrower and
more acutely rounded at apex. Mandibles unequal in the male. Also
this species is usually more pubescent than strigatula, consequently
more shining. The markings may be absent; when present the sinuous
fasciae of the elytra are usually entire. Length 2-3 mm.

This is an extremely variable species.

Its range is (April-Sept.) Massachusetts to Florida west to southern
California and Oregon.

264 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Glischrochilus Reitter
Plates 11, 13

Glischrochilus Reitter, 1873, Verh. nat. Ver. Brunn, 12, 162.

Genotype: Silpha quadripustulatus L. = Silpha quadripunctatus L.
Ips Fabricius, 1776, Gen. Insect. Chilonii, pp. 23,213. (nee DeGeer, 1775).

Genotype: same as for Glischrochilus.
Librodor Reitter, 1884, Wien Ent. Zeit., 3, 269, 270.

Genotype: Cryptarcha ipsoides Reitter.

Large, oblong, glabrous, shining. Head large, broad; clypeus
indistinct. Antennae about as long as the head, first segment long
and moderately" convex, second more convex and shorter than the
third, three to eight becoming progressively shorter and more convex,
club broad oval, moderately compact. Antennal grooves rather long,
convergent. Labrum transverse, connate with the clypeus. Mandibles
more or less strongly and bluntly bifid at tip, feebly bearded. Lacinia
attenuate at tip, feebly bearded; second segment of palpi slightly
longer than the third, fourth as long as the first. Ligula broad, emar-
ginate at apex, paraglossae long, horn-shaped; palpi long and slender,
second and third segments about of equal length. Mentum strongly
transverse, deeply emarginate in front. Prothorax as broad or broader
than the elytra, not margined at base. Scutellum small. Elytra
entire, exposing none or only the tip of the pygidium; epipleurae
narrow. Prosternum prolonged behind the coxae, laminiform, never
attaining the metasternum. Anterior coxae open behind. First
ventral segment nearly as long as the next three together, fourth
longer than the third. Male eighth dorsal segment often invisible,
visible only from beneath.

This is the most derivative genus of the Nitidulidae and most nearly
related to Pityophagus.

The species breed in fleshy fungi.

Glischrochilus contains about 35 species, generally distributed except
in Africa. The species are found at sap, rotten fruit, and in tunnels
of Scolytidae.

Key to Nearctic species

1. Body wider, its width never less than two-fifths its length; moder-
ately convex; often not quite parallel. Intercoxal process of
prosternum broadly rounded at apex. Legs rather stout; at
least the anterior tarsi strongly dilated. Subgenus Librodor
Reitter 2

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 265

Body narrower, its width never greater than two-fifths its length ;
convex or depressed; parallel. Intercoxal process of prosternum
truncate at apex. Legs slender, tarsi never strongly dilated.
Subgenus Glischrochilus s. str 8

2. Metasternum and abdomen red 3

Metasternum and abdomen black 4

3. Elytron red, the apical third, humeral angle, and a submedian

spot black sanguinolentus sanguinolentus

Elytron black, with a transverse basal and a submedian spot red
sanguinolentus rubrov\aadatus

4. Length 7.5 mm. or more; elytron with two moderately large, sub-

circular, red spots obtusus

Length less than 7.5 mm. ; elytral spots variable but never at one
time large, red, and circular 5

5. Elytral spots large, the basal distinctly trilobed, the basal and

post-median equidistant from the suture fasciatus

Elytral spots variable, the basal oblique and quadrate when
large, the postmedian more sutured than the basal 6

6. Elytral spots very small, pale yellow, the basal slightly longer

than the scutellum and parallel to suture, the post-humeral
spot when present distant from the basal by twice the length
of the latter, the post-median spot occupying one-fourth of

the elytral width siepmanni

Elytral spots usually much larger, reddish when small, the basal
only very rarely parallel to the suture, the post-humeral when
present less distant from the basal 7

7. Elytral spots smaller, the basal usually sublunate, sometimes

subquadrate, the post-median occupying not more than three-
fifths of the elytral width quadrisignatus quadrisignatus

Elytral spots larger, the basal subquadrate, the post-median

occupying seven-tenths of the elytral width

quadrisignatus canadensis

8. Elytron with the spots pale yellow, small, and linear, from three

to five in number, sometimes united to form narrow lines or
very rarely reduced to a very small, obsolete basal and post-
median spot vittatus

Elytron with reddish markings which are never linear, rarely
immaculate 9

9. Body almost three times as long as wide, rather strongly convex;

lateral margins of pronotum straight, converging slightly
towards the base lecontei

266 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Body shorter, less convex, lateral margins of pronotum moderately

and evenly arcuate or converging strongly in basal two-fifths . 10

10. Post-median spot of elytron strongly emarginate on its posterior

margin eonfluentus

Post-median spot of elytron variable, rarely lacking, but never

with the posterior margin emarginate moratus

The species are described in a slightly different order than above,
an arrangement that shows their relationships more accurately.

Glischrochilus obtusus (Say)

Ips obtusa Say, 1835, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 1, 168.

Type: from eastern United States is lost, but there is an autotype collected
under rotten chips on Oct. 10, 1827 at Milton, Mass. which is here desig-
nated the neotype. It is in the T. W. Harris collection now on deposit
in the M.C.Z.
Large, robust, oblong; punctation moderately dense and distinct,
elytra more finely and obsoletely punctate than the pronotum. Color
dark rufo-piceous to black, usually black; each elytron with a basal
and a post-median red spot; each spot subcircular, occupying about
half the width of the elytron; the basal spot equidistant from the
sutural and lateral margins; the post-median spot a trifle smaller
and situated slightly closer to the sutural than to the lateral margin.
In the female the pygidium is very broadly rounded at apex, the
apical portion of disc broadly depressed and slightly concave. In the
male the distal halves of the middle and posterior tibiae are suddenly
widened and the pygidium truncate at apex, its disc not concave.
In the female the pygidium is more coarsely punctate and the elytral
apices slightly more oblique than in the male. Length 7.5-12.5 mm.
This species occurs (May-August) from New York (Hillburn, Long
Island) to South Carolina (Clemson), west through Kentucky (Bee
Spring) to Louisiana (Opelousas), Arkansas (South West), and north
to Michigan (Detroit).

Glischrochilus sanguinolentus sanguinolentus (Oliv.)

Nitidula sanguinolenta Oliv., 1790, Entomologie, 2, No. 12, p. 8; pi. 2, fig. 14.
Type: from Georgia and Carolina presumably in the Paris Museum.

Oblong, slightly oval; pronotum finely and sparsely punctate; elytra
more coarsely and densely punctate than the pronotum. Color black

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 267

except as follows: metasternum and abdomen pale red; elytra pale
red, each with the humeral angle, a submedian black spot, and apical
third, black; the submedian spot circular, situated slightly in front
of the middle, equidistant from the lateral and sutural margins and
occupying from three-eighths to five-ninths of the width of the
elytron, much larger than the humeral spot; elytra! epipleura colored
like adjacent portions of the disc. In the female the elytra have the
apical margins strongly oblique and slightly sinuate before the strongly
produced apical angles, the pygidium has a broadly and deeply im-
pressed longitudinal line in about the median half. In the male the
elytra have the apical margins broadly rounded and the apices feebly
produced, the pygidium with or without a fine median line and its
apex more obtuse than in the female. Legs not modified sexually.
Length 4.5-6.2 mm.

This species occurs (April-Nov. 5, chiefly in April) from Ontario
(St. Eugene, Sudbury, Ottawa) and Quebec (Montreal, Hull) to
Florida, west to "Tex." (A.N.S.P.), Iowa (Iowa City), Wisconsin,
Alberta (Edmonton), and British Columbia (Trinity Valley).

Glischrochilus sanguinolentus rubromaculatus (Reitter)

Ips rubromaculatus Reitter, 1873, Verh. nat. Ver. Brtinn, 12, 161.
Type: from Florida presumably in the Stettin Museum (Dohrn coll.).

Similar to typical sanguinolentus but differing as follows. Elytra
black, each with a basal and post-median red spot; the basal spot
transverse, extending from the humeral umbone to a point near the
suture (often attaining the suture), attaining the base only near the
umbone, the elytral suture reddish near the spot; the post-median
spot situated slightly behind the middle, strongly tranverse, feebly
arcuate, the posterior margin convex, separated from the sutural and
lateral margins of the elytron by distances equal to half the width
of the scutellum; subequal in length to the basal spot.

Although intergradations rarely occur, this variation is usually
constant. It is hardly worth a name, however.

This subspecies occurs (April-August) from Quebec (Charlesbourg,
Knowlton), New Brunswick (Bathurst), and Nova Scotia (Kentville)
to Florida, but no further west than New York (Buffalo), Pennsylvania
(Warren Co.), and West Virginia.

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Glischrochilus fasciatus (Oliv.)

Nitidula fasciata Oliv., 1790, Entomologie, 2, no. 12, p. 7; pi. 2, fig. 12.
Ips ^-maculosa Melsh., 1844, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2, 107.
Ips geminatus Melsh., 1844, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2, 108.
Types: of fasciatus from Georgia and Carolina presumably in the ParisMuseum ;

of ^-maculosa and geminatus from Pennsylvania in the M.C.Z. (Mel-

sheimer coll.).
Oblong, slightly oval; moderately finely and sparsely punctate.
Color black except as follows. Elytra black, each with a large basal
and a post-median orange or reddish-yellow spot; the basal spot with
its greatest length equal to its greatest width, separated from the
suture by a distance not greater than half the width of the scutellum,
a little closer to the lateral margin of the elytron, the spot strongly
emarginate on its posterior margin and at the humeral umbone and
therefore trilobed, sometimes emarginate on its sutural margin; the
post-median spot strongly transverse, about half as long as the basal
spot and occupying at least two-thirds of the elytra! width, equidistant
from the sutural and lateral margins of the elytron. Legs and pygidium
not sexually modified. In the female the elytra have the apical margins
strongly oblique and the apices strongly produced. In the male the
elytra have the apical margins slightly oblique and the apices slightly
produced. Length 4-7 mm.

This species occurs (April-October, chiefly in April and May) from
Ontario (Hastings Co., Vineland Station, Niagara) and Quebec (Hull,
Kazubazua) to Florida (Quincy) west to Missouri, Kansas (Topeka),
Iowa (Ames, Mt. Pleasant), Athabasca, Oregon, and British Columbia
(Vancouver); also New Mexico.

Glischrochilus siepmanni Brown

Glischrochilus siepmanni Brown, 1932, Can. Ent., 64, 259-260.
Type: from Fairy Lake, Hull, Quebec, no. 3376, in the Canadian National
Collection, Ottawa and a paratype from Manitoba in the U. S. N. M.

Very closely related to quadrisignatus; oblong; shining; convex;
pronotum slightly more finely and much more sparsely punctate than
the elytra. Color brown or black, usually black; each elytron with a
small, pale, yellow basal and post-median spot; the basal spot elongate,
oval, and parallel to the suture, slightly longer than the scutellum,
twice as long as wide, attaining the elytral base and situated midway
between the lateral and sutural margins of the elytron; the post-median
spot situated at apical third midway between the sutural and lateral
margins of the elytron, occupying one-fourth the elytral width,

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 269

slightly oblique, broadly oval, a little larger than the basal spot. In
some specimens there is an oval spot directly behind the humeral
umbone. It is never more than half as large as the basal spot and is
separated from the basal spot by a distance equal to twice the length
of the latter. Elytral apices sexually unmodified. Length 4-6.2 mm.

This species tends to be slightly more finely punctate and more
slender than quadrisignatus, but can be easily distinguished by the
characteristic elytral spots and the flagellum (figured by Brown,
Can. Ent., 64:260).

This species occurs (April -Sept., chiefly in the spring) from Ontario
(Beaver Mine, Ottawa, Arnprior) and Quebec (Charlebourg, Montreal
Ft. Coulonge) to New York (Staten Island), west through Michigan
(Detroit) to Kansas (Riley Co.), Iowa (Iowa City), and west in Canada
through Manitoba (Awe me), Alberta (Edmonton) to British Columbia
(Midday Valley, Merritt, Vernon) and Oregon.

Glischrochilus quadrisignatus quadrisignatus (Say)

Plates 11, figs. 9-16; pi. 13, fig. 13

Ips 4-signatus Say, 1835, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 1, 169.

Ips similis Melsh., 1844, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2, 108.

Ips bipustulatus Melsh., 1844, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2, 108.

{nee Fab., 1787, Mant. Insect. Hafniae, 1:45).
Ips bipunctatus Melsh., 1844, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 2, 108. {nee Fab.,

1787, Mant. Insect. Hafniae, 1 :45).
Ips quadrisignatus sexpustulatus Reit., 1873, Verh. nat. Ver. Briinn, 12, 161

{nee Fab., 1792, Ent. Syst. Hafniae, 1:512).
Types: of ^-signal us from eastern United States is lost; of similis, bisputulatus,

and bipunctatus all from Pennsylvania in the M.C.Z. (Melsheimer coll.);

and of sexpustulatus from Florida presumably in the National Museum

in Budapest (Reitter coll.).

Oblong, convex, punctation moderately dense and coarse, elytra
punctate as in the pronotum. Color black except as follows: elytra
black, each with a basal and post-median spot; the spots, especially
the basal, variable in size and color; the basal oblique and partly
enclosing the humeral umbone, usually sublunate, sometimes larger
and subquadrate, sometimes reduced and divided to form two or
three small spots, separated from the suture by a distance equal to
or greater than the width of the scutellum, much closer to the lateral
margin ; the post-median spot transversely oval, never greatly reduced,
occupying from one-third to three-fifths of the elytral width, a little
closer to the sutural than to the lateral margin; the spots pale yellow
or reddish yellow, often reddish when reduced. The apical margin

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of each elytron broadly rounded, the apex not produced. Legs,
pygidium, and elytra not sexually modified. Length 4-7 mm.

This species is more densely and slightly more coarsely punctate
than fasciatus, also a little less convex, slightly more parallel, and
lateral pronotal margins more strongly reflexed than fasciatus.

This species occurs (March 28-Sept., chiefly in April) from New-
Hampshire (Mt. Lafayette) to "Florida" (Reitter), west through
Kansas (Topeka, Kawrence, Riley Co.) and Iowa (Mt. Pleasant, Ames)
to Utah (Logan, Magna, Garland, Providence) and Wyoming (Bridger
Basin).

Glischrochilus quadrisignatus canadensis Brown

Glischrochilus quadrisignatus canadensis Brown, 1932, Can. Ent., 64, 259.
Type: from Vernon, British Columbia, no. 3377, in the Canadian National

Collection at Ottawa, also paratypes in the U.S.N.M. and C. A. Frost

coll.

Similar to typical quadrisignatus but differing as follows: elytral
spots yellow; the basal spot large, subquadrate, oblique, separated
from the suture by a distance equal to the width of the scutellum, the
length of its sutural margin three-fifths as great as the length of its
posterior margin; post-median spot transversely oval, a little smaller
than the basal spot, occupying seven-tenths of the elytral width.
Length 4-7 mm.

Since the number of individuals intermediate between this and the
typical form are about as many as one would expect, it hardly seems
necessary to retain this name, particularly since there is no geo-
graphical significance attached to it.

This subspecies occurs (April-August, chiefly in the spring) from
British Columbia (Vernon, Enderby, Agassiz), Athabasca, Ontario
(Vineland Station, Black Rapids, Ottawa), Quebec (Montreal), and
Maine (Bethel) south to Oregon (Corvallis), Utah (Logan), New
Mexico (Albuquerque), Kansas (Riley Co.), and South Carolina
(Tryon).

Glischrochilus vittatus (Say)

Ips vittata Say, 1835, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 1, 170.

Ips dejeanii Kirby, 1837, Richardson's Fauna Boreali-Americana, p. 107. pi. 2

fig. 4.
Ips sepulcralis Randall, 1838, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 2, 19.
Types: of vittatus from "Arkansaw", probably eastern Colorado, is lost; of

dejeanii from northern Canada is in the British Museum; of sepidcralis

from Maine is lost.

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 271

Elongate, shining, slightly more elongate and less convex than
confluentus, brown to black with the following elytral markings: pale
yellow spots, three of these elongate, oval, arranged in a row parallel
to and moderately distant from the suture, one basal, another at
basal third (these often joined together), and the other at apical third,
the spots except the basal frequently joined with two more external
spots which are • sometimes reduced or obsolete. The spots may be
reduced to one very small basal and one very small apical spot on
each elytron. Head finely, moderately densely punctate. Prothorax
with sides moderately arcuate, more or less obliquely narrowed pos-
teriorly and more or less sinuate before the subrectangular hind angles,
the lateral margins narrowly reflexed, surface moderately densely and
coarsely punctate. Elytra punctate as in the pronotum. Elytral
apices rounded in the male and strongly produced in the female.
Length 3.5-6 mm.

This species is most nearly related to confluentus.

This species occurs (April-Sept.) from Alaska, British Columbia
(Vavenby, Midday Valley, Trinity Valley, New Westminster), Alberta
(Banff Sp., Crowsnest, Edmonton), Manitoba (Lake Dauphin),
Ontario (Beaver Mine, Sudbury), and Quebec (Montreal, Hull,
Kazubazua) south to California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado (Glennhaven,
Veta Pass), and in the east to North Carolina.

Glischrochilus confluentus (Say)

Engis confluenta Say, 1823, Journ. Acad. N. S. Philad., 3, 195.
Ips confluens Lee, 1859, Writings of Thomas Say, 2, 125.
Type: from "Missouri" (T. Nuttall coll.) is lost.

Elongate, shining, slightly more convex than moratus and distinctly
less convex than lecontei; black, rarely brown, with the following
elytral markings : the black areas consisting of the apical third, the
lateral margin including the humeral umbone, the suture rather nar-
rowly in basal third or half, a subsutural spot near base sometimes
connected with the sutural stripe, and a large submedian spot rather
narrowly connected to the lateral and sometimes to the sutural stripe.
The color markings are more constant than in related species. Head
moderately coarsely and densely punctate. Prothorax with sides
more or less feebly obliquely narrowed in front and more distinctly
narrowed posteriorly and variably sinuate before the subrectangular
hind angles, lateral margins narrowly reflexed, surface rather densely

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coarsely punctate. Elytra more densely and coarsely punctate than
the pronotum. Elytral apices rounded in the male and feebly produced
in the female. Length 4.2-6.2 mm.

This species occurs (March 28-Nov. 6, chiefly in April) from
Ontario to Georgia, west through "Missouri" and Michigan (Gd.
Ledge, Detroit) to Colorado and Nevada.

Glischrochilus moratus Brown

Glischrochilus moratus Brown, 1932, Can. Ent., 64, 261-2.
Type: holotype male from Aweme, Manitoba, no. 3318 in the Canadian
National Collection, Ottawa; paratype in the U.S.N.M.

Elongate, shining, less elongate and slightly less or as convex as
vittatus; uniformly black except for the following elytral markings:
the suture except in basal fifth and apical third pale red (red markings
may rarely be absent along the suture), this red band extending
externally at its apex and obliquely to a point behind the humeral
umbone at its base, a branch extending from behind the umbone to
the base near the scutellum; this band subequal in width throughout,
its width and the distance separating it from the lateral margin behind
the umbone and at apical third subequal to the width of the scutellum ;
very rarely the elytra may be immaculate or have only a basal spot
on each elytron. Head moderately finely and densely punctate. Pro-
notal sides rather feebly arcuate, feebly sinuate before the sub-
rectangular hind angles, surface sparsely and finely punctate, more
coarsely punctate at the sides. Elytra more coarsely punctate than
pronotal disc. The larger females are usually less convex than the
males. Length 3.6-6 mm.

Although most closely related to confluentus, particularly in the
shape of the prothorax and in the elytral markings, moratus differs in
color and in being slightly less convex and more finely punctate.

This species occurs (March 29-Nov. 17) in British Columbia
(Summerland, Copper Mt., Creston), Alberta (Cypress Hills, Edmon-
ton, Leduc), Manitoba (Aweme), and Ontario (Beaver Mine); also
"Texas, C. V. Riley coll." (U.S.N.M.).

Glischrochilus lecontei Brown

Ips cylindricus Leconte, 1863, Smithson. Misc. Coll., p. 64. (nee Olivier, 1790).

Glischrochilus lecontei Brown, 1932, Can. Ent., 64, 262.

Type: from Eldorado Co., California, no. 6985, in the M.C.Z. (Leconte coll.).

parsons: a revision of nearctic nitidulidae 273

Elongate, shining, moderately convex, more parallel and convex
than any other North American Glischrochilus s. str. Color brown to
black, rarely immaculate but usually with very variable and often
obscure elytra! markings as follows: pale red spots as in moratus,
the basal spot subhumeral, more or less triangular, the posterior spot
sometimes bent forward and extended to the suture, the spots may be
absent or variable in degree of development. Head finely, rather
sparsely punctate. Prothorax with sides nearly straight, slightly
converging basally, rarely feebly, arcuately narrowed in front, hind
angles obtuse, lateral margins very narrowly reflexed, surface finely,
rather densely punctate. Elytra as finely but more densely punctate
than the pronotum. Elytral apices rounded in the male, strongly
produced in the female. Length 4.5-7.5 mm.

In Arizona, at least, this species has been collected in Pinus ponderosa
and strobiformis. It occurs (March-October, Febr.) from British
Columbia (Kelowna) and Manitoba (Aweme) south through Oregon
(Sisters), Idaho (Smith's Ferry), South Dakota (Elmore, Black Hills),
California (Mono Co.), Nevada, Colorado (Evergreen, El Paso Co.,
Douglas Co.) to Arizona (Santa Catalina Mts., Rincon Mts., Chir-
cahua Mts.) and New Mexico (Cloudcroft, Vermejo, Las Vegas Hot
Springs).

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PLATES

PLATE 1

Parsons — A Revision of Nearctic Nitidulidae

PLATE 1

Cateretes pennatus: 1, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 2, maxilla; 3, labrum,
clypeus, and antenna; 4, mandible.

Cateretes pedicularis: 5, scape and pedicel.

Cateretes scissus: 6, scape and pedicel.

Cateretes pennatus: 7, lateral view of male genitalia; 8, ventral view of male
genitalia; 10, lateral view of female genitalia; 11, ventral view of same.

Cateretes sericans: 9, lateral view of male genitalia; 12, ventral view of
female genitalia.

Boreades abdominalis: 13, maxilla; 14, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi;
15, mandible; 16, clypeus and antenna; 17, labrum; 18, ventral view of female
genitalia; 19-21, lateral, dorsal, and ventral views of male genitalia.

Brachypterus urticae: 22, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 23, female eighth
sternite and spermatheca; 24, mandible; 25, maxilla; 26, labrum and antenna;
27, lateral view of male genitalia; 28, ventral view of male eighth sternite
and tergite.

Brachypterolus pulicarius: 29, labrum and antenna; 30, ventral view of male
eighth sternite and tergite; 31, mandible; 32, maxilla; 33, mentum, ligula, and
labial palpi; 34, ventral view of female genitalia;. 35, ventral view of male
genitalia.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Parsons. Nearctic Nitidulidae. Plate 1

PLATE 2

Parsons — A Revision of Nearctic Nitidulidae

PLATE 2

Amartus rufipes: 1, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 2, mandible; 3, maxilla;
4, labial palpus with palpiger; 5, dorsal view of apex of ligula and paraglossae;
6, clypeus and antenna; 7, lateral view of female genitalia; 8, ventral view of
male genitalia; 9, dorsal view of male eighth tergite and sternite; 10, labrum;
11, ventral view of female genitalia (8th sternite pulled apart); 12, showing
normal relation of genitalia with eighth segment.

Anthonaeus agavensis: 13, lateral view of male genitalia; 14, mentum,
ligula, and labial palpi; 15, mandible; 16, lateral view of female genitalia and
eighth segment; 17, ventral view of female genitalia; 18, apices of coxites
with styli; 19, ventral view of male eighth sternite and tergite; 20, labrum and
antenna; 21, maxilla; 22, dorsal view of female eighth tergite with strut.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Parsons. Nearctic INitidulidae. Plate 2

PLATE 3

Parsons — A Revision of Nearctic Nitidulidae

PLATE 3

Conotelus obscurus: 1, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 2, maxilla; 3, labrum;
4, mandible; 5, antenna; 6, ventral view of female genitalia; 7, lateral view of
female genitalia; 8, 9, lateral and dorsal views of male genitalia; and 8th
tergite; 10, ventral view of male genitalia without tergite.

Brachypeplus glaber: 11, maxilla; 12, mandible; 13, mentum, ligula, and
labial palpi; 14, labrum and antenna; 15, 16, ventral and lateral views of male
genitalia; 17, dorsal view of male eighth tergite and sternite.

Colopterus niger: 18, ventral view of phallobase; 19, ventral view of tegmen;
20, maxilla; 21, mandible; 22, labrum and antenna; 23, ventral view of female
genitalia; 24, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 25, ventral view of male eighth
sternite and tergite.

Carpophilus pallipennis: 26, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 27, maxilla;
28, ventral view of female genitalia; 29, ventral view of male genitalia showing
relation to eighth segment; 30, 31, ventral and lateral views of male genitalia;
32, labrum and antenna; 33, mandible.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Parsons. Nearctic Nitidulidae. Plate 3

PLATE 4

Parsons — A Revision of Nearctic Nitidulidae

PLATE 4

Haptoncus luteolus: 1, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 2, labrum; 3, mandi-
ble; 4, maxilla; 5, female eighth sternite with strut; 6, ventral view of female
genitalia; 7, ventral view of male genitalia; 8, labrum and antenna.

Epuraea helvola: 9, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 10, maxilla; 11, mandi-
ble; 12, labrum and antenna; 13, lateral view of male genitalia; 14, ventral
view of male eighth sternite and tergite; 15, ventral view of male genitalia; 16,
ventral view of female genitalia.

Stelidota geminata: 17, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 18, mandible; 19,
maxilla; 20, labrum and antenna; 21, ventral view of male genitalia; 22,
ventral view of male eighth sternite and tergite; 23, ventral view of female
genitalia.

Omosita colon: 24, mentum. ligula, and labial palpi; 25. labrum and antenna;
26, maxilla; 27, mandible; 28, ventral view of male eighth sternite and tergite;
29, ventral view of male genitalia; 30, ventral view of female eighth sternite
and strut; 31, ventral view of female genitalia.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Parsons. Nearctic Nitioulidae. Plate 4

PLATE 5

Parsons — A Revision of Nearctic Nitidulidae

PLATE 5

Orthopeplus quadricollis: 1, dorsal view; 2, labrum, mandibles, and antenna;
3, labial palpi; 4, maxillary palpi; 5, pygidium and eighth dorsal segment of
male.

Nitidula rufipes: 6, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 7, maxilla; 8, mandible;
9, clypeus, labrum, and antenna; 10, ventral view of female genitalia; 11,
female eighth sternite and strut; 12, ventral view of male genitalia; 13, ventral
view of male eighth sternite and tergite.

Prometopia sexmaculata: 14, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 15, maxilla;
16, mandible; 17, labrum and antenna; 18, ventral view of male genitalia; 19,
ventral view of male eighth sternite and tergite; 20, female eighth sternite
and strut; 21, ventral view of female genitalia.

Lobiopa undulata: 22, mandible; 23, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 24,
maxilla; 25, ventral view of male eighth sternite and tergite; 26, ventral view
of male genitalia; 27, labrum and antenna; 28, ventral view of female genitalia.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Parsons. Nearctic Nitidulidae. Plate 5

PLATE 6

Parsons — A Revision of Nearctic Nitidulidae

PLATE 6

Soronia punctatissima: 1, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 2, maxilla; 3,
mandible; 4, labrum and antenna; 5, ventral view of male genitalia; 6, ventral
view of male eighth sternite and tergite; 7. ventral view of female genitalia and
eighth sternite.'

Phenolia grossa: 8, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 9, maxilla; 10, mandible;
11, labrum and antenna; 12, ventral view of male genitalia; 13, ventral view of
male eighth sternite and tergite; 14, ventral view of female sternite with
strut; 15, ventral view of female genitalia.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Parsons. Nearctic Nitidulidae. Plate 6

PLATE 7

Parsons — A Revision of Nearctic Nitidulidae

PLATE 7

Amphotis ulkei: 1, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 2, maxilla; 3, mandible;
4, labrum and antenna; 5, ventral view of male eighth sternite and tergite; 6,
ventral view of male genitalia; 7, ventral view of female eighth sternite with
strut; 8, ventral view of female genitalia.

Thalycra fervida: 9, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 10, maxilla; 11, mandi-
ble; 12, labrum and antenna; 13, ventral view of male eighth sternite and
tergite; 14, ventral view of male genitalia; 15, ventral view of female eighth
sternite with strut; 16, ventral view of female genitalia.

Perthalycra murrayi: 17, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 18, maxilla; 19,
mandible; 20, labrum and antenna; 21, ventral view of female genitalia; 22,
ventral view of male eighth sternite and tergite; 23, ventral view of female
sternite with strut; 24, ventral view of male genitalia.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Parsons. Nearctic Nitioulidae. Plate 7

(J 22 jj 23

PLATE 8

Parsons — A Revision of Nearctic Nitidulidae

PLATE 8

Pocadius helvolus: 1, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 2, maxilla; 3, mandi-
ble; 4, labrum and antenna; 5, ventral view of male eighth sternite and tergite;
6, ventral view of male genitalia; 7, ventral view of female genitalia with
eighth sternite; 8-11, profiles of the prosterna: 8, P. basalis (holotype), 9,
P. helvolus, 10, P. niger (holotype), 11, P. fulvipennis.

Camptodes species (Bolivia): 12, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 13,
maxilla; 14, mandible; 15, labrum and antenna; 16, ventral view of female
genitalia; 17, ventral view of female eighth sternite and tergite with strut; 18,
ventral view of male eighth sternite and tergite; 19, ventral view of male
genitalia.

Amphicrossus ciliatus: 20, ventral view of male genitalia; 21, ventral view of
female genitalia; 22, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 23, maxilla; 24, mandi-
ble; 25, ventral view of male eighth sternite and tergite; 26, labrum and
antenna.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Parsons. Nearctic Nitidulidae. Plate 8

PLATE 9

Parsons — A Revision of Nearctic Nitidulidae

PLATE 9

Cychramus adustus: 1, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 2, maxilla; 3,
mandible; 4, labrum and antenna; 5, ventral view of male eighth sternite and
tergite; 6, ventral view of male genitalia; 7, ventral view of female genitalia.

Pallodcs -pallidus: 8, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 9, maxilla; 10, mandi-
ble; 11, clypeus, labrum, and antenna; 12, ventral view of female genitalia; 13,
lateral view of male genitalia; 14, ventral view of male genitalia; 15, ventral
view of male eighth sternite and tergite; 16, ventral view of female eighth
sternite with strut.

Cyllodes biplagiatus: 17, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 18, maxilla; 19,
mandible; 20, labrum and antenna; 21, ventral view of female genitalia; 22,
ventral view of female eighth sternite and tergite with strut; 23, ventral view
of male eighth sternite and tergite; 24, ventral view of male genitalia; 25,
lateral view of apex of inverted aedeagus.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Parsons. Nearctic Nitidulidae. Plate 9

PLATE 10

Parsons — A Revision of Nearctic Nitidulidae

PLATE 10

Oxycnemus histrina: 1, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 2, maxilla; 3,
mandible; 4, labrum and antenna; 5, ventral view of male eighth sternite and
tergite; 6, ventral view of male genitalia; 7, ventral view of female genitalia;
8, ventral view of female eighth sternite.

Meligethes mutatus: 9, mentum, ligula (separated), and labial palpi; 10,
maxilla; 11, mandible; 12, labrum (beneath clypeus) and antenna; 13, ventral
view of male genitalia; 14, ventral view of male eighth sternite and tergite; 15,
hypopygidium; 16, ventral view of female genitalia; 17, ventral view of female
eighth sternite; 18-23, anterior tibiae of Meligethes: 18, pinguis (holotype),
19, saevus (holotype), 20, aeneus (holotype of rufimanus), 21, aeneus (holotype
of moerens), 22, seminulum (holotype, and variations), 23, mutatus (holotype).

Cryptarcha ampla: 24, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 25, maxilla; 26,
mandible; 27, labrum and antenna; 28, ventral view of male eighth sternite
and tergite; 29, ventral view of female eighth sternite; 30, ventral view of
male genitalia; 31, ventral view of female genitalia.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL

Parsons. Nearctic Nitidulidae. Plate 10

PLATE 11

Parsons — A Revision of Nearctic Nitidulidae

PLATE 11

Pityophagus rufipennis: 1, mentum, ligula, and labial palpi; 2, maxilla; 3,
mandible; 4, labrum and antenna; 5, ventral view of male eighth sternite and
tergite; 6, ventral view of male genitalia; 7, ventral view of female eighth
sternite with strut; 8, ventral view of female genitalia.

Glischrochilus quadvisignatus: 9, mandible; 10, maxilla; 11, mentum, ligula,
and labial palpi; 12, ventral view of female eighth sternite with strut; 13,
labrum and antenna; 14, ventral view of male genitalia; 15, ventral view of
male eighth sternite and tergite; 16, ventral view of female genitalia.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Parsons. Nearctic Nitidulidae. Plate 11

PLATE 12

Parsons — A Revision of Nearctic Nitidulidae

PLATE 12

Hind wings of Nearctic Nitidulidae: 1, Cater etes pennatus; 2, Boreades
abdominalis; 3, Brachypterns urticae; 4, Brachypterolus pulicarius; 5, Amartus
rufipes; 6, Anthonaeus agavensis; 7, Conotelus obscurus; 8, Brachypeplus glaber;
9, Colopterus unicolor; 10, Carpophilus pallipennis; 11, Haptoncus luteolus;
12, Epuraea helvola; 13, Orthopeplus quadricollis; 14, Stelidota geminata; 15,
Omosita colon; 16, Nitidula ziczac; 17, Prometopia sexjnaculata; 18, Phenolia
grossa.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Parsons. Nearctic Nitidulioae. Plate 12

PLATE 13

Parsons — A Revision of Nearctic Nitidulidae

PLATE 13

Hind wings of Nearctic Nitidulidae: 1, Lobiopa undulata; 2, Amphotis ulkei;
3, Meligethes mutatus; 4, Thalycra fervida; 5, Perthalycra murrayi; 6, Amphi-
crossus ciliatus; 7, Camptodes texanus; 8, Pallodes pallidus; 9, Cychramus adustus;
10, Cyllodes biplagiatus; 11, Pityophagus rufipennis; 12, Oxycnemus histrina;
13, Glischrochilus quadrisignatus; 14, Cryptarcha ampla; 15, Pocadius helvolus.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Parsons. Nearctic Nitidulidae. Plate 13

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE
Vol. XCII, No. 4

BIRDS OF THE HARVARD PERUVIAN EXPEDITION

By J. L. Peters and J. A. Griswold, Jr.

With Five Plates

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.
PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM
April, 1943

No. 4. — Birds of the Harvard Peruvian Expedition

1939
By J. L. Peters and J. A. Griswold, Jr.

INTRODUCTION

By J. A. Griswold, Jr.

In January 1939 I was sent to Peru, through the kindness of Dr.
Thomas Barbour, director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Harvard College, to make general zoological collections in northern,
southern and central Peru. Unfortunately I was only able to collect
in central Peril as I was recalled to Cambridge to lead another expedi-
tion, which, however, had to be abandoned on account of war. Conse-
quently almost all my collecting was done in the vicinity of Maraynioc,
a locality made famous by von Tschudi, Jelski, and Kalinowski, and
where so many ornithological discoveries had been made, the most
outstanding being a genus of Cotingdae, Doliomis sclateri Tacz.,
collected by Jelski in 1874. It was mainly in the hope of getting this
rare bird that I spent three months at Maraynioc, in which attempt, I
might as well admit at once, I was unsuccessful.

I devoted my efforts mainly to birds and mammals, with the idea of
trying to secure as many different species rather than long series,
collecting 302 birds of 105 species, and 105 mammals of 20 species.

I left New York on January 28, 1939 and arrived at Callao on
February 19th. I then spent 10 days in Lima making arrangements
and gathering information concerning Maraynioc, and during this
time also made a few one-day collecting trips to the following localities :
Cajarmarquilla, Chosica, Santa Eulalia, Callahuanca, and Matucana.

On the first of March I left for Maraynioc, returning to Lima for
two weeks from April 11th to 25th on account of the sudden death of
Mrs. Marshall Hertig, the mother of David M. Hertig, whom I had
engaged as assistant. Returning to Maraynioc, I worked there until
the 25th of June, returned to Lima, and took the boat for New York
on July 11th.

My thanks are especially due to Doctor Marshall Hertig of the
Harvard Medical School, head of the Department of Medical Entom-
ology in the Instituto Nacional de Higiene Salud Publica in Lima, for
his cordial hospitality and helpful cooperation in Peru. Also my
appreciation to David Hertig for his untiring and efficient efforts while
accompanying me in the field as general assistant.

For all the facilities and cordial friendship extended to me, my

282 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

K
gratitude is due to Mr. Geoffrey W. Morhill, head of the Ferrocarril

Central del Peru, and other officers of the Peruvian railroad system.

Grateful thanks are also due to Sefiores Maiback and Josi, ad-
ministrators of the Hacienda Maraynioc, who very kindly offered
David Hertig and me the hospitality and accommodations of the
ranch, as well as giving us the necessary permission to collect there.

Thanks are also due to the Peruvian government for its courtesy,
and to Dr. Albert A. Gieseck of the American Embassy.

I also thank the following people for the many kindnesses they
showed me while in Peru: Ambassador and Mrs. Steinhardt, and
Ambassador and Mrs. Dreyfus, the American Consulate, Mr. Nathan-
iel A. Whitten, Senor Celestino Camacho, Seiior Anfossi, and especially
to Dr. and Mrs. Alfred Kidder, 2nd, for the information with which
they supplied me and the arrangements that they made for me in
southern Peru, of which I was unable to take advantage.

Lastly, my thanks are especially due to Dr. Thomas Barbour,
through whose kindness the trip was made possible.

Collecting Localities

Cajamarquilla. 1,000 feet. Arid tropical. Extensive Inca ruins,
situated ten miles northeast of Lima in the Rimac valley. Vegetation
appearing only along the river and irrigated parts.
Chosica. 2,800 feet. Arid tropical. Small town situated in the Rimac
valley some 40 kilometers north-east of Lima. The surrounding hills
are steep, rocky and barren with only a little cactus and other such
desert shrubs. Along the banks of the Rimac river and the irrigation
ditches a more luxuriant growth of small trees, bushes, and rushes
exists, but of no considerable extent, being divided up by small
gardens, cotton and corn fields. Although only a short distance from
Lima, it is quite different climatically, during the winter there usually
being bright sunshine in Chosica while it is misty and drizzly in Lima.
Santa Eulalia. 3,500 feet. Also in the arid tropical belt and only 15
minutes higher up from Chosica in the Santa Eulalia valley. It is
about here that the veruga zone starts, and anybody who has not been
brought up in the veruga territory is almost sure to get this deadly
disease if he spends so much as a night in the zone.

Santa Eulalia is very similar to Chosica but a little more vegetation
consisting mainly of fruit trees of several varieties. The surrounding
hillsides were barren like those in Chosica.
Callahuanca. 5,000 feet. Arid tropical. 42 miles north-east of Lima

PETERS AND GRISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS 283

in the Santa Eulalia valley. The surrounding hills not quite so barren
as Chosica but still a desert flora. Veruga fever is prevalent.
Matucana. 8,000 feet. Arid subtropical. Veruga zone. Town on the
main railroad line from Lima to Oroya. Matucana is about 64 miles from
Lima in the Rimac valley. The hillsides are very steep and rugged.
Maraynioc. Practically no description of Maraynioc and the sur-
rounding country has ever been published. Therefore, I shall try to set
down a few facts that might be of interest and help to future collectors.

Maraynioc is not a village or district but a private hacienda or ranch
whose boundaries cover a considerable area. Maraynioc is located in
the Eastern Cordillera, some twenty miles north-east of Tarma, the
capitol of the Department of Junin. It is clearly marked on the large
government road maps issued by the Ministerio de Fomento, but
spelled "Marainioc." The small ranch house and old sheep barn are
situated on the banks near the headwaters of the Rio Anamayo at an
altitude of 12,000 feet, in the humid temperate zone.

Maraynioc can easily be reached from Lima in a day and a half by
taking a train to Oroya, a distance of 222 miles (eight hours). From
Oroya to Tarma by small modern public bus, a distance of 28 miles
(two hours). From Tarma a second bus can be taken to the village of
Palca, the nearest point to the Hacienda and twelve miles from Tarma,
or one hour's drive. Arriving in Palca it is then only a matter of trying
to persuade somebody to take you by truck over a hair-raising,
slippery, mountainous road to Maraynioc, a four hour drive under the
best conditions. The same trip from Palca to the ranch can also be
covered by mule or horse, if procurable, in the same length of time.
The trip, however, if the weather is suitable, is best done by private
car or truck hired in Tarma.

Hacienda Maraynioc is the residue of a grand and glorious venture
which failed utterly. Many years ago a small group of men got
together and spent thousands of dollars putting a road into the
hacienda, building the U-shaped ranch house and a large galvanized
tin sheep barn, erecting miles and miles of fencing in the rugged sierra
country, and then importing thousands of sheep from Scotland. The
climate proved much too damp for them and they rapidly died off, so
that now hardly any of the original breed remain. The land is still
owned by the son of one of the original partners, now living in Chile,
and Maraynioc is administered for him by two Swiss gentlemen,
Messrs. Maiback and Josi. The sole source of income now derived
from the ranch is the weekly sale of excellent butter.

The first three months, March through May, I spent at Maraynioc

284 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

the weather could not have been worse. It rained almost every day
and was very misty. The temperature ranged as low as 37° F. at
night, to 75° when the sun shone. Towards the end of May the
weather improved considerably.

Hacienda Maraynioc is situated in a narrow valley, some 35 miles
long. The altitudes ranging from about 17,000 feet to about 2,000,
with the corresponding differences in vegetation — there being noth-
ing but very small bushes, grass and rocks at the higher elevations,
small trees and bushes around the farm itself, and from 10,000 feet
down an ever increasing sub-tropical and tropical jungle. Most of my
collecting was done between 10,000 and 13,000 feet, although I was as
high as 15,750 and down to 6,000 to a small branch of the Hacienda
known as Chilpes. With this great range of altitude within a day's
walk from the Hacienda, there is a great variety of birds. The mammal
population between 11,000 feet and 15,000 feet was not abundant —
there being several different kinds of rats and mice, a fair number of
deer and skunks, a few opossum, bats, and rock chinchilla.

The headwaters of the Rio Anamayo, which is the swift mountain
stream that flows by the Hacienda, runs from a series of small lakes
(15,450 feet), some three hours walk above the ranch. The trail to
Luchos follows the river for about a third of the way and then veers
off, so that the confluence of the Anamayo with the Pariayacu, the
trail is far above. There are no fish in the river, but a number of torrent
ducks (Merganetta) were seen and collected, and dippers (Cinclus)
were observed on three occasions.

Chilpes. 6,000 feet. Sub-tropical. A small branch of the Hacienda
Maraynioc, where corn is grown for the natives and their livestock
who live in the higher altitudes. It is situated some eleven miles,
(three hours walking time, down hill), from Maraynioc, being con-
nected by a narrow, rough, over-grown trail. The trail from Maraynioc
to Luchos, forty minutes walking time, and from Luchos to the
Pariayacu river (11,000 feet), ten minutes walking time, is fairly good,
but from there on to Chilpes it remains uniformally bad, as there is
almost a sudden change in the flora — the trees are larger, the under-
growth thicker and more abundant. The bird life also changes at this
point so that anything collected beyond the Pariayacu river, in the
direction of Chilpes, I labeled CHILPES.

Hunting along the Chilpes trail is most difficult, as the path follows
along a mountain side and anything shot a little ways off is hard to
retrieve, as it will either fall yards below or be completely concealed
by the dense, nearly impenetrable underbrush.

PETERS AND GRISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS 285

( hilpes is but a clearing in the jungle where nothing but large fields
of Indian corn predominate. In the opening is a small, four-roomed,
tin roofed house where a native workman and his family live. Near
the house is a small river which is hidden by trees where flocks of
parrots, Pionus tumultuosus, feed when the trees are in fruit. Furnari-
idae of several species are abundant, and one Cock-of-the-Rock
Rupicola peruviana peruviana was seen and collected.

Methods of Collecting

The three basic methods I used to collect birds were: shooting,
trapping, and the use of Italian bird nets. The first method I shall not
go into as it is too well known to experienced collectors, but the other
two are hardly ever practiced by scientists in the field, and by their
means very many interesting specimens are secured that cannot be
gotten by shooting, and also long series of comparatively rare birds
are sometimes procurable.

Trapping. Widely traveled collectors fully realize the efficiency and
results achieved by the native snares in those countries where the
natives are ingenious and rely on such methods for meat for the pot;
but in the new world it is rare to find natives adept at trapping.
Therefore, the gathering of zoological specimens falls back completely
on the cleverness of the collector. The use of common steel traps,
especially those of the under-spring variety, are extremely useful and
efficient if you know how to use them.

While in Peril I used about a dozen Xo. 0 steel traps. By setting
them on poles and rocks in advantageous localities, I was able to
collect the following birds which were not secured in any other way.

Ciccaba albitarsus

Faleo femoralis pichinchae

Accipter erythronemus centralis

Placing the traps in trails on the ground I had the good fortune to
catch four specimens of Nothoproeta taczanowskii and one specimen of
Grallaria s. squamigera.

Bird Nets. For the last three years I have been using Italian bird
nets on my trips. On this last expedition, they again showed their
worth as a means of supplementing the collector's shotgun. Out of
302 birds collected, 125 were caught in the two nets set. This means
that at least twice this number were caught, but only the desirable

286 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

ones were saved, and the rest released when possible. The following
birds were caught only by means of the nets.

1 . Glaucidium jardinii jardinii

2. Veniliornis nigriceps pectoralis

3. Tyranniscus nigrocapillus nigrocapillus

4. Elaenia pallatangae

5. Elaenia albiceps modesta

6. Colibri iolatus iolatus

7. Diglossa baritula decorata

8. Delothraupis castancivcntris peruvianus

9. Hemispingus atro-pileus auricular is
10. Phrygilus unicolor inca .

CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTION

By James L. Peters and J. A. Griswold, Jr.

In the following annotated catalogue of the collection the senior
author is solely responsible for the identifications, nomenclature and
taxonomy. The colors of the soft parts are quoted from the notes of
the junior author. Field notes on status, habits and habitat are by the
junior author.

The sequence of Orders and Families is that proposed by Wetmore
(1934). The arrangement of genera and species, up to and including
the Caprimulgidae, follows that of the first four volumes of Peters'
Check-List (1931, 1934, 1937, 1940). The Trochilidae follow Simon
(1921); in the remaining non-passerine families the order of genera and
species is that used in the first two volumes of Cory's "Catalogue"
(1918, 1919), while all the passerine groups have the genera and species
arranged according to Hellmayr's continuation of Cory's Catalogue.

TINAMIDAE

Nothoprocta taczanowskii Sclater & Salvin

Maraynioc: 2 cf\ 2 9,1 chick, 5 April-10 May, 12000 ft.
"Eyes chestnut; culmen dark gray; legs yellow."

I have insufficient material to attempt to work out the relationships
and ranges of the eight forms of Nothoprocta inhabiting the high
mountains of Peru.

The wariness of these birds makes them very difficult to shoot, al-
though they were fairly common. In fact, during all the time I was

PETERS AND GRISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS 287

at Maraynioc, I never succeeded in shooting a single specimen, and
it was not until I had learned a little about their habits that I was able
to collect the four specimens I brought back with me. This tinamou
lives in the small copses and on the grassy slopes, and is most fre-
quently seen around the small potato patches, that are scattered
around the country side. It was through their weakness for potatoes
that I was finally able to trap four. These tinamous run very rapidly
whenever there is much cover, but if surprised in the open will usually
sit until almost stepped on, then rise with a cackle and a whir of
wings.

The method I used for catching tinamous was to place traps in
their runways, where they were in the habit of entering a potato
patch, and then block off the intervening spaces between the traps
with brush. Fresh, partly eaten potatoes and the accompanying
scratches of newly dug-up earth were a sure indication that tinamous
were frequenting a potato field. A potato field bordering or almost
surrounded by brush and trees was the most productive.

April and May, the beginning of summer, must be the nesting season
as partly formed eggs were found in the oviducts of two specimens,
one on the 5th of April, the other on the 10th of May.

COLYMBIDAE

Colymbus occipitalis juninensis (Berlepsch and Stolzmann)

Maraynioc: Id1, 31 March, 1939.
"Eyes red; bill gray; legs black."

Berlepsch and Stolzmann (1894, p. 109, pi. 4) described Podicrps
taczanou-skii from Lake Junin based on 3d71, 3 9 taken 24 and 27 May
by Ladislas Taczanowski. In the original description these birds were
compared with a single adult (sex and season not stated) of Podiceps
calipareus (Lesson) [= occipitalis] from the Straits of Magellan and
were found to differ in having a longer and broader bill, larger nasal
openings set in a longer and deeper groove; both mandibles tipped with
whitish; tarsi and toes longer and stouter; auricular plumes "silky
cinereous brown" instead of "golden straw-color"; front of head in-
cluding the upper part of the cheeks dark cinereous instead of pale
brownish gray; black of nuchal region blending into the color of the
occiput instead of being sharply separated from it, the black of the
nuchal region in taczanowskii descending farther down on the back of
the neck; cheeks and throat pure white instead of pale brownish gray;

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outerwebs of secondaries mostly white, more or less freckled with ashy
gray.

In the same article Berlepsch and Stolzmann go on to mention three
additional specimens in the University Museum at Warsaw, collected
by Jelski at Lake Junin 16 August, 1872. These were examined by
Stolzmann who pronounced one to be taczanoivski, the other two were
found to have the shorter bill of occipitalis, though differing in color
from that form just as did taczanowskii. For the two latter birds they
proposed the name Podiceps calliparaeus juninensis.

In identifying Griswold's specimen I have available for comparison
2dP\ 29, of C. o. occipitalis from Patagonia, killed in December; of
C. o. juninensis, 1 9 and 1 not sexed from Lake Titicaca, Peru, taken
in August and Jan. -Feb. respectively; 2 9 from Lake Pariguana, Peru,
13,500 feet, 3 December, and 1 9 , Mt. Antisana, 13,200 feet, Ecuador,
shot in October.

The Patagonian birds, all taken at end of the breeding season, are
surely of the typical race with restricted black occipital patch of the
head ; auricular plumes straw-color (except in one 9 that I judge to be
sub-adult) ; cheeks and throat pale smoky ; outer secondaries white on
both webs with varying amounts of freckling. They measure:

Wing Bill

Wing

M. C. Z. 85103 <? 122.5

85102 c? 123.5

85105 9 124.2

85104 9 (sub adult) 123.7

The measurements of the specimen of this form available to Ber-
lepsch and Stolzman as given by them are:

sex — 128 18.25 41. 70

The skins that I refer to C. o. juninensis measure as follows :

Wing Bill
Wing Bill Tarsus Index

M. C. Z. 24307 Peru: Lake Titicaca 120.3 16.3 37.1 74

82917 " " 9 118.3 14.8 37 79

269628 " Lake

Pariguana 9 127 17.5 38.8 72

269629 " Lake

Pariguana 9

(= c? ?) 132.3 18.7 41.7 70

199023 Ecuador: Antisana 9 122.7 17.2 38.4 71

Bill

Tarsus

Index

16.4

19.8

43.5

17.6

41.1

17.

41.7

PETERS AND GRISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS 289

The throat and cheeks are clearly white. All agree with the color
characters given for jit nine nsis.

The Griswold specimen has the color of the top of head and neck
and of the auricular tufts as described in taczanowskii and junincnsis,
but the cheeks and throat are pale smoky gray, not white; in the
dried skin the bill has the basal two thirds black and the tip grayish
as described for taczanowskii. It measures:
M. C. Z. 266548 & 125.5 21.4 42.7 58

The measurements of taczanowskii given by Berlepsch and Stolz-
mann are:

3 c? 122-129 32-33 44.5-45

3 9 115.5-124 28.75-29 42.5-44.5

A pair of taczanowskii from Lake Junin, loaned me by the American
Museum of Natural History measure:

& 119.4 29.6 41.7 40

9 27.1 43.4

I have been much puzzled by Mr. Griswold's bird, but finally refer
it to juninensis; it is true that the pale smoky gray throat and sides of
head are difficult to account for except on the basis of imperfect
knowledge of this grebe's plumage sequences, but it is definitely not
taczanowskii; the latter bird has a larger body, longer bill and stouter
feet, but its wing is little longer than that of juninensis. A "wing-bill"

(win0- length\
. ... , — ) gives .62-74 for o. occipitalis, .70-79 for juninen-
bill length /

sis, .58 for Griswold's bird (cf) and .40 for taczanowskii. cf.

The three or four grebes that I observed on the high mountain

lakes, some five hours walk above the hacienda, never flew to escape,

but swam or dived out of shotgun range.

ANATIDAE

Merganetta armata leucogenis (Tschudi)

Maraynioc: 1 d% 2 9 , 10 April-17 May 1939.
"Eyes dark brown; bill red; legs red."

This torrent duck was not uncommon in the stream that ran by the
hacienda. They were more apt to be seen on cloudy or rainy days than
at other times. This was probably due to the swelling of the river,
which became a real torrent. Although not uncommon, they were very

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hard to collect, being very shy birds, excellent swimmers and divers.
They were usually seen sitting on rocks in the middle of the stream,
and when approached would hop into the water and swim rapidly
down stream, the speed of the current carrying them quickly out of
range. If pressed too closely they will either dive, swimming down
stream or up, or take to their wings, being excellent fliers.

CATHARTIDAE

Coragyps atratus (Bechstein)

Lima (San Isidro) : 1 9 . 22 February 1939.

Friedman (1933, p. 187-188), the most recent reviser of Coragyps
recognizes no races of this bird throughout its wide range. His measure-
ments (not segregated by sexes) show the North American series as
having a wing length ranging between 415 and 454 mm. and the wing
of the South American birds varying from 405-432 mm. While
admitting the average smaller size of the South American Black Vul-
ture, Friedmann shows that this average is less than 3% of their size
and that only the very largest of the North American birds can be
distinguished with certainty. While it is a pity that Friedmann's
measurements show neither the sex nor the country whence his
specimens came, nevertheless they prove that on the basis of his ma-
terial the recognition of a South American race of this bird is not
justified. I have measured seven South American birds (only two of
them sexed) and secure the following results :

1 9 Saboga Id., Bay of Panama wing 405

1 9 Lima, Peru 385

1 — Surinam 395

2 — Brazil 390, 400
2 — Chile 400, 405
5 cf Southeastern United States 395-430
5 9 Southeastern United States 415-430

On the basis of the material examined by me the recognition of
foetens is justified but partly in view of the widely scattered places
whence skins are available and that I have seen no topotypical foetens
from Paraguay, it seems best to refrain from recognizing any races of
Coragyps atratus. The truth of the matter is that neither Friedmann
nor I have examined a sufficiently representative properly sexed
series.

PETERS AND GRISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS 291

Cathartes aura jota (Molina)

Maraynioc: 2 a", 10 and 24 June 1939, 12,000 feet.
"Eyes brown; face pink; bill white; legs whitish-yellow."
Wings 520, 530.

Turkey Vultures did not appear at Maraynioc until the first week of
May, just as the dry season was starting. At first only one or two,
increasing gradually as the weather improved. They would usually
follow definite routes, passing a definite spot every time, unless
frightened. One specimen weighed 3?^ pounds.

ACCIPITRIDAE

ACCIPITER ERYTHRONEMIUS VENTRALIS Sclater

Maraynioc: 2 cf, 1 9 , 3-10 May 1939.

"Eyes orange or orange yellow; eye ring yellow; bill blue horn; cere yellow;
legs yellow."

The small Accipiters of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru
are a very variable lot and without knowing the origin of any given
specimen, subspecific determination would hardly be possible. In
series, A. c. salvini of the Santa Marta Mts. and the Andes of Merida
averages paler gray above, but the underparts vary from uniform red-
dish brown in some males to pure white in some females.

A male A. e. ventralis from near Bogota, Colombia has the reddish
brown confined to the tibiae, the rest of the underparts being washed
with gray and with obsolete bars of grayish brown from the lower
border of the throat back to the belly; the flanks are pale rusty; one of
Griswold's males is pure white below except for the tibiae and faint
rusty barring on the flanks and sides of chest; the other is strongly
suffused with reddish brown over the entire underparts with an under-
lying grayish wash on the chest and distinct dusky bars on the middle
of the underparts, the flanks and tibiae being uniform deep reddish
brown.

This little hawk was fairly common, but only one specimen was shot,
and that on the wing. The other two specimens were caught by means
of traps on high poles. The remains of a bird were found in the crop of
one specimen.

Buteo polyosoma poecilochrous Gurney

Maraynioc: 1 [im.] d\ 12 April 1939, 12,000 feet.
"Eyes fawn; bill blue horn; legs yellow."
Wing 408; tail 250 mm; wing tail index 60.

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This is a rather puzzling specimen; its 3d and 5th primaries being
equal and the large wing-tail index place it as poecilochrous as defined
by Stresemann (1925, p. 316-317). The table of measurements given
by Stresemann does not include any dimensions for immature males.
Chapman (1926, p. 229-230) feels that the primary formula is incon-
stant and that our knowledge of the relationships of poecilochrous and
polyosoma is far from satisfactory. Chapman had but five specimens
available to him with the poecilochrous primary formula and none of
those that had the sex determined were immature. His adult males had
wings ranging from 418-438 and tails from 223-243.

Weight 1% pounds. Stomach contents, 3 lizards and the remains
of a mouse.

FALCONIDAE

Phalcoboenus megalopterus megalopterus (Meyen)

Maraynioc: 1 d\ 1 9. 28 March and 3 May, 1939. 12000-13000 feet.
"Eyes brown; bill blue- horn; soft parts orange; legs yellow."

Phalcoboenus was very common, being observed daily in small
groups or pairs. They are excellent fliers and would often play follow-
the-leader, chasing each other around and around a given point. It
was a common sight to see them walking around on the ground look-
ing for food. The crop and stomach contents of the two specimens shot
contained grasshoppers and other insects, lizards, cocoons and cater-
pillars. The body weight of the male was 1% pounds.

Falco femoralis pichinchae Chapman

Maraynioc: 1 9. 19 March, 1939. 13000 feet.

"Eyes dark brown; bill blue-horn; cere yellow; soft parts yellow."

Wing 305 mm.

Variation in the Aplomado Falcon has been discussed by Todd and
Carriker (1922, p. 160-162) and by Chapman (1925, p. 1-2). The
studies of these two ornithologists show that the species is divisible
into three races, the distinctions resting mainly on (a) size and (b) the
character of the black abdominal patch. Thus there are two forms with
a black patch extending completely across the abdomen, a larger North
American race septentrionalis Todd, and a smaller South American
form, typical femoralis Temminck. The third race, found in the Andes
of Ecuador and Peru (pichinchae Chapman) is characterized by large
size and a divided abdominal patch. Swann and Wetmore (1936, p.

PETERS AND GRISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS

293

424-427) recognize an additional race in southern South America,
fuscocaerulescens Vieillot, characterized by moderately large size and
duller coloration.

I have prepared the following table of wing measurements based on
specimens in the M. C. Z., to which are added some measurements
which I took on the U. S. National Museum material of this species
some years ago, and the measurements published by Todd and by
Chapman in their papers already referred to.

Much more recently Wetmore (1939, p. 187-188) has discussed the
subject further and published additional measurements.

Wing Measurements — Falco femoralis

United States

Arizona

245

290

Texas

255
258
259
260
263

289
291
293
295
305

Mexico

Sinaloa

250

290

Tamaulipas

250
253
255

292

Vera Cruz

242
250
255

281

British Honduras

240

Colombia

220
230
238
241

265
270
271

Venezuela

237

Brazil

Para

Matto Grosso

228

258
259
263

Bolivia

240
240

248

262
267

Paraguay

239

267

Chile

254
260

280
286

Argentina

Salta
Chaco

251
273

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Formosa

235

Santa Fe

234

Buenos Aires

283

Tucuman

231

280

235

269

259

C6rdoba

254

277

Chubut

238

251

240

284

270

299
300

295

205

295

210

290

Peru
Ecuador

From the measurements given in the table it is evident that some of
the birds from Chile and southern and western Argentina are larger
than the birds from the rest of tropical South America; they appear
browner and darker than the North American F. f. septentrionalis, but
since both large and small birds occur in the same general regions,
the possibility that North American migrants are involved as sug-
gested by Wetmore cannot be ignored. More material is necessary to
decide the question.

Falco fuscocaerulescens Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., 11, 1817,
p. 90 — Paraguay; based on the 'obscuro azulejo' of Azara, (Apuntes
1, 1802, p. 179, No. XL) has for many years been considered applicable
to this species and was also the specific name. Careful reading of
Azara's account, the sole basis of Vieillot's name, convinces me that
Falco fuscocaerulescens Vieillot 1817 applies to Falco albigularis
Daudin 1802. Sufficient material is not available for me to decide
whether Vieillot's name might be applicable to the bird described
as Falco albigularis pax Chubb 1918.

But, in any event, fuscocaerulescens can no longer be used for the
Aplomado Falcon, and in its place it is necessary to revert to Falco
femoralis Temminck (PI. col., livr. 58, pi, 121, livr. 21, pi. 343, 1822,
— Brazil, ex Natterer).

CRACIDAE

Penelope montagnii plumosa Berlepsch and Stolzmann

Chilpes: 3 d", 30 May-17 June, 1939. 9000-10000 feet.
"Eyes red; throat red; bill very dark brown; legs red."

PETERS AND GRISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS 295

These three birds are virtual topotypes of the subspecies originally
described from Maraynioc. The posterior underparts are more
noticeably reddish brown than in any of the other races of P. mon-
tagnii; in fact, one specimen is so strongly suffused with this color as
to suggest a tendency toward erythrism.

This guan was common; it was found as high as 10,000 feet. The
nature of the terrain made it impossible to shoot this bird except
along the trail between Pariayacu and Chilpes. The weight of a
specimen taken 14 June was 1% lbs.

CHARADRIIDAE

Ptiloscelys resplendens (Tschudi)

Maraynioc: 1 d", 2 9. 21-25 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes and legs wine-red; bill wine-red; tip black."

Seen daily after the middle of May, and usually in pairs. This spur-
winged plover has a cry not unlike a gull and frequents open grassy
meadows. It was usually seen in the damp fields near the hacienda,
at an altitude of 12,000 feet. Generally it was quite shy, but one pair
became very curious when a dog tried to chase them.

COLUMBIDAE

Metriopelia ceciliae ceciliae (Lesson)

Callahuanca (67 km. northeast of Lima) : 22 April, 1939. 5200 feet.
"Eyes blue; eye ring orange; bill dark gray; legs flesh color."

Extremely common on the arid mountain slopes at Callahuanca.

Oreopeleia bourcieri frenata (Tschudi)

Chilpes: 1 d\ 19 June, 1939. 11,000 feet.

"Eyes black center, yellow ring; bill black; legs pinkish red."

This specimen is not fully adult; barred and vermiculated feathers
of the juvenal plumage are scattered throughout the various tracts.

Noted on several occasions between the altitudes of 9,000 and
11,000 feet. An inhabitant of the thick underbrush, where it is usually
seen running along the trails. It is only comparatively timid.

296 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

PSITTACIDAE

Hapalopsittaca melanotis peruviana (Carriker)

Chilpes: 1 d\ 1 June, 1938. 9,000 feet.

"Eyes brown; eye ring orange-red; bill light blue horn; legs light blue gray."

This well-marked race was recently described by Carriker from a
pair shot together at Auquimarca, 10,000 feet, Paucartambo River,
Department of Junm, Peru, and at the time constituted the first
Peruvian record for the species. So far as I am aware, Griswold's
specimen now constitutes the third record, and extends the range of
peruviana about 60 km in a southerly direction.

Comparing the Chilpes specimen with the cotypes-of H. in. melan-
otis (Lafr.) I find it to differ in precisely the characters pointed out
by Carriker, and the race is unquestionably valid.

Pionus tumultuosus (Tschudi)

Chilpes: 1 d\ 2 April, 1939. 6,000 feet.
"Eyes brown; bill ivory; legs gray."

Very common and fairly tame when feeding in large groups.

[Bolborhynchus andicola (Finsch)

Although no specimens of this little parrot were collected, they were
observed on several occasions feeding on wild blackberries. These
parrots do not start to arrive at Maraynioc till about the middle of
June, when it really starts to get warmer and the rains let up.]

STRIGIDAE

Glaucidium jardinii jardinii (Bonaparte)

Maraynioc: 1 cf, 1 9, 19 and 22 March, 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes yellow; bill olive; feet olive."

The male is in the red phase. The differences between Peruvian
specimens and immature birds from Ecuador pointed out by Berlepsch
and Stolzmann disappear when adults from the two countries are com-
pared.

G. jardinii is structurally very near G. brasilianum, and as Chapman
(1929, p. 8) has already suggested, it is not unlikely that the two are
zonal representatives. G. brasilianum in various geographic races, for
the most part inhabits the less heavily forested areas in the tropical

PETERS AND GRISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS 297

zone of Central and South America (extending also into southern
Arizona) with subtropical zone races as well, described from Mt.
Duida and the Andes of Tucuman.

These two little owls were caught alive on two consecutive days, in
a bird net. The stomach contents of the female contained grasshopper
heads.

Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum (Gmelin)

Chosica: 19.2 July, 1939. 2,500 feet.
"Eyes yellow; bill and feet olive."

This bird from the tropical zone about twenty-five miles north of
Lima does not appear distinguishable from the typical race. This was
also the result of Chapman's study of this bird (1929, p. 9-10) and
Zimmer's (1930, p. 265-266) conclusions.

Speotyto cunicularia "nanodes Berlepsch and Stolzmann

Cajamarquilla (24 km. northeast of Lima): 1 ad. d\ 1 juv. 9 , 1 ad. 9. 25

February and 22 April, 1939. 1,500-1,200 feet.
"Eyes yellow; bill greenish brown; legs greenish brown."

Very common in the arid tropical zone, where it frequents the old
Inca ruins, and the earthen walls along the roads. A pair was noted
in a vacant lot in the actual city of Lima.

Ciccaba albitarsus opaca Peters subsp. now

Maraynioc:3 9. 30 April-31 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes black; bill yellow; feet yellow."

Type. M. C. Z. No. 266577, adult female, collected at Maraynioc*
Department of Junin, Peru, 12,000 feet, 31 May, 1939 by J. A. Gris-
wold, Jr.

Characters. Similar to C. a. albitarsus Bonaparte (type locality
Bogota, Colombia) but upper parts with dark markings more exten-
sive and nearly black instead of brown; the light markings more
brownish, less rufescent, and correspondingly reduced; below with a
greater admixture of white, general ground color less rufescent, the
brown bars darker and more sharply contrasted. Size smaller.

Measurements.

Venezuela 3 9 wing: 260, 265, 275

Colombia 3 (not sexed) 260, 270, 273

Ecuador 1 9 (in moult) 252

Peru 3 9 240, 245, 253

298 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

This proposed new form fits the description of C. a. goodfellowi
Chubb (type locality, north of Quito, Ecuador) in many details; in
fact, were it not for Chapman's comment that even with a Mt. Pichin-
cha specimen before him he was unable to detect the characters at-
tributed to goodfelloivi, I should be inclined to assign that name to it.
However, since the type of goodfelloivi is in the British Museum, where
it is at present inaccessible, Chapman's action may as well be the de-
ciding factor, and Chubb's proposed Ecuadorean race relegated to
synonymy.

Ciccaba albitarsus has a more extensive range than supposed; previ-
ously recorded only from the temperate zone of the Andes of Venezuela,
Colombia and Ecuador, Griswold's birds extend the range to central
Peru and Mr. Todd expects shortly to describe an additional race
from northern Bolivia.

Even though four specimens of this owl were collected, I never saw
one flying. They were all caught with steel traps set on high posts,
commanding a good view of the countryside. One specimen, kept for
several months, thrived on a diet of birds and mice.

CUCULIDAE

Crotophaga sulcirostris casassi Lesson

Santa Eulalia (47 km. northwest of Lima) : 1 <?, 25 February, 1939. 3,500 feet.
"Bill and legs black."

Birds from the coast of Peru have slenderer bills with less arched
culmens than topotypical material from Mexico; there appear to be
no other constant differences. Bill measurements follow:

Length of Bill Height
Four males, coast of Peru

Three females

Five, both sexes, Mexico

24.9

16.2

16.9

14.8

23.8

14.1

25.2

15.1

23.5

14.4

29.6

19.5

27.6

17.8

27.2

18.5

25.8

16.9

29.8

19.6

PETEKS AND GKISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS 299

The name Crotophaga casassi Lesson (Man. d'Orn., 2, 1828, p. 134)
based on examples from Lima is available for this small-billed Peruvian
race. I have seen no other South American material except a male from
Santa Marta, Colombia; this is a large-billed bird.

CAPRIMULGIDAE

CAPRIMULGUS LONGIROSTRIS ATRIPUNCTATUS (Chapman)

Maraynioc: 1 ad. c\ 3 subad. or imm. d\ 5 ad. and subad. 9. 15 March-
24 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.

A nice series that well bears out the characters originally attributed
to it by the describer.

A female taken 30 April appears to be a male by plumage, but the
label carries a sketch of the size of the ovaries and the word "posi-
tively" written above on the sex mark. The white spots on the pri-
maries are smaller than in the male and have a light buffy wash around
their edges, but the white blotches on the rectrices are characteristi-
cally male.

Very common in the pastures around the hacienda, and were easily
collected with a headlight.

TROCHILIDAE

COLIBRI IOLATUS IOLATUS (Gould)

Maraynioc: 1 imm. $ . 18 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes dark brown; bill and legs black."

Oreotrochilus melanogaster Gould

Maraynioc: 1 imm. d1. 21 June, 1939. 15,500 feet.
"Eyes brown; bill and legs black."

Simon created the genus Gnaphocercus in which he included Oreo-
trochilus adela (d'Orb. and Lafr.) (type) and 0. melanogaster. The two
are specifically distinct, but the latter species belongs in Oreotrochilus
sensu strictu. With the exception of adela, it would probably not be
incorrect to regard all the Oreotrochili as belonging to a single Formen-
kreis; certainly all are representative, though sometimes distinguished
on color characters that would appear specific. In northwestern
Argentina there is a certain amount of mingling of leucopleurus and
estella, but where these occur together it is not improbable that it is

300 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

the result of altitudinal migration and that the two have distinct
breeding ranges.

Patagona gigas peruviana Boucard

Matucana (74 km. northeast of Lima): 1. 28 February, 1939. 8,000 feet.
"Bill and legs black."
Wing 131.8; bill 39.5.

Aglaeactis cupripennis caumatonota (Gould)

MarayniociSd", 1 9. 9 March-12 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes brown; bill and legs black."

This form is clearly a subspecies of A. cupripennis of which it is a
saturate southern representative. The center of distribution of this
attractive genus is in the temperate zone of the mountains of northern
and central Peru, where five of the seven known forms are recorded.

Typical cupripennis enjoys a rather wide range in the Andes of
Colombia and northern and central Ecuador. A. c. parvula is a some-
what more richly colored race recorded from southern Ecuador and
northern Peru in Departments of Cajamarca and Amazonas. Car-
riker has recently named (1935, p. 7) A. c. ruficauda which he believes
inhabits the western slopes of the eastern Cordillera of northern Peru
from Cajamarquillo to Patas; this form is said to be similar to parvula,
but differs from it (as well as from cupripennis and caumatonota) in
having the tail almost wholly cinnamon rufous. A. c. caumatonota is at
present known from the departments of Junin (Maraynioc and Paria-
yacu), Ayacucho (Ayacucho and Matara) and Cuzco (Cachupata,
type locality).

Aglaeactis aliciae Salvin is currently regarded as a distinct species,
but should almost certainly be included mthecupripennisFormenkreis;
it is really a counterpart of caumatonota, but with the rufous coloration
replaced with white. Thus the general appearance of aliciae is dark
brownish black with white markings. A. aliciae appears to be re-
stricted to the departments of Libertad and Ancash where it is re-
corded from Huamachuco and Succha respectively.
. Aglaeactis castelnaudii (Bourcier and Mulsant) cannot be considered
a race of cupripennis since it occurs together with caumatonota at
least over a part of the range of the latter; the center of abundance of
castelnaudii appears to be in the Department of Cuzco whence it is
known from Cuchupata, the mountains above Cuzco and from above
Ollantaytambo; Taczanowski (1884, 1, p. 344) records it from Acan-

PETERS AND GRISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS 301

cocha, Junin, while Zimmer (1930, p. 281) took it from the mountains
near Huanuco in the Department of Huanuco. It is quite likely that
castelnaudii is the northern race of Aglaeactis pamela (d'Orb. and Lafr.)
of the Andes of Bolivia, though I have not examined sufficient ma-
terial of either to support such a supposition.

Very common around the altitude of 12,000 feet. It appears to nest
during the rainy season.

Lafresnaya lafresnayi rectirostris (Berlepsch and Stolzmann)

Maraynioc: 5 ad. d", 8 imm. d\ 6 9 . 6 March-20 May, 1939. All at 12,000

feet.
"Eyes brown; bill and legs black."

Zimmer (1930, p. 281-282) points out certain color characters for
distinguishing this race from the Ecuadorian form (said), but compar-
ing the five adult male topotypes of rectirostris with an equal number
of Ecuadorian adult males these differences are not apparent. The
wing and bill measurements of the same birds are:

saul wing: 61.3, 61.6, 61.9, 60.4, 60.1

bill: 25.6,25.5,24.6,24.1,26.0

rectirostris wing: 63.4, 62.9, 64.7, 63.5, 64.2

bill: 23.6, 24.1, 24.6, 24.0, 24.2

This table upholds the size character for rectirostris given by Zimmer,
i. e., longer wing and shorter bill.

The commonest of all the humming birds in the vicinity of Maray-
nioc. It is certain that this humming bird nests during the cold, rainy
season, as females did not become common until the middle of May.

Pterophanes cyanopterus peruvianus Boucard

Maraynioc: 2 ad. d>, 1 imm. <? , 2 9 . 18 March-20 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes and bill black; legs flesh-color." (adults)
"Eyes brown; bill black; legs red." (immature)

For comparison I have available an immature male from "Bogota"
(topotype), five adult males from Ecuador, two adult males from the
Rio Marcapata, and one adult male from Bolivia (no females). The
immature Maraynioc bird has a greater extent of grayish white on
the outer pair of rectrices than the Bogota bird, but the value of this
character requires substantiation. All four Peruvian males and the
Bolivian male are alike, and differ from the five Ecuadorian males in

107.1, 106.3,
29.5,

Rio Marcapata
1 ifi <\

107.4
29.8, 29.5

Bolivia
111.8
30.8

1 1U.1,

29.5, 30.7

302 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

being noticeably darker above, especially on back and head where the
green has a blackish wash.

The bill and wing measurements of the ten adult males compared
are:

cyanopterus wing: 106.6, 111.3,

bill: 29.1, 27.4,

Maraynioc
peruirianus wing: 119.3, 114.6

bill: 29.8, 31.0

While this form has not been currently recognized, it certainly
appears distinguishable, both on size and color characters, as pointed
out in the original description.

Fairly common around 12,000 feet. One pair was seen courting on
March 26.

Ensifera ensifera (Boissoneau)

Maraynioc: 2 d\ 8 April and 10 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes and bill black; legs pink."

With adequate material from all parts of the range it may ultimately
prove possible to sub-divide this species into one or more additional
races.

Comparatively rare. Two specimens out of three seen were feeding
on a long red tubular flower, for which their bills were admirably
suited.

Helianthea violifer dichroura Taczanowski

Maraynioc: 6 a"1. 8 March-14 June, 1939. 11,000-12,000 feet.
"Eyes dark brown; bill black; legs flesh-color."

This race was originally described from Maraynioc. Simon created
the name Pseudodiphlogoena for a section of the genus Helianthea in
which he placed H. violifer and allied forms, i.e. dichroura, osculans and
eos, but in my opinion this subgeneric split is unnecessary.

The specific name violifer is a "made up" Latin word; whether it
should be altered to violifera if associated with a feminine genus de-
pends on whether it is considered an adjective meaning "violet bear-
ing," in which case such alteration is permissible, or whether it is a
substantive meaning "a bearer of violet," in which case the original
form is to be retained.

Not one female was seen, of this otherwise common hummingbird.

PETERS AND GRISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS 303

Heliangelus amethysticollis laticlavius Salvin

Chilpes: 6 d\ 4 9 . 1-14 June, 1939. 9,000-10,000 feet.
"Eyes dark brown; bill and legs black."

The males of this series agree with the specimen from Huacapistana,
Junin, referred to H. laticlavius by Carriker (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 87, 1935, p. 346-347) and all agree in a general way with Salvin's
characterization of this race. Salvin compared laticlavius wdth clarissae,
stating that the upper surface and tail of both wTere colored the same
way, but that the former had a pectoral band twice as wide as in the
allied form; no band of glittering green feathers belowthe white pectoral
band; middle of the abdomen more distinctly buff and the under tail
coverts wrhite with wider dusky shaft stripes. The types of laticlavius
came from Jima and Intac, Ecuador, where they were collected by
Buckley; a specimen from the "Rio Xapo" was also referred to this
race. Buckley's localities are open to serious question in many cases,
and it is doubtful wrhether the same form occurs in the vicinity of
Intac which is within the range of strophianus. Simon gives the range
of laticlavius as southwestern Ecuador in the province of Cuenca. Com-
paring the plate of laticlavius (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 16, 1892, pi. 5)
with the description shows some slight discrepancies; in the plate the
lowrer border of the pectoral band has a buffy tinge, and the frontal
plaque is larger than in clarissae. Both these features are present in
the Peruvian birds examined, and in default of comparison with the
actual types, they must bear the name H. a. laticlavius. Certainly they
are not amethysticollis, of which I have four topotypical males from
Bolivia (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. collection) before me; these birds have
the entire pectoral band strongly suffused with buff and the abdomen
largely of the same color.

A specimen from Cutucu, Oriente, Ecuador, is puzzling. The bird
has a white pectoral band as wide as in laticlavius; there is a well devel-
oped frontal plaque which instead of being a glittering grass-green has
blue reflections. It probably represents an undescribed race of H.
amethysticollis, but its naming should await first, comparison with the
type of laticlavius and second, more material from the same region.

Common along the trail from Pariayacu to Chilpes. This humming
bird is confined to the jungle, not going above 10,000 feet.

Eriocnemis luciani sapphiropygia (Taczanowski)

Maraynioc: 6 d\ 2 March-22 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes brown; bill and legs black."

304 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

This form should probably be treated as a race of luciani which is
found in the temperate zone of Ecuador, chiefly on the western slopes
of the Andes. E. I. luciani is characterized by a deeply forked tail,
blue forehead and brilliant anterior underparts, becoming more bluish
on the throat and less brilliantly green posteriorly. E. I. sapphiropygia
(central Peru in departments of Junin and Cuzco) has a less deeply
forked tail, forehead green or bronzy like the crown, and underparts
uniform glittering green. In northern Peru (Leimebamba) E. I.
catherinae occurs; like luciani the forehead is bluish, but the tail is
forked as in sapphiropygia; the underparts are glittering green, becom-
ing bluish in the center of the abdomen. E. I. catherinae is the connect-
ing link between the two extremes, although the greenish blue ab-
domen is not found in either of the others. E. I. luciani has the under-
tail coverts shining blue, in sapphiropygia these have a violaceous tinge,
in catherinae they are violet.

No female of this otherwise comparatively common hummingbird
was seen or collected.

Metallura tyrianthina peruviana Boucard

Maraynioc: 1 ad. cf, 6 imm. <?. 22 March-17 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes brown; bill and legs black."

Four males measure :

wing

bill

56.9

11.7

55.8

11.5

56.6

11.6

58.3

11.2

One male, Peru (Whiteley)

56.5

12.5

One female

51.2

11.5

smaragdinicollis (Bolivia)

cf 57.5

12.7

9 49.6

11.4

septentrionalis

a* 61.7

11.7

A good series from different parts of Peru is necessary before the
races of M. tyrianthina in that country can be cleared up. In 1893
Boucard described M. peruviana from "Peru," based on specimens
collected by Whitely; it was said to be closely allied to smaragdini-
collis but much larger (wing 2l/i" = 56.6 mm; bill Yi' = 12.5 mm.), tail
greenish above and more golden tinge on the underside. Six years
later Hartert named M . smaragdinicollis septentrionalis with type col-
lected by Baron at Huamachuco, northern Peru, stating that it was
lighter green above and much paler below, showing a greater extent
of the buffy subterminal color of the feathers; it was also claimed to be

PETERS AND GRISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS 305

slightly larger but no measurements were given. When describing
septentrional is Hartert claimed that Boucard re-described smaragdini-
collis in naming peruviana. Simon synonymized septentrionalis (which
he wrote meridionalis) with peruviana, but in the List of Types in the
Tring Museum Hartert still upheld his race, stating that the type
series was different from Whiteley's Peruvian series in having longer
wings and darker coloration. From the preceding table it will be seen
that the Maraynioc birds are of approximately the same size as Boliv-
ian examples of smaragdinieollis, but a single male from Cayabamba is
appreciably larger. On the other hand, the Maraynioc males differ
from smaragdinieollis in having slightly darker green throats and
deeper purplish tails; I therefore tentatively call them peruviana.

Hartert is of course correct in considering smaragdinieollis a sub-
species of tyrianthina.

This is another common humming bird living at 12,000 feet, of
which no female was ever seen.

Metallura eupogon

Maraynioc: 6o",4 9. 8 March-12 June, 1939. 12,000-12,500 feet.
"Eyes brown; bill and legs black."

Without ever having examined baroni and atrigularis, I should cer-
tainly not venture to reduce eupogon to a subspecies of M. primolina,
but this will probably have to be done eventually.

Extremely common between the altitudes of 12,000 and 13,000 feet.

Chalcostigma stanleyi subsp.?

Maraynioc: 1 imm. 9. 31 March, 1939. 14,000 feet.
"Eyes brown; bill and legs black."

It is not possible to tell whether or not this skin is referable to C. s.
versigularis Zimmer; it should probably be that form on geographical
grounds.

Chalcostigma olivaceum olivaceum (Lawrence)

Maraynioc: 1 d\ 21 June, 1939. 15,500 feet.
"Eyes dark brown; bill black; legs dark gray."

This bird is not C. o. pollens Carriker which was described from La
Galera on the western slopes of the Cordillera. I have no material of

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either race with which to compare the color of the Maraynioc speci-
men, but its measurements definitely exclude pollens from considera-
tion. Carriker's measurements for males of the two forms are:

C. o. olivaceum 3 c? wing: 89, 92, 92
C. o. pallens 1 d"

tail:

71, 70, 74

bill:

16, 15, 14.5

wing :

tail:

bill:

The Maraynioc bird measures, wing, 90.8; tail 67.5; bill 13.1.

Humming birds at this high altitude (15,500 feet) are not so numer-
ous as lower down, and are much shyer. They are very apt to alight,
and also cling on the sides of rocks, there being only small shrubs at
this altitude.

TROGONIDAE

Trogon personatus personatus Gould

Chilpes: 1 d\ 1 9 . 30 May and 1 June, 1939. 9,000 feet.

"Eyes dark brown; eye ring orange-red; bill yellow; legs dull yellow."

While Chapman (1926, p. 330) refers specimens from Chelpes [sic =
Chilpes] to -personatus, I cannot follow him in that respect to these two
specimens ; the d1 is more like assimilis; the 9 is intermediate between
assimilis and tern per atus, especially in the vermiculation of the wing
coverts, which is just about in between the brown vermiculations of
personatus and the black of temperatus. The Museum of Comparative
Zoology has recently received in exchange with the Academy of Na-
tural Science two trogons of this species from Bolivia; the cf, taken
at an elevation of 6,800 feet in the Yungas of La Paz is clearly tempera-
tus having the white tail bars reduced to the barest indication ; while
the 9 from 5,500 feet Dept. Santa Cruz (except for not being fully
adult) is a very good match for the Chilpes 9 and should, I think, be
referred to assimilis. It seems quite likely that the assimilis type of
bird is an intermediate, produced where the ranges of personatus and
temperatus adjoin, though definite proof of this is lacking.

PICIDAE

Colaptes rupicola puna Cabanis

Maraynioc: 4^,2 9. 27 April-9 May, 1939. 12,500-13,000 feet.
"Eyes light yellow; bill dark gray; legs light green, greenish gray."

PETERS AND GRISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS 307

This race was first described by Cabanis in 1883 on two specimens
from the Jauli Valley in Peru in the Berlin Museum, but many years
before Lichtenstein had identified these two birds as "Colaptes puna"
and had so listed them in the Xomenclator Avium published in 1854.
Unfortunately, Lichtenstein's name was an absolute nomen nudum
and it remained for Cabanis to publish the first diagnosis twenty-nine
years later.

This flicker was common between 12,000 and 13,000 feet, and as far
as I could tell, never went above or below these altitudes. They were
usually quite localized, and could invariably be found day after day
in the same little patch of woods. They were comparatively tame, and
their distinctive call gave them away at once. They fed as much on
the ground as they did in the trees.

Hypoxanthus rivolii brevirostris (Taczanowski)

Maraynioc: 1 9. 30 April, 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes chestnut; bill black: legs gray.!'

This single specimen was the only one seen.

Veniliornis nigriceps pectoralis (Berlepsch and Stolzmann)

Maraynioc: 19.9 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.

"Eyes reddish brown; bill dark blue-gray; legs dark greenish gray."

Wing 89.8; tail 57.9; bill 22.8.

A lone specimen caught in one of my bird nets was the only one seen.

Megapicos pollens peruviana (Cory)

Chilpes: 1 & , 1 9 . 1 June, 1939. 9,000-11,000 feet.

"Eyes white {<?); light orange-pink ( 9 ); bill black; legs gray."

This woodpecker was originally described from Molinopampa, Peru,
on a single specimen, an adult female. Chapman (1926, p. 368-369)
with three specimens from Rumicruz, Peru, pointed out that all the
characters given in the original description did not hold good, but that
peruviana was to be distinguished from typical pollens by the wholly
ochraceous-tawny rump and back, and the large amount of this color
in the interscapulars— a character well shown by the two Chilpes
specimens.

Although these two specimens were collected on the same day, no
others were ever again seen. Both birds were quite tame.

308 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

FURNARIIDAE

Cinclodes ruscus rivularis (Cabanis)
Maraynioc: 4 a", 2 9 . 14 March-10 June, 1939. 12,000-15,000 feet.

Hellmayr (1925, p. 37) sinks Cillurus rivularis Cabanis in the
synonymy of C. f. albivcntris (Philippi and Landbeck), but Zimmer
(1930, p. 340-341), with very long series available, finds it recognizable.
My material is insufficient to form an independent opinion, but the
Maraynioc birds are topotypical rivularis.

Very common from 12,000 to 15,000, where it frequented the open,
barren Puna.

Schizoeca palpebralis Cabanis

Maraynioc: 1 ad. d\ 1 imm. d\ 1 ad. 9,1 imm. 9 . 31 March-22 June, 1939.

11,000-12,500 feet.
"Eyes brown; legs light blue-gray; bill black" (adult male and immature

female); "upper mandible black, lower mandible light blue-gray" (adult

female); "the immature male had brown eyes, olive legs, black upper

mandible and yellow lower mandible."

Topotypes of the species, which so far is only known from Maray-
nioc where it was first secured by Jelski.

The immature birds lack the cinnamon rufous chin spot, have
browner flanks and paler abdomens. The adult female has a white
feather in the occiput.

Although this species was collected as high up as 12,500 feet, it is
much more common at 11,000 and 10,000 feet. It is gregarious, going
in little bands of about ten or fifteen. It is very tame and can be
squeaked up within a few feet of the collector, but is always found in
the very thickest undergrowth, and keeps on jumping around, so that
it is difficult to shoot and still worse to find. When approached the
whole group sets up a continual chirp, so that they always give them-
selves away.

Cranioleuca albicapilla albicapilla (Cabanis)

Maraynioc: 1 ad. d\ 1 imm. a" , 4 9. 8 March-11 June, 1939. 12,000-12,500

feet.
"Eyes light brown or chestnut (adults), brown, (immature); bill pink; legs

olive."

A topotypical series of this very local species which appears to be
known only from Maraynioc and Pariayacu in the Department of

PETERS AND GRISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS 309

Junin. Farther south in the Department of Cuzco it is replaced by
C. albicapilla alhigula Zimmer, a form that I have not seen.

A common bird between the altitudes of 12,000 and 12,500 feet. It
is usually found in the little copses that grow at this elevation. One
evening in the early part of June I found a large, round, moss-covered
nest about a foot in diameter, and with a small hole in its underside,
hanging from a branch some twenty feet from the ground. Throwing
a stick at the nest I was surprised to see not one or two, but five of
these Cranioleucas. The nest had no eggs in it, and was undoubtedly
being used as a roosting place for the night.

Asthenes humilis humilis (Cabanis)
Maraynioc:l tf\ 1 9 . 19 and 31 March, 1939. 14,000-14,500 feet.

These two skins are topotypical; compared with two skins from
Cajamarca they bear out the validity of A. h. cajamarcae Zimmer
(1936 A, p. 16).

Common in the higher altitudes, where it jumps around amongst
the rocks. It was never seen below 13,500 feet.

Asthenes flammulata taczanowskii (Berlepsch and Stolzmann)

Maraynioc: 1 d\ 6 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes brown; bill black; legs light brown."

A topotype of this well defined race. Carriker has named (Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 85, 1933, p. 12) A. f. pallida from Quirivilca, on the
western slopes of the Cordillera of Peru, in the Department of Libertad.

Margarornis squamigera peruviana Cory

Chilpes: 1 9. 14 June, 1939. 10,000 feet.

"Eyes dark brown; upper mandible brown; lower mandible white; legs brown."

Premnoplex brunnescens subsp.?

Chilpes: 1 juv. d". 1 June, 1939. 9,000 feet.

"Eyes dark brown; upper mandible black, lower mandible pink; legs dark
brown."

Since the single specimen is in juvenile plumage it is not possible to
refer it definitely either to P. b. brunnescens (Sclater) or to P. b. stic-

310 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

tonotus (Berlepsch). The former is recorded from Peru in departments
of Loreto and Huanuco, the latter extends northward from Bolivia
into the Department of Cuzco. Thus the Chilpes bird comes from an
intermediate locality, and positive identification must rest on adults
from this region.

Xenicopsoides montanus montanus (Tschudi)

Chilpes: 1 d\ 31 May, 1939. 6,000 feet.
"Eyes dark brown; bill brown; legs olive."

This bird has a yellowish suffusion over the entire underparts, a
feature not present in four other skins of this form from Cajamarca and
Junin. However, the very small size of the gonads (as sketched on the
label) indicates that the Chilpes bird is probably immature.

Thripadectes holostictus moderatus Zimmer

Chilpes: 1 cf, 1 9 . 30 and 31 May, 1939. 6,000 and 9,000 feet.
"Eyes dark brown; bill black; legs greenish brown."

Mr. J. T. Zimmer Aery kindly compared these two skins with the
splendid material in the American Museum of Natural History;
he writes, "Your specimens are certainly very close to T. h. moderatus.
They have the same narrow streaks on the chest which distinguish that
form from typical holostictus and differ from the remainder of the series
in about the same amount that certain individuals of holostictus differ
from the opposite extremes of that form. Your specimens are more
olivaceous in color than any of my specimens of moderatus and possibly
have a faintly deeper tone of rufous on the upper tail coverts. The
dusky margins on throat feathers are at maximum development, but
hardly more than shown by some of my birds. It is questionable
whether a separate form could be maintained for the central Peruvian
birds, although this is not impossible."

Xenops rutilans peruvianus Zimmer

Chilpes: 1 9. 31 May, 1939. 6,000 feet.

"Eyes dark brown; upper mandible brown; lower mandible flesh-color; legs
very dark brown."

PETERS AND GRISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS 311

FORMICARIIDAE

Drymophila caudata peruviana Domeniewski and Stolzmann

Chilpes: 1 9 . 31 May, 1939. 6,000 feet.

"Eyes gray; upper mandible very dark gray, lower mandible bluish white;

legs bluish white."

In the absence of really adequate material of either this or the
typical form, I am unable to form any independent opinion as to the
validity of peruviana; it may prove quite inseparable from c. caudata.

Grallaria squamigera squamigera (Prevost and Des Murs)

Maraynioc: 1 9 . 13 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes dark brown; bill black; legs light blue-gray."

The underparts of this bird are a clearer bluish gray than a skin from
( olombia and another from Ecuador with which I have compared it,
but the bird is obviously in very fresh, unworn plumage. It can
hardly be referable to canicauda Chapman, even though it possesses a
grayish rather than brown tail. Carriker (1935, p. 351) records birds
from above Levmebamba and Bagazan that he refers to canicauda,
but he also points out that canicauda in addition to having wings and
tail concolorous with the back, has a pure white throat and a white
subocular region. Perhaps the Maraynioc specimen could be identified
as G. s. squamigera < canicauda.

This lone specimen was caught in a steel trap set for tinamou.

Grallaria andicola andicola (Cabanis)

Maraynioc: 2d". 21 and 28 May, 1939. 12,500 feet.
"Eyes and bill very dark brown; legs light blue-gray."

Carriker (1932, p. 465-6) has shown that Grallaria punensis Chubb
is but subspecifically distinct from andicola.

The silent and secretive ways of this bird made them difficult to
collect. They were very apt to hop around the rocks and underbrush
and disappear as if by magic.

Grallaria rufula obscura Berlepsch and Stolzmann

Maraynioc: 1 <?. 26 March, 1939. 11,000 feet.
"Eyes dark brown; bill black; legs light blue-gray."

312 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

The race was originally based on a single female from Maraynioc.

Although this bird was fairly common around the vicinity of Pari-
ayucu they were very timid. In the early morning and late evening
they hopped around in the Chilpes trail, but at your approach would
jump into the thick underbrush that bordered the trail. In the middle
of the day they were never in evidence.

COTINGIDAE

Heliochera rubro-cristata (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny)

Maraynioc: 3 d\ 4 9. 6 March-20 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes red; bill blue-horn, tip black; legs dark gray."

These red-crested cbtingas were common in the district known as
Luchos, where they fed primarily on wild blackberries. A nest was
found in March situated in low brush some seven feet from the ground.
They were in the habit of taking up commanding positions at the
very tops of the trees.

Euchlornis arcuata (Lafresnaye)

Chilpes: 2 d\ 1 9 . 17 and 19 June, 1939. 10,000 feet.
Maraynioc: 1 9. 1 April, 1939. 8,000 feet.
"Eyes white; bill red; legs orange."

One of the commonest birds along the Chilpes trail.

RUPICOLIDAE

Rupicola peruviana peruviana (Latham)

Chilpes: 1 o\ 2 April, 1939. 6,000 feet.
"Eyes white; bill orange; legs lemon-yellow."

If Chapman's designation (1926, p. 547) of Chanchamayo, Depart-
ment of Junin, is accepted, then this specimen must be called -peru-
viana. It is difficult to reconcile Chapman's arbitrary designation of
an almost impossible type locality with his published remarks of a
year previous (1925) in which he rejects what he considers an un-
likely restriction of type locality on the part of Brabourne and Chubb
(for Ara ambigua Bechstein) and proposes to substitute a more prob-
able one.

This single specimen was very tame, and was feeding some thirty
feet from the ground in a wild fruit tree.

PETERS AND GRISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS 313

TYRANNIDAE

agriornis Montana insolens Sclater and Salvin

Maraynioc: 19.9 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes white; bill and legs black."

A bird in fresh plumage; the white edges on the feathers of the un-
derpays are not worn off, giving the skin a paler appearance than is
found in November killed specimens. There is a minimum of dark
markings in the tail, the exposed parts of the four outer pair of rec-
trices being entirely white.

Only one specimen of this large, white-tailed flycatcher was seen.

Muscisaxicola alpina grisea Taczanowski

Maraynioc: 1 o\ 1 9 . 31 March and 21 June, 1939. 14,000 feet.
"Eyes brown; legs and feet black."

These specimens are topotypical. The female (31 March) is com-
pleting what is probably a post-nuptial molt. The male is in fresh
plumage; gonads minute; it is either an immature bird or perhaps a
wintering individual from a higher altitude.

This flycatcher was never observed below 13,500 feet, but was not
uncommon at the higher altitudes.

Muscisaxicola albilora Lafresnaye

Maraynioc: 3 d\ 20-23 June 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes brown; bill and legs black."

None of the three was breeding at the time of capture, the gonads
were shrunken to minimum size. The birds doubtless represent winter
visitants from the south.

There is still more intelligent collecting required before the interre-
lationships of albilora, juninensis and tcnuirostris can be cleared up.

Around the middle of June this flycatcher appeared for the first
time on the open grassy slopes near the hacienda. It is undoubtedly a
winter visitor.

Cnemarchus erythopygius bolivianus Carriker

Maraynioc: 2 d\ 1 9- 16 March-6 June, 1939. 12,500-13,000 feet.
"Eyes brown; bill and legs black."

Not all the characters attributed to Bolivian birds in the original
description are discernable in the three Maraynioc birds, but the

314 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

greater extent of white and paler grays of the head and chest cer-
tainly place it nearer to bolivianvs than to typical erythopygius. Car-
riker records a specimen from above Leymebamba that is intermediate
between the two races in the same respects as the Maraynioc birds.

This large, handsome flycatcher was not uncommon around 12,500
and 13,000 feet. It was usually seen in pairs, sitting on the highest
branch of some small tree or bush. It is undoubtedly the shyest fly-
catcher I have ever come across, as it was very difficult to get within
shotgun range. When pursued it would only fly a short way, but al-
ways alighting at a safe distance.

Cnemarchus rufipennis (Taczanowski)

Maraynioc: 1 9. 23 June, 1939. 12,500 feet.
"Pupil black, iris faun-color; bill and legs black."

One of a pair, and the only ones seen.

Ochthoeca fumicolor brunneifrons Berlepsch and Stolzmann

Maraynioc: 5 d\ 1 9. 7 March-12 June, 1939. 11,000-12,500 feet.
"Eyes dark brown; bill and legs black."

Topotypical examples. The wings measure, male 83.8, 86.8, 89.5,
91, 92.3; female 80.1.

Common between 11,000 and 13,000 feet.

Ochthoeca rufi-pectoralis tectricialis Chapman

Maraynioc: 4 d\ 1 9. 1 March-24 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes brown or dark brown; bill and legs black."

The commonest flycatcher at the altitude of 12,000 feet.

Ochthoeca ctnnamomeiventris thoracica Taczanowski

Chilpes: 1 9. 30 May, 1939. 9,000 feet.
"Eyes dark brown; bill and legs black."

Taczanowski in first describing this form gave the type localities as
Chilpes and Vitoc, but in the P. Z. S., 1896, p. 357, Berlepsch and
Stolzmann state that the type is from Chilpes.

Hellmayr indicates that thoracica is probably a geographic race of
cinnamomeiventris, which inhabits the subtropical zone of Colombia

PETERS AND GRISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS 315

and eastern Ecuador. I see no reason for not definitely regarding it
as such.

OCHTHOECA ALBIDIADEMA ORIENTALIS Chapman

Chilpes: 1 9. 17 June, 1939. 10,000 feet.
"Eyes dark brown; bill black."

This is a rather puzzling specimen; in yellow lores, white supra-
ocular spot and superciliaries and general coloration it is nearest to
orientalis, but in the possession of traces of a rufous wing-bar and
edgings of the inner secondaries it certainly constitutes' an approach
to the pulckella-jelskii complex.

Shot by being lured to a live owl (Ciccaba).

Pyrrhomyias cinnamomea cinnamomea (d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye)

Chilpes: 1 d\ 1 April, 1939. 8,000 feet.
"Eyes brown; bill and legs black."

As Zimmer has already pointed out, the specimens of P. cinna-
momea from central Peru are more or less intermediate between the
typical form and P. c. pyrrhoptcra (Hartl.); the Chilpes bird is
like the type of cinnamomea and two recent skins from south-eastern
Peru (Puno) in the possession of a less extensive rufous area across
the rump.

Myiophobus ochraceiventris (Cabanis)

Chilpes: 1 d% 1 9. 14 June, 1939. 10,000 feet.
"Eyes brown; bill and legs black."

Identified from the description in Taczanowski's Orn. Perou.
Taczanowski described only the female and the immature male. The
immature was named and described as Myiobius subochraceus by
Sclater in P. Z. S., 1887, p. 50, and in the Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 14,
1888, p. 208. It was not until 1921 that Chapman mentioned the
"orange flame" crest, characteristic of the adult male.

There can be no doubt that both Sclater and Hellmayr are correct
in removing this species from Mitrephanes in which genus it was
placed by its original describer and subsequently carried by later
authors. I am not so sure, however, that Myiophobus is its correct
and ultimate repository; it might possibly be fitted into its proper
place in some existing genus, or perhaps a new genus will have to be
created for its reception; the latter course should be only a last resort.

316 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Lophotriccus pileatus pileatus (Tschudi)

Chilpes: 1 9 . 31 May, 1939. 6,000 feet.
"Iris flesh-color; bill black; legs dark gray."

Anairetes parulus aequatorialis (Berlepsch and Taczanowski)

Maraynioc: 1 cf,3 9.

"Iris light yellow; bill and legs black."

The generic name was originally spelled Anairetes by Reichenbach
in 1850, and under the International Code is not preoccupied by
Anaeretes De Jean, 1837; it is therefore not necessary to use Spizi-
tornis Oberholser, 1920, which was proposed as a substitute for
Anairetes.

This dainty little flycatcher presents a striking appearance with its
cocky little crest and its light yellow eyes with dark centers. It was
fairly common, and was usually seen in pairs in rather thick bushes.
In two of the specimens shot, one had a spider in its bill, the other a
small green caterpillar.

Mecocerculus leucophrys brunneomarginatus Chapman

Maraynioc: 1 <?, 2 9. 25 May-11 June, 1939, 11,000-12,500 feet.
"Eyes dark brown; bill and legs black."

These birds measure:

Male

wing:

69.6

tail:

75.1

Female

63.6

71.8

67.0

69.0

They show no approach to M. I. pallidior Carriker; the smaller of the
two females is in worn plumage, while the pair taken on 11 June is
very fresh.

Mecocerculus stictopterus taeniopterus (Cabanis)

Chilpes: 19.1 June, 1939. 9,000 feet.

"Eyes dark brown; upper mandible black, lower mandible flesh-color; legs

gray."
Wing 61.2; tail 52.8.

Tyranniscus nigro-capillus nigro-capillus (Lafresnaye)

Maraynioc: 1 9. 19 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes dark brown; bill black; legs gray."

PETERS AND GRISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS 317

Elaenia albiceps modesta Tschudi

Maraynioc: 1 9 . 25 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.

"Eyes dark brown; upper mandible black, lower mandible flesh-color; legs
black."

Elaenia pallatangae Sclater

Maraynioc: 1 tf. 2 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.

"Eyes brown; upper mandible dark brown; lower mandible flesh-color; legs
black."

HIRUNDINIDAE

Atticora patagonica peruviana (Chapman)

Santa Eulalia (47 km. northeast of Lima) : 1 9 . 25 February, 1939. 3,500 feet.

For those who wish to split genera, this species may be placed in the
genus Pygochelidon, but this seems to me an unnecessary refinement.

TROGLODYTIDAE

ClNNYCERTHIA PERUANA PERUANA (Cabanis)

Maraynioc: 1 <?. 19 June, 1939. 11,000 feet.
Chilpes: 1 9. 17 June, 1939. 10,000 feet.
"Eyes brown; bill gray-brown; legs dark brown."

The Maraynioc bird is exactly topotypical; it shows traces of
albinism, the forehead and a small post-ocular spot on either side
being white.

Habits exactly like those of Schizoeca palpcbraUs. Some of the
groups have a strong tendency towards albinism on the head, in fact,
one specimen observed had a completely white crown.

Troglodytes musculus puna Berlepsch and Stolzmann

Maraynioc: 3 <? . 8 March-17 May, 1939. 12,000-12,500 feet.
"Eyes dark brown; upper mandible black, lower mandible yellow; legs flesh-
color."

Very common between the altitudes of 12,000 and 12,500 feet.

318 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Troglodytes solstitialis macrourus Berlepsch and Stolzmann

Chilpes: 2 <?. 1 and 14 June, 1939. 10,000-11,000 feet.

"Eyes dark brown; upper mandible dark brown, lower mandible flesh-color;
legs light brown."

Common along the Chilpes trail where it does not go above the
sub-tropical zone.

TURDIDAE

. Turdus fuscater gigantodes Cabanis

Maraynioc: 1 d\ 1 9 (with traces of immature plumage) 7 May and 7 March,

1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes dark brown; bill orange; legs orange" (adult); "legs lemon-yellow."

(immature).

This large thrush was extremely common and conspicuous. It was
typically thrush-like in all ways.

Turdus chiguanco chiguanco d'Orbigny

Matucana (74 km. northeast of Lima): 1 d\ 28 February, 1939. 8,000

feet.
"Eyes chestnut; bill and legs bright orange-yellow."
Maraynioc: 1 imm. 9, 1 juv. 9, 1 juv. not sexed. 8 March-11 June, 1939.

12,000-12,500 feet.
"Eyes orange-brown; bill and legs dull orange-yellow" (immature); "bill dark

brown; bill orange or yellow; legs yellow or lemon-yellow" (juvenal).

There is large amount of postmortem color change in this species, as
in most thrushes. The Matucana bird, in somewhat worn plumage, is
darker than an Ecuadorean skin collected eighteen years previous,
while the immature from Maraynioc, in very fresh feather, is much
more olivaceous, not as "foxed" as a series of six unworn specimens
taken in 1916.

CYCLARHIDAE

Cyclarhis gujanensis gujanensis (Gmelin)

Chilpes: 1 9. 31 May, 1939. 6,000 feet.

"Eyes yellow; upper mandible very light brown, lower mandible blue-horn;
legs bluish white."

Hellmayr places C. g. albiventris Carriker in the synonymy of
typical race; in this he seems to be entirely correct. Certainly this

PETERS AND GRISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS 319

specimen should be referable to albiventris on geographical grounds,
but I cannot detect any difference between it and Guiana birds.
Even if the race should prove to be valid, Carriker's name cannot
stand, since it is a homonym of Cyclarhis albiventris Sclater and Salvin,
1873.

COEREBIDAE

Diglossa baritula decorata Zimmer

Maraynioc: 19.9 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes and legs brown; bill black."

This skin is that of an immature bird and does not present any
racial characters; it is referred to decorata on geographical grounds.

Diglossa lafresnayii pectoralis Cabanis

Maraynioc: 3 <? , 4 9. 7 March-17 May, 1939. 12,000-13,000 feet.
"Eyes dark brown; bill black or blue-gray; legs black or brown."

One of the commonest birds around Maraynioc.

Diglossa brunneiventris Lafresnaye

Maraynioc: 5 d1, 2 9. 7 and 8 March, 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes dark brown; bill black; legs brown."

Since the publication of Zimmer's paper in the Auk (46, 1929,
p. 24-28) in which he reduced brunneiventris to a race of D. carbonaria,
< arriker has found that the two occur together in northern Bolivia; it
is therefore necessary to regard both forms as specifically distinct.

This bird is as common as Diglossa lafresnayii pectoralis.

Diglossa cyanea melanopsis Tschudi

Maraynioc: 2 d\ 2 9. 22 March-19 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes red; bill black, legs brown."

Common at 12,000 feet, where it frequents the thick bushes.

Xenodacnis parina Cabanis

Maraynioc: 2 d\ 3 9. 12 March-20 May, 1939. 12,000-12,500 feet.
"Eyes and legs brown; bill black."

320 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

These specimens are topotypieal; Hellmayr gives Monterieo, De-
partment of Ayacucho, as the type locality, but Cabanis, in the original
description where both male and female are described, states under
each, "Hab. Maraynioc." The types were collected by Jelski.

Fairly common and found in small groups. This bird was much
more common at 12,500 feet, where it frequents the low trees of the
scattered copses found at this altitude, than at 12,000 feet.

Conirostrum sitticolor cyaneum Taczanowski

Maraynioc: 3 ad. a\ 1 imm. d\ 6 March-19 June, 1939. 11,500-12,000 feet.

"Eyes dark brown; bill and legs black" (adults);

"Eyes dark brown; bill black; legs brownish gray" (immature).

A fairly common bird, and usually found in groups.

COMPSOTHLYPIDAE

Myioborus melanocephalus melanocephalus (Tschudi)

Chilpes: 1 a\ 14 June, 1939. 10,000 feet.
"Eyes dark brown; bill and legs black."

Basileuterus coronatus coronatus (Tschudi)

Chilpes: 1 <?. 31 May, 1939. 6,000 feet.
"Eyes dark brown; bill black; legs brown."

THRAUPIDAE

Iridosornis rufivertex reinhardti (Sclater)

Chilpes: 1 9. 17 June, 1939. 10,000 feet.

"Eyes chestnut; upper mandible black, lower mandible blue-horn; legs dark
brown."

While Hellmayr is doubtless correct in assigning this form to the
rufivertex Formenkreis, it should be pointed out that in some respects
it approaches the jelskii group. Both species occur in the humid
temperate zone in the Department of Junfn, but, as far as I can
discover, the two have not yet been collected at the same locality,
though Chilpes, where Griswold took reinhardti, is but a few miles
from Maraynioc, the type locality of jelskii.

PETERS AND GRISWOLD! PERUVIAN BIRDS 321

Delothraupis castaneoventris peruvianus Carriker

Maraynioc: 19.5 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.

"Eyes red; upper mandible black, lower mandible blue-horn; legs brown."

This bird differs from a Bolivian bird (not sexed) in just the charac-
ters pointed out by Zimmer in 1930, and those relied on by Carriker
for the separation of the northern race; characters admitted also by
Hellmayr, but dismissed as being "quite insignificant." In brief, the
Peruvian race differs from topotypical Bolivian birds in larger size
and deeper and more uniform rufescent underparts. The Maraynioc
bird has a wing of 82.5 mm.; the Bolivian one of 79.5.

Anisognathus igniventris ignicrissus (Cabanis)

Maraynioc: 1 d\ 4 9 . 2 March-11 June, 1939. 11,000-12,000 feet.
"Eyes brown; bill and legs black."

This series is exactly topotypical.

Zimmer has already shown that the generic name Anisognathus
Reichenbach, 1850 is not a nomen nudum but was properly introduced,
and of course under the International Code is not preoccupied by
Anisognatha Lacordaire, 1848, Coleoptera. It is therefore necessary
to employ Anisognathus as the generic name of the tanagers included
in the genus Poecilothraupis Cabanis, 1851.

This handsome tanager was quite common and fairly tame. Its
altitudinal range was more varied than practically any other bird
collected, ranging from 10,000 to 12,500 feet. It was always found in
small groups.

Anisognathus lacrymosus lacrymosus (DuBus)

Maraynioc: 1 cf, 3 9. 18 March-24 May, 1939. 11,500-12,000 feet.
"Eyes brown; bill and legs black."

A male, taken 10 April, has a few scattered yellow feathers on the
sides of the nape, an indication of the yellow post auricular spot
present in all the other races of this species except mclanogenys.

Like A. igniventris ignicrissus, this tanager is always found in small
groups.

Buthraupis Montana cyanonota Berlepseh and Stolzmann

Chilpes: Id1. 1 June, 1939. 9,000 feet.
"Eyes orange-red; bill and legs black."

322 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

The type locality of cyanonota is Maraynioc, hence Griswold's bird
is practically topotypical.

Common along the Chilpes trail, where it was usually found in
groups, feeding in the tree tops.

Hemispingus atro-pileus auricularis Cabanis

Maraynioc: 2 9 , 1 9 ?, 1 not sexed. 19 and 22 March, 1939.
"Eyes brown; bill gray or gray-brown; legs gray."

Chlorornis riefferii elegans Tschudi

Maraynioc: 1 d\ 1 April, 1939. 8,000 feet.
"Eyes chestnut; bill and legs red."

CATAMBLYRHYNCHIDAE

Catamblyrhynchus diadema citrinifrons Berlepsch and Stolzmann

Maraynioc: 4 d\ 2 9. 10 March-19 June, 1939. 11,000-12,000 feet.
"Eyes and legs brown; bill black."

A nice series of topotypes of this well-characterized race. The patch
of plush-like feathers on the fore crown is more nearly lemon-yellow
instead of orange-yellow, as in the typical race; the sides of head are a
paler reddish brown, not deep chestnut, and the underparts are
lighter.

A common bird between 11,000 and 12,000 feet. It is usually seen
in small groups, along with such other birds as Diglossa cyanea
melanopsis and Atlapetes schistaceus taczanowskii.

FRINGILLIDAE

Catamenia inornata minor Berlepsch

Maraynioc: 1 9 ?. 6 March, 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Bill pink; legs flesh-color."

Catamenia homochroa homochroa Sclater

Maraynioc: 2 d", 2 9,1 juv. 13 March-6 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.

"Eyes brown; bill flesh; legs brown" (adults).

A common finch between 12,000 and 12,500 feet.

PETERS AND GRISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS 323

Phrygilus unicolor inca Zimmer

Maraynioc: 1 d\ 1 9. 23 May and 18 June, 1939. 12,500 feet.
"Eyes dark brown; bill very dark gray; legs brown."

For many years I have felt the genus Phrygilus to be an unnatural
assemblage of quite unrelated species, and that a revision could be
undertaken to advantage. Hellmayr is entirely correct in reviving
Melanodera of Bonaparte for melanodera and xanthogamma, but
additional dismemberment would show better the relationships of the
remaining species. The blue-gray and yellow Phrygili {patagonicus
and gayi) are probably most nearly related to Junco : fruticeti probably
belongs in the monotypic genus Rhopospina; alaudinus and unicolor
are hardly congeneric. There are, however, several species that I have
not seen, and this lack of material together with the lack of time re-
quired to undertake such a revision, prevents further discussion. I
should like to recommend a thorough investigation of the genus
Phrygilus, as currently constituted, as an attractive research project.

Atlapetes (Atlapetes) schistaceus taczanowskii
Sclater and Salvin

Maraynioc: 3 d\ 3 9 . 8 March-28 May, 1939. 12,000 feet.
"Eyes chestnut; bill black; legs dark brown."

A rather common bird around 12,000 feet, where it frequents the
many small woods. It is usually in pairs.

Atlapetes (Buarremon) torquatus poliophrys
(Berlepsch and Stolzmann)

Chilpes: 1 d\ 14 June, 1939. 10,000 feet.
"Eyes dark brown; bill black; legs light brown."

Hellmayr has recently united Atlapetes and Buarremon, since he is
unable to discover any constant external differences that would
justify continued generic separation. On the other hand, Atlapetes
and Buarremon each exemplify a very different underlying pattern
of coloration, and for this reason I feel that the separation of the two
should be retained in the subgeneric sense.

324 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Brachyspiza capensis peruviensis (Lesson)

Maraynioc: 7 d" (4 ad., 2 juv., 1 fledgl.). 6 March-20 June, 1939. 12,000-

12,500 feet.
"Eyes chestnut; bill gray; legs flesh-color" (adults).

van Rossem has published (1929, p. 548-550) a note, together with
a table of proportions, to prove that Zonotrichia and Brachyspiza
are congeneric. The only characters used were (a) relative proportions
of tail to wing; (b) relative proportions of tarsus to wing; (c) relative
proportions of tarsus to tail. This table of relative proportions was
based on measurements of adequate numbers of all the species of
Zonotrichia and two races (costaricensis and canicapilla) of Brachy-
spiza. On the basis of the results obtained van Rossem is certainly
justified in uniting the two genera under the oldest name, but in my
estimation, his investigation is too narrow in scope; he certainly
should have included Melospiza (melodia, georgiana and lincolnii)
though not Passerella, additional races of Brachyspiza and other
features in addition to the three sets of proportional measurements.
Possibly such a broadened investigation might result in merging both
Zonotrichia and Brachyspiza with Melospiza, or it might result in the
maintainance of two or more genera but with different limits.

The commonest and one of the tamest birds between 12,000 and
12,500 feet.

PETERS AND GRISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS 325

LITERATURE CITED

Berlepsch, Hans Graf von, and Jean Stolzmann

1894. Description of a new Species of Grebe from Central Peru. Ibis
(6) 6, p. 109-112, pi. IV.

1896. On the Ornithological Researches of M. Jean Kalinowski in
Central Peru. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896, p. 322-388, pi.
XIII, XIV.

1902. On the Ornithological Researches of M. Jean Kalinowski in
Central Peru. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1902, vol. 2, p. 18-60.

1906. Rapport sur les Nouvelles Collections Ornithologiques faites au
Perou par M. Jean Kalinowski. Ornis, 13, p. 63-133.

Carriker, M. A., Jr.

1930. Descriptions of New Birds from Peru and Ecuador. Proc. Acad.
Nat, Sci. Phila., 82, 1930, pp. 367-376.

1932. Descriptions of New Birds from Peru and Bolivia. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 83, pp. 455-467.

1933. Descriptions of New Birds from Peru, with Notes on Other Little-
known Species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 85, pp. 1-38.

1934. Descriptions of New Birds from Peru, with Notes on the Nomen-
clature and Status of Other Little-known Species. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, pp. 317-334.

1935. Descriptions of New Birds from Bolivia with Notes on Other
Little-known Species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, pp. 313-
341.

Chapman, Frank M.

1921. Distribution of Bird Life in the Urubamba Valley of Peru. Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 117, 139 pp., 9 pll (inch map) .

1925. Descriptions of one New Genus and Species of Birds from Peru
and Ecuador. Am. Mus. Novit., no. 205, 11 pp.

1926. The Distribution of Bird-Life in Ecuador. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist., 55, 1926, pp. i-xm+784, 30 plates, 20 text figs.

1929. Descriptions of New Birds from Mt. Duida, Venezuela. Am. Mus.
Novit., no. 380, pp. 1-27.

Cory, Charles B.

1918-1919. Catalogue of Birds of the Americas. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.
Publ., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 2, no. 1, 1918, pp. 1-315, 1 col. pi.; 13,
pt. 2, no. 2, 1919, pp. 316-607.

Friedmann, Herbert

1933. Critical Notes on American Vultures. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
46, p. 187-190.

326 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Peters, James Lee

1931-1940. Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 1, 1931, pp. I-XVIII4-
345, Vol. 2, 1934, pp. I-XVII+401, Vol. 3, 1937, pp. I-XIII
+311, vol. 4, 1940, pp. I-XII+291. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard
University Press.

Salvin, Osbert

1892. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. 16, Trochili,
pp. 27-431.

Simon, Eugene

1921. Histoire Naturelle des Trochilidae (Synopsis et Catalogue) Paris,
Encyclopedie Roret. pp. I-VI 4-416.

Stresemann, Erwin

1925. Raubvogelstudien IX. Falkenbussard and Mausebussard. Journ.
f. Orn., 73, p. 295-319.

Swann, H. Kirke, and Alexander Wetmore

1936. A Monograph of the Birds of Prey (Order Accipitres), pt. XIV,
pp. 353-448, 3 pll. London, Wheldon & Wesley, Ltd.

Taczanowski, Ladislas

1884-1886. Ornithologie du Perou. Vol. 1, 1884, pp. I-VII 4-541;
vol. 2, 1884, pp. 1-566; vol. 3, 1886, pp. 1-522, 1 map.

Todd, W. E. Clyde

1916. Preliminary Diagnoses of Fifteen Apparently new Neotropical
Birds. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 29, p. 95-98.

Todd, W. E. Clyde, and M. A. Carriker, Jr.

1922. The Birds of the Santa Marta Region of Colombia: A Study in
Altitudinal Distribution. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 14, pp. I-VIII4-
611, 8 pll.

VAN ROSSEM, A. J.

1929. The Genus Brachyspiza not distinct from Zonotrichia. Auk,
46, p. 548-550.

Wetmore, Alexander

1934. A Systematic Classification for the Birds of the World. Revised

and Amended. Smiths. Misc. Coll., 89, no. 13, 11 pp.
1939. Observations on the Birds of Northern Venezuela. Proc. U.S.

Nat. Mus. 87, pp. 173-260.

Zimmer, John T.

1924. New Birds from Central Peru. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool.
Ser., 12, no. 4, 19 April.

PETERS AND GRISWOLD: PERUVIAN BIRDS 327

1930. Birds of the Marshall Field Peruvian Expedition, 1922-23 Field
Mus. Nat, Hist, Publ., Zool. Ser., 17, no. 7. pp. 233-480. 1 pi.
(map). 10 Dec.

1934A. Studies of Peruvian Birds. XII. Notes on Hylophylax, Myr-
mothera and Grallaria. Am. Mus. Novit. no. 703. 15 March.

1934B. Studies of Peruvian Birds. XVI. Notes on the Genera Gly-
phorhynchus, Sittasomus, Dechonychura, Margarornis, Premnor-
nis, Premnoplex, and Sclererus. Am. Mus. Novit, no. 757. 30 Nov.

1935A. Studies of Peruvian Birds. XVII. Notes on the Genera Syn-

dactyla, Anabacerthia, Philydor and Antomolus. Am. Mus.

Novit. no. 785. 18 March.
1935B. Studies of Peruvian Birds. XVIII. Diagnosis of New Species and

Subspecies of Furnariinae from Peru and other parts of South

America. Am. Mus. Novit. no. 819. 17 Sept.

1936A. Studies of Peruvian Birds. XIX. Notes on the Genera Geositta,
Furnarius, Phleocryptes, Certhiaxis, Cranioleuca and Asthenes.
Am. Mus. Novit. no. 860. 19 June.

1936B. Studies of Peruvian Birds. XXI. Notes on the Genera Pseudo-
colaptes, Hyloctistes, Hylocryptus, Thripadectes, and Xenops.
Am. Mus. Novit. no. 862. 23 June.

1937. Studies of Peruvian Birds. No. XXVI. Notes on the Genera
Agriornis, Muscisaxicola, Myiotheretes, Fluvicola, and Rampho-
trigon. Am. Mus. Novit. no. 930. 24 June.

1938. Studies of Peruvian Birds. No. XXIX. The Genera Myiarchus,
Mitrephanes, and Cnemotriccus. Am. Mus. Novit, no. 994.
2 June.

1939. Studies of Peruvian Birds. No. XXXI. Notes on the Genera
Myiotriccus, Pyrrhomyias, Myiophobus, Onychorhychus. Pla-
tyrinchus, Cnipodectes, Sayornis, and Nuttallornis. Am. Mus.
Novit. no. 1043. 20 Sept.

PLATES

PLATE 1

Peters and Griswold — Peruvian Birds

PLATE 1

Author's Sketch Map of the Hacienda Maraynioc. Dotted areas indicate
principal areas. Dashes ( ) indicate trails.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. Peters and Griswold. Peruvian Birds .Plate 1

I A G UN A S
ie-,450 FT.

PLATE 2

Peters and Ghiswold — Peruvian Birds

PLATE 2
The "Lagunas" (15,450 feet).

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL Peters and Griswold. Peruvian Birds. Plate 2

PLATE 3

Petehs and Griswold — Peruvian Birds

PLATE 3

Hacienda Maraynioc, 12,000 feet, showing large sheep barn in the fore-
ground, and the road to Palca running up the mountain side, in the back-
ground.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. Peters and Griswold. Peruvian Birds. Plate 3

PLATE 4

Peters and Griswold — Peruvian Bird-

PLATE 4

The headwaters of the Pariayacu River. (11,000 feet).

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL. Peters and Griswold. Peruvian Biros. Plate 4

PLATE 5

Peters and Griswold — Peruvian Birds

PLATE 5

"The Hacienda" taken from the district known as Conventuyo (13,000
feet). Road to Palca traversing mountain ridge in the background. (See
sketch map, Plate 1).

BULL MUS COMP. ZOOL.

Peters and Griswold. Peruvian Birds. Plate 5

>- .

6^*"^

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. XCII, No. 5

RECENT MOUNTS OF FOSSIL REPTILES AND

AMPHIBIANS IN THE MUSEUM OF

COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

By Alfred Sherwood Romer

With Two Plates

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

May, 1943

No. 5 — Recent Mounts of Fossil Reptiles and Amphibians in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology

By Alfred Sherwood Romer

During the past decade a considerable portion of the paleontological
work of the Museum of Comparative Zoology has been devoted to the
collection, preparation and study of reptiles and amphibians from the
older geological periods, principally from the Permo-Carboniferous
redbeds of the American Southwest. Correlated with this work has
been the execution by Mr. George Nelson, Chief Preparator, of a
series of panel mounts of articulated skeletons, which are highly note-
worthy from both technical and artistic points of view. These mounts
are figured and described briefly here. The collectors of the various
specimens are noted below. Most of the preparation was done by Mr.
R. V. Witter, Assistant Preparator, 1935-42; the dicynodont skeleton
was prepared by Mr. Russell Olsen. The field work involved was sup-
ported in most cases by funds from the Milton fund of Harvard Uni-
versity, from Thomas Barbour, and from the Department of Biology.

Ophiacodon uniformis
Plate 1, Fig. 1

A primitive Texas pelycosaur of modest size; usually known as
"Poliosaurus,, but referable to the genus Ophiacodon and very similar
to 0. mints from the redbeds of New Mexico. This skeleton (No. 1366)
is the only one of any degree of completeness known and is used as a
basis for description of the species in the recent "Review of the Pely-
cosauria" by Romer and Price (1940, pp. 238-242, etc.), and for the
general account of the Ophiacodon skull in the same work (pp. 201-205,
226-229, pis. 1-4). The length of the skeleton as mounted is approxi-
mately five and a half feet. The specimen (as well as that of Dimctro-
don milleri, described below) was obtained in 1936 by a party under
the direction of R. V. Witter from a newly discovered bonebed situated
one mile southwest of Archer City, Texas, in the Putnam Formation
of the Wichita Group.

The discovery of the Archer City bonebed has proved to be an event
of considerable interest in the study of stratigraphic distribution of
Texas redbeds vertebrates. Most well-known forms have been found
in two horizons: (1) the lower portion of the Arroyo Formation of the

332 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Clear Fork Group, and (2) a somewhat lower set of localities in the
upper part of the Wichita Group (Belle Plains Formation and the
uppermost part of the Admiral formation). Work in recent years had
shown that the vertebrate fauna was present at much lower levels,
but remains were fragmentary. The xArcher City locality gives us a
third horizon, well down in the Wichita, with articulated material
representing a number of representative genera. It is to be hoped that
some similar find in the future will give us comparable data for the
Moran and Pueblo Formations still lower in the stratigraphic sequence.

Dimetrodon limbatus
Plate 1, Fig. 2

The skeleton of this characteristic Wichita species of long-spined
pelycosaur is nearly complete except for portions of the feet and tail.
This individual formed the basis for most of the figures and descrip-
tions of the Dimetrodon skeleton in the "Review of the Pelycosauria."
(pis. 6-16, 23-25, 27-29, 31).

The specimen, No. 1347, was collected by A. S. Romer from the
east (or south) side of Godwin Creek at a horizon close to the boundary
between Admiral and Belle Plains Formations of the Wichita Group.
As mounted the skeleton is seven feet in length; the tail, however, is
incomplete, and comparison with Dimetrodon milleri indicates that the
actual length was a foot greater. Size and dental characters suggest
that our specimen was a female ; the rather larger individual from the
same locality mounted in the American Museum of Natural History
(Case, 1910, pi. 19) is presumably a male, as is a mounted skeleton in
Walker Museum of the University of Chicago (Baur and Case, 1899,
etc.). A mounted skeleton in the University of Michigan (Case, 1915)
is a composite, but most of the material is of the presumed female size.

Apart from the specimens of D. limbatus listed above, mounted
specimens of Dimetrodon are few in number. D. grandis, the giant of
the genus is mounted in the National Museum (Gilmore, 1919).
Walker Museum possesses a specimen of D. loomisi with a splendidly
preserved series of spines (Romer, 1927), and a composite skeleton in
Tubingen (von Huene, 1919, pp. 177-181, pi. 6) is apparently of this
species. Apart from the specimen of D. milleri noted below the other
species of Dimetrodon are not as yet known from material adequate for
purposes of mounting.

romer: fossil reptiles 333

dlmetrodon milleri
Plate 1, Fig. 3

The type and only known skeleton of an unusually small and primi-
tive species of Dimetrodon. The specimen (No. 1365) is one of the
most completely preserved of any Texas reptile, exhibiting, except for
some spine fragments, every detail of its anatomy to the tip of toes
and tail. The slender tail includes 62 vertebrae, proving conclusively
that Dimetrodon was a very long-tailed form. The skeleton was ob-
tained from the Archer City bonebed mentioned above. Lying be-
tween the ribs, in the proper position for the stomach were bones of
the amphibian Zatrachys, presumably its last meal.

It is obvious from simple inspection that the spines of this relatively
small and early Dimcirodon are proportionately shorter than in D.
limbatus. A similar relation between size and spine length is found in
all species of Dimetrodon for which we have adequate material, and the
genus thus affords an excellent example of heterogonic growth. A
mathematical treatment of the data indicates that with increase of
size of species in successively later geologic levels, the spine length in-
creases at a rate nearly twice that of the other linear measurements.

EDAPHOSAURUS BOANERGES

Plate 2, Fig. 1

E. boancrges is a member of the "ship-lizard" group of pelycosaurs,
usually referred to under the very appropriate but unfortunately in-
correct generic designation of Naosaurus. The specimen (No. 1531) is
a composite but includes the holotypic material of the species. As
mounted it is approximately eight feet in length. It was obtained from
the Geraldine bonebed in the lower portion of the Admiral Formation
in Archer Co., Texas.

The complete backbone as mounted shows 27 presacral vertebrae;
this was thought to be the proper number at the time the mount was
made (cf. Romer and Price, pp. 382, 392), but further material from
Geraldine indicates that 23 was the proper number. In addition new
material shows that the tail is inaccurate in some respects, (cf Shuler
and Witter, 1942).

The Geraldine bonebed (Romer and Price, pp. 175, 176; Shuler and
Witter, 1942) from which the present skeleton was obtained, is a de-

334 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

posit of unusual interest which is rivalled, among Texas localities,
only by the Craddock and Briar Creek bonebeds. It was discovered
by the writer in 1932 and worked by groups from Harvard University
on a number of subsequent occasions. The matrix is for the most part
a gray clay, apparently with a large percentage of its contents of or-
ganic derivation, containing many carbonized logs and yielding numer-
ous plant impressions. These show that the florule consisted of lush
plants with luxuriant growth, in contrast to the xerophytic types
composing the typical redbeds flora. The Geraldine deposit, it seems,
was formed in a bog in which a host of reptiles and amphibians became
mired and died. Edaphosaurus, presumably a feeder on plant materials
of the type found here, is the most abundant reptile occurring in the
deposit. More than a dozen articulated individuals have been found,
in addition to numerous fragmentary remains. The amphibians
Eryops and Cricotus are fairly common; a tiny Dimetrodon, is known
from scattered remains. There are almost no traces of other genera.

In addition to the Harvard mount, skeletons of Edaphosaurus from
Geraldine are mounted at the University of Oklahoma, Amherst Col-
lege, and Southern Methodist University; it is probable that further
mounts from this locality will be made at Yale, Pittsburgh, the U. S.
National Museum and possibly other institutions. Three other
mounted Edaphosaurus skeletons are in existence. Specimens at the
University of Chicago (Williston, 1916, figs. 80, 81; 1918, pp. 96,
101-103, figs. 8, 14a-b) and the University of Michigan (Case, 1918)
are from the Briar Creek bonebed in the upper part of the Admiral
Formation; a mounted skeleton of the large E. pogonias from the
Clear Fork Group is in the American Museum of Natural History
(Osborn, 1907; Case, 1907, p. 138, fig. 62). The last, as originally
mounted, was a composite including a Dimetrodon skull and Dimetro-
don limb bones.

Specific determinations of Edaphosaurus specimens found in Texas
have proved difficult. E. boanerges is the geologically oldest and
smallest of adequately known forms. Somewhat higher in the series,
there are remains from the upper part of the Admiral Formation and
the Belle Plains Formation. These specimens have usually been as-
signed to E. cruciger. However most appear to be closer to E. boaner-
ges, although a bit larger, and possibly sub-specifically or specifically
distinct. E. cruciger in a proper sense appears to be characteristic of
the Clyde Formation (possibly the highest levels of the Belle Plains).
This form is poorly known, and best represented by a vertebral column
in the American Museum (Case, 1907, pi. 32, etc.) and an undescribed

romer: fossil reptiles 335

partial skeleton in this museum. The final phyletic stage is E. pogonias
of the Clear Fork, with which "Naosaurus" clavigcr appears to be
synonymous.

Eryops megacephalus
Plate 2, Fig. 2

Although fragmentary remains of this large Permo-Carboniferous
amphibian are among the commonest of fossils in the Texas redbeds,
articulated skeletons are rare. The present specimen is the most per-
fect yet discovered. It includes a nearly complete tail; an American
Museum mount (Miner, 1925, p. 154, etc.) which most nearly ap-
proaches it in completeness contains only the proximal members of
the caudal series. The skeleton (No. 1539) is about five and a half feet
long as mounted. It was collected by L. I. Price in 1937 from the Belle
Plains Formation of the Wichita Group, north of the Little Wichita
River near the eastern line of Baylor County, Texas. The expedition
was supported by the Marsh Fund of the National Academy of
Sciences. A description of the skin impressions has already been pub-
lished (Romer and Witter, 1941); its skeleton forms the basis for a
general account of the osteology of Eryops now in preparation.

Two other skeletons of Eryops are on exhibition. One in the Ameri-
can Museum, noted above, was collected by Case from the upper part
of the Admiral formation. The second, at the University of Chicago,
was collected by the writer in the Clyde Formation near Electra; it is
unusually well preserved as far back as the lumbar region, but the
hind legs and tail are composite and restored. A third mount of Eryops
to be exhibited in the Peabody Museum of Yale University, is in
preparation.

As is customary, we have referred our specimen to E. megacephalus,
the genotype. It is highly probable that, as is definitely known to be
the case in a number of other genera, the Texas sequence contains
several species of this genus. Sawin, as a result of his cranial studies
(1941), believes that the cranial material indicates the presence of at
least two species, and the postcranial material studied by the writer
shows a considerable amount of variation.

336 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Dinodontosaurus oliveirai gen. et spec, now

Plate 2, Fig. 3

This large dicynodont is the first skeleton mounted from the series
of skeletons obtained from the Triassic of southern Brazil by L. I.
Price and Dr. T. E. White in 1936-37 during the course of an expedi-
tion supported by a grant from the Milton Fund of Harvard Uni-
versity (cf. Annual Reports of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
for 1935-36, 1936-37). Previous work in these beds by von Huene had
resulted in the discovery of numerous rhynchosaurs and some cyno-
donts, but of dicynodonts he found little apart from the single form
Stahlcckeria. Price and White, on the contrary, obtained a large and
varied suite of dicynodonts. The specimen mounted (No. 1670) is
now designated the holotype of one of the larger forms. It was found
at Rio do Rasto, 16 km. south of Candelaria, State of Rio Grande do
Sul. A brief diagnosis will be given here; a more adequate description
will be published at some later time. Dinodontosaurus may be defined
as a genus of dicynodont therapsids in which maxillary tusks are pres-
ent, in one sex at least, but other teeth are entirely lost; skull relatively
long and narrow, the width being about two-thirds the length; the
elongation is mainly in the facial region, the orbits being situated about
two-thirds back along the length of the skull. The skull table is much
compressed, the two post-orbital crests approaching one another
closely above the parietal. The transverse occipital crest tilts back-
ward dorsally, so that the occipital surface is not seen from above.
Nasal rugosities are absent. From Kannemeyeria of the South African
Triassic, Dinodontosaurus is readily distinguished by the relatively
slight development of the "sagittal crest," so that the skull roof has
a straight dorsal margin as seen in side view rather than the marked
convexity of Kannemeyeria. Since the genus is monotypic, we shall
provisionally characterize the species, D. oliveirai, on the basis of size
alone. The skull length is 364 mm., the length of the presacral column
98 cm.; the total length as restored approximately 180 cm. (6 feet).
The specific name is in honor of Dr. Euzebio de Oliveira, former direc-
tor of the Brazilian Geological Survey and one of many Brazilian
friends who gave invaluable aid to the Brazilian collecting party.

romer: fossil reptiles 33~t

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Baur, G., and Case, E. C.

1899. "The History of the Pelycosauria, with a Description of the
Genus Dimetrodon." Amer. Philos. Soc, Tr. 2d. ser., 20, pp. 1-58.

Case, E. C.

1907. "Revision of the Pelycosauria of North America." Carnegie Inst.
Washington, Publ. No. 55, p. 176.

1910. "Description of a Skeleton of Dimetrodon indsivris Cope." Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 28, art. XIX, pp. 189-196, pis. XV-XIX.

1915. "A Mounted Specimen of Dimetrodon incisivus Cope, in the Uni-
versity of Michigan." Amer. Jour. Sci., 4th. ser., 40, pp. 474-478.

1918. "A Mounted Skeleton of Edaphosaurus cruciger Cope, in the geo-
logical collection of the University of Michigan." Mus. Zool.
Univ. Mich., Occ. Papers, No. 62, pp. 1-6.

Gilmore, C. W.

1919. "A Mounted Skeleton of Dimetrodon gigas in the United States
National Museum with Notes on the Skeletal Anatomy." U. S.
Nat, Mus., Pr., 56, pp. 525-539.

HUENE, F. VON

1919. "Bilder aus der Paliiontologisehen Universitatssammlung in
Tubingen." Ver. f. vaterl. Naturk. in Wurttemberg Jahresh.
75, pp. 177-184.

Mixer, R. W.

1925. "The Pectoral Limb of Eryops and other Primitive Tetrapods."
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist,, 51, art, VII, pp. 145-312.

Osborn, H. F.

1907. "A Mounted Skeleton of Naosaurus, a Pelycosaur from the Per-
mian of Texas." Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 23, pp. 265-270.

Romer, A. S.

1927. "Notes on the Permo-Carboniferous Reptile Dimetrodon." Jour.
Geol. 35, No. 8, pp. 673-689.

and Price, L. I.

1940. "Review of the Pelycosauria." Geol. Soc. Amer., Special Papers,
No. 28, pp. 1-538.

and Witter, R. V.

1941. "The skin of the Rhachitomous Amphibian Eryops." Amer.
Jour. Sci., 239, pp. 822-824.

338 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Sawin, H. J.

1941. "The Cranial Anatomy of Eryops megacephalus." Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool. 88, No. 5, pp. 407-463, pis. I-XII.

Shuler, E. W., and Witter, R. V.

1942. "The Mounted Skeleton of Edaphosaurus boanerges Romer at
Southern Methodist University." Field and Laboratory, 10,
No. 2, pp. 140-144.

WlLLISTON, S. W.

1916. "Synopsis of the American Permo-Carboniferous Tetrapoda."

Contrib. Walker Mus., 1, pp. 193-236.
1918. "The Osteology of Some American Permian Vertebrates, III."

Contrib. Walker Mus., 2, pp. 87-112.

PLATES

PLATE 1

Romer — Fossil Reptiles

PLATE 1

Fig. 1. Ophiacodon uniformis. Fig. 2. Dimetrodon limbatus.
Fig. 3. Dimetrodon milleri.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Romer: Fossil Reptiles. Plate 1

PLATE 2

Romer — Fossil Reptiles

PLATE 2

Fig. 1. Edaphosaurus boanerges. Fig. 2. Eryops megacepkalus (photograph
is reversed). Fig. 3. Dinodontosaurus oliveirai.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL

Romer: Fossil Reptiles. Plate 2

«mm£0$$,

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. XCII, No. 6

NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEARCTIC
TRICHOPTERA

By Nathan Banks

With Six Plates

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

June, 1943

UBRAfti,

No. 6 — Notes and Descriptions of Nearctic Trichoptera l
By Nathan Banks

In the course of checking on the material in the collection of the
Museum of Comparative Zoology I have found various undescribed
species, some of which are here described, and I have included notes
on a number of described species, especially in the genus Dicosmoecus.
Fortunately there is a male like the type and paratype of Limnephilus
scabripennis from Plymouth, Mass.; this enables me to describe the
allied forms.

Dr. H. H. Ross, in his paper on lectotypes in this Museum, naturally
did not figure species based on one specimen. However, he often made
preparations, and I have figured these for several species.

LIMNEPHILIDAE

Limnephilus adustus Bks.

Figs. 55, 56, 60

This was placed by Milne as a synonym of perjurus Hagen. Hagen's
type is a female without abdomen, but the front tibiae have the
spines black, in adustus some are pale, and in perjurus the fourth apical
cell is fairly wide at base, in adustus very narrow. There are various
minor differences, and so few points just the same it is evident that
adustus is quite different from perjurus. Ross does not mention
adustus, but does refer to perjurus as a female without abdomen. He,
however, made a preparation of the genitalia, and I present figures.
The superior appendages of female are rather long, swollen toward
base, with a very slender acuminate tip.

The type is from Banff, Alta., 21 August; other males are from
Eagle Lake, Maine (Packard), females from Slave Lake, H.B. Terr.
(Kennicott), Flowers Cove, Newfoundland, 17 August (Fernald), and
British Columbia (Crotch).

Limnephilus sublunatus Pro v.

L. macgillivrayi Bks. was based on a male from northern New York,
and L. americanus on females from Idaho. With more specimens it is
now seen they are one species; Milne places the first as sublunatus and
Ross the second as sublunatus; I have not seen the type nor any figures
of sublunatus, but doubtless they are correct.

1 Published with the aid of a special gift from Mr. George R. Agassiz.

342 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Milne placed as male of americanus a specimen from Cultus Lake,
British Columbia, but it is larger with differences in venation, and I
consider a different species, certainly not macgillivrayi.

Limnephilus hyalinus Hag.
Figs. 53, 54

This has been placed as a synonym of L. extractus Walk; but now
that the genitalia of Walker's species has been figured in "Walker
Trichoptera" it is seen that L. hyalinus is quite different. Ross gives
no figure but refers to two of Betten's figures; No. 5 of Plate 46 is good
except that the process on the side of the sheath is provided with three
long spines, overlapping, and which may be so placed as to be un-
noticed. The upper lateral piece, seen from within, has a broad black
ridge or low process, and the blunt, truncate, black tip of the inter-
mediate appendage is close to it, sometimes appearing as if united.

The species is common across northern United States and southern
Canada. Besides the type the Museum of Comparative Zoology has
specimens from Quesnal Lake, Brit. Col.; Vernon, Brit. Col.; West-
bourne, Man.; Husavick, Man.; Temegami, Ont.; Mattewa, Ont.;
Guelph, Ont.; Hull, Que.; Chatinguay, Que.; Lacolle, Que.; Ogussoc,
Maine; Pinnacle Mt., Fulton Co., N. Y. ; Freeville, N. Y.; Claremont,
N. H.; Westport, N. Y.; Rock Lake, N. Dak.; and Great Lake, Colo.

Limnephilus flavastellus Bks.
Figs. 58, 59, 65

This has been placed as a synonym of L. extemus. The species is
much more yellowish on the fore wings, smaller, and with a pro-
portionally shorter discal cell. The difference in the shape of the
superior appendages of the females is readily noted, (see figs. 64, 65).
The genitalia of the males is extremely similar; the cercus (seen from
side) is more pointed at upper tip in extemus (Figs. 66, 67) and the
large black tooth is conical; in flavastellus the tooth is rounded.

Specimens from British Columbia and Alaska are flavastellus,
from Idaho east to Cape Breton, Nova Scotia are the common extemus.

Anabolia sordida Hagen

Ross says this has been considered to be A. bimaculata, and gives no
figure. However, it is not bimaculata, but the species recently described

banks: nearctic trichoptera 343

by Denning as A. lougicercus. Besides the male type from North Red
River, Uhler 1858, there is another male from Upper Wisconsin River
Uhler, 1860.

ASTENOPHYLAX HESPERUS Bks.

Fig. 44

Of this species, described from one male as a Stenophylax, I now
have specimens from Rosemary Inn, Olympic Mts., Wash., 21 to 29
July, (G. H. and J. L. Sperry). It belongs to Astenophylax inasmuch
as there is a very short cross-vein connecting the subcosta to radius
toward tip of wing; in some cases the radius and subcosta are united
at one point.

Astenophylax needhami Ling is a synonym of hesperus. The male
genitalia have the superior plates large concave from above, the outer
part rolled over toward the middle, very different from those of A.
argus. The claspers, from behind, are simple, elongate, somewhat pear-
shaped with a smooth upper tip, not nearly as slender as in argus.

The upper tip of the female abdomen ends in very small fusiform
plates, very unlike the broad plate with a median notch of argus. The
female has the fore wings of the same uniform brownish color as the
male.

Clistoronia magnifica Bks.

Figs. 40, 43, 49

Ross gives no figure, so I figure the preparation he made. From
above one sees two large triangular, divergent processes; from the side
are two rounded lobes. The penis is a remarkable structure; the mem-
braneous ribbed sheath is traversed by the dark tube, its tip but little
modified; from each side near the middle arises a long curved process,
toward tip divided into two branches, the upper one erect, long and
tapering and on one edge with many long somewhat scale-like spines,
the lower process curves upward, and, except for the tip, mostly clothed
with long scale-like hairs or spines, many overlapping.

Clistoronia maculata Bks.

Fig. 47

Ross says this is the same SLsformosa Bks. The markings are much
darker and heavier in both sexes. It is true that the male genitalia are

344 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

very similar, but in maculata the superior appendage, from side, has
the lower outer corner not at all projecting as it does in formosa; the
outer edge in maculata is an even concave curve; in formosa it is broken
near middle by a hump, and in formosa the outer upper corner projects
more than in maculata. The titillators of the penis-sheath are very
similar, but in formosa the hyaline apical fringed part is broader than
in maculata.

The females, which are marked in the same manner and amount as
the males, are very easily separated. In formosa (Fig. 48) at tip of
abdomen above is an elongate median piece with a median notch; in
maculata this piece is very broad and short, with a distinct point in
the middle; the lower median appendages are longer in maculata than
in formosa.

I have another female of maculata from the White Mts. of Arizona,
closely matching the original.

Pycnopsyche scabripennis Rbr.
Fig. 42

Rambur described this species thinking that it might be European,
the specimens having no locality label. The type in Brussels Museum
was figured by Ulmer; it is number 14 Coll. Latreille, the specimen in
the Hagen collection has a label 13, and another "Coll. Latreille",
Hagen has added a label "Amerique sept." The Hagen specimen,
like the type, is a female and without abdomen. It also lacks one fore
and one hind wing. The venation agrees with the Ulmer figure of the
type; the discal cell is a little shorter than its pedicel; the granulations
of the wing are not numerous as in P. antica, nor are they as large.
The dark markings in this species are more prominent than in P.
conspersa, but much as in P. antica.

Length of fore wing 16 mm.

Besides the cotype, without locality, there is a male from Plymouth,
Mass., Sept. collected by E. A. Carpenter (father of Prof. F. M.
Carpenter).

Pycnopsyche antica Walk.

Figs. 30, 31, 32

Based on a female from Georgia, Abbot collection. Figures and
further description are given in "The Walker Trichoptera." The
discal cell is fully one-half longer than the pedicel; the fore wing

banks: nearctic trichoptera 345

strongly and fairly evenly granulate. The tip of last dorsal segment of
abdomen is nearly truncate, the clasper is much like that of 6b in
figure 5S, page 346 of Betten's New York Trichoptera, the tip plainly
blackened, truncate, outer corner prolonged, the inner edge with a
notch and a tooth; the penis-sheath is rather swollen and with long
appressed yellowish spines; at tip is one each side that is dark. The
markings of fore wing vary much in distinctness.

Length of fore wing 19 to 20 mm.

From Georgia, Gerhard, 1860 (Hagen coll.); Auburn, Ala., (Baker);
Pisgah Forest, N. Car., August; Black Mts., N. Car., Sept., (Beuten-
muller); New Bloomfield, Penna., 6, and 12 Sept. (Daecke); White
Mts., N. H., (Morrison); Baddeck, Nova Scotia, 14 Aug. (Fairchild);
Englishtown, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia (Fairchild).

Pycnopsyche minima spec, now
Figs. 38, 39

In general this is a small form of P. antica, the discal cell being
plainly longer than its pedicel; in marks, shape, and venation much
like antica; the discal cell about five millimeters long and the pedicel
only a little over three. The brown spots are more numerous toward
the outer end so that they tend to form a border. The last dorsal
segment of the abdomen projects roundedly more than antica, the
lower lateral prolonged part is longer than in antica. The penis-sheath
is covered with long appressed spines. The clasper has a truncate tip,
no tooth at outer corner; the inner corner with a small sharp incision.

Length of fore wing 15 to 16 mm.

From Falls Church, Virginia, 8 and 22 October; and Lakehurst,
New Jersey, 23 August. Type M.C.Z. No. 25825.

Pycnopsyche conspersa spec. nov.

Figs. 45, 46

This species agrees with antica in having the discal cell much longer
than the pedicel. The fore wings are not so heavily marked as the
other species; the brown spots are small and rather evenly scattered,
except there are few in front of the discal cell; the band up from the
hind margin across to discal cell is very faint ; the brown mark beyond
anastomosis is distinct, but short, and encloses the black dot in base of
fork two.

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The apical edge of the last dorsal segment of abdomen is truncate,
not projecting, the lateral lobes of moderate length, the tip of clasper
is not blackened, and in shape much as figured by Betten, figure 58, c,
but the top is rather more truncate, evidently the same species; the
intermediate appendages are pale (dark in other species), widened
before the slender tip, the branches not divergent as in others.

Fore wing 18 mm. long.

A male from White Mts., N. H. (Morrison). Type M.C.Z. No.
25826. Dr. Betten gives the locality for his specimens as Old Forge,
N. Y.

Pycnopsyche perplexa Betten
Fig. 35

This is the species that Milne identified as P. dan Sibley, but Dr.
Betten says that dan is a synonym of divergens. A comparison of the
females here with the description and figures of perplexa show they
are the same. Normally in Pycnopsyche the base of the fourth apical
cell is longer than the base of the fifth ; in this species the relation is re-
versed. In the male the tip of the last segment above is broadly black
across, not the usual two spots. Beneath are three black spots nearly
in a row, the middle one is the double tip of the intermediate ap-
pendages, and the lateral ones the blackened inner tips of the claspers.
These tips are broad (not pointed as in divergens). The penis-sheath
has a number of stout spines each side.

Specimens are from Balsam, N. Car., 17 Sept.; North Mountain,
Penna., Sept.; Ithaca, N. Y., 5 and 28 Sept.; Bar Harbor, Maine, 13
Sept.; Orono, Maine, July; and Baddeek, Nova Scotia, 4 Sept.

Allotype, Ithaca, N. Y., 28 Sept.

Rhadicoleptus sperryi spec. nov.

Figs. 2, 11, 12

cf Body, legs, and antennae pale dull yellowish, basal joint of an-
tennae more brown, tibiae and tarsi still paler yellowish, tip of abdo-
men brown; fore wings pale brownish yellow, with various silvery
white spots and streaks, each margined with darker brown. A long
silvery spot behind radius at about middle of length of wing; a round
spot at apex of discal cell, a smaller one just behind it ; a longer silvery
streak behind the discal cell, reaching nearly one-half way to base.

banks: nearctic trichoptera 347

Second apical cell with a long silvery spot at base, third apical cell
with a short spot at base, and beyond is a longer streak, narrowed be-
fore tip; fourth apical cell with a small spot at base, and another be-
yond, half way to tip; fifth apical cell with a long spot at base, sixth
apical with a shorter triangular spot near base.

Hind wings hyaline, with white fringe, veins white or pale yellowish.
Head and thorax with snow-white hair; male palpi slender, second and
third joints subequal; spines on legs black, spurs 1, 2, 3. The venation
of fore wings is much like that of flavicollis and fumosus, but the discal
cell is only about one and one-half times as long as the pedicel (in the
others about twice as long), and the third and fourth apical cells are
more narrowed at base than in those species. The last dorsal segment of
abdomen shows a transverse, black spot each side on the apical part
which is bent downward; the upper lateral pieces project roundedly
below, and with much long white hair ; the lower lateral pieces elongate
triangular from side, sharp-pointed above, and seen from above project
as a dark blunt tooth beyond the upper lateral pieces. Between them
the penis has a slender, sharp tip, more swollen toward base.

In the female the silvery spots are not so large ; there is no spot in the
discal at tip, but in one wing a small round one before middle ; the long
streak behind discal cell is more interrupted behind, the spots on the
fifth and sixth apical cells are the same as male, that in the second
apical cell also the same, except a cloud in hind part ; the third and
fourth apical cells have very short silvery spot at base, and beyond in
each cell there is a silvery spot more than its length before tip.

Length of fore wing 15 to 16 mm.

A pair from the White Mountains of Arizona, 20 June, 1935, taken
by Grace H. and John L. Sperry. Type M.C.Z. No. 25757.

Readily separated from flavicollis and fumosus by the arrangement
of silvery spots on fore wing, as well as by the shape of the parts of the
male genital appendages.

Hesperophylax designatus var. isolatus var. no v.

Figs. 77, 78

In general similar to designatus from Hudson's Bay and Western
Canada. The silvery marks on fore wings scarcely reach tip, but in
shape like designatus. The fore wings are short and rounded at tip
as in designatus. The principal difference is that the superior append-
ages are plainly narrowed before tip on upper edge much as in incisus.

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The claspers have the apical narrowed portion shorter than in designa-
tus, and the sheaths have rather longer spines at tip.

Size as in designatus.

Two males from Mt. Katahdin, Maine, Camp Kennedy, 3000 ft.,
August, Type M.C.Z. No. 25846.

Hesperophylax incisus spec. nov.
Figs. 24, 26, 27

Of the size and appearance of H. magnus, the silvery stripe on the
fore wing being the same, not indented on each edge as in H. occiden-
talis; the structure and venation the same. In the male the upper
lateral appendage shows a fairly large projection or tooth at the lower
tip, much broader and not as long as in H . magnus, and the titillators
are somewhat different as in figure. The female has two short, broad,
flat pieces at tip of abdomen, quite different from the much narrower
ones of H. occidentalis, and the very much longer and slender pieces of
H. magnus.

Otherwise there is little difference.

Males of incisus come from Wallace, Idaho, 14 Sept. (Holotype)
and 8 Sept.; Monache, Calif., 8300 ft., 11 July (Pilate in Eddy coll.);
E. Humboldt Mts., Elko Co., Nevada, 24 June (G. H. and J. L.
Sperry); and Saskatchewan, Canada, July.

Females from Wallace, Idaho, 26 Aug., 16, 30 Sept., 30 October;
Nebo Junction, Utah, 12 July (G. H. and J. L. Sperry) ; Wellington,
Brit. Columbia (Th. Bryant); Stockton, Utah (Spalding); and San
Bernardino Mts. (Fish Creek) 6500 ft., Calif. (Grinnell). M.C.Z.
type No. 25761.

H. magnus was based on several specimens ; the lectotype male is
the one from Palmerlee, Cochise Co., Arizona. This has the upper
lateral appendage with a slender, elongate process at lower outer
corner. Similar males are from Redington, Arizona and Carrizo, New
Mexico. At time of description I had no females from Arizona, but
put as female specimens from Utah and California. Since then I have
received females from Arizona and New Mexico which have the
superior plates at tip of abdomen very long and slender; these I con-
sider the true females of H. magnus and herewith (Fig. 15) their ap-
pendages, and those previously used as females of H. magnus go with
H. incisus.

The three very similar species (occidentalis, magnus, and incisus)

banks: nearctic trichoptera 349

are readily separated by the external genitalia of both sexes. See
Figs. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 25.

Hylepsyche

This genus is readily separated from Platycentropus by lacking
the spines on the venter of both sexes of Platycentropus.

The genitalia of the male type of H. indistinctus is now figured in
the "Walker Trichoptera." The type was from "Newfoundland" and
the Museum of Comparative Zoology has two males from Grand Lake,
Newfoundland that agree; also two males and two females from the
White Mountains, N. H., July (Morrison). The abdomen in all is
only a little darker above than below. From above the genitalia of the
female show a median transverse plate in which is a median semi-
circular notch ending in a black tooth each side; above it is an elongate
blunt process each side which scarcely extends beyond the plate (see
Figs. 34 and 37).

The type of H. amicus Hagen is a female from New Orleans. The
tip of abdomen shows a large transverse, somewhat elliptical cavity,
(Fig. 36), the lower edge of which has a pair of submedian processes,
no black-pointed teeth as in indistinctus; the upper edge of the cavity
is nearly evenly concave, the lower lateral appendages have the lower
tip black, seen from within, and in some specimens these protrude
laterally.

Two other females are from Manumuskin, N. J., 8 October, and
from Kingston, R. I., 6 September (Barlow); these are the same, and
of same size, larger than indistinctus. In the three the abdomen is
dark brown to black above, contrasting with the yellow venter. Be-
sides these I have taken two females here (Holliston, Mass.) which are
smaller and the genital parts, while on the plan of H. indistinctus, are
different.

Hylepsyche fraternus spec. nov.
Fig. 33

In general, similar to H. indistinctus, but the vertex is a reddish
brown, the abdomen above black, the margin of each segment pale ; the
fore wings have the brown streak along lower edge of the second fork
as in indistinctus, but the entire area behind the upper medius is more
uniformly brown, the hyaline along cubitus restricted to basal part.

From above the genitalia (Fig. 33) show the transverse plate, with

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a narrow median incision ending each side in a broader black ridge, the
two not one-half as far apart as in indistinctus; above are the pale
elongate projections, each one at tip more slender and black, and pro-
jecting beyond the plate below, so that when viewed from below one
sees these two projections as prominent black spines, while in indis-
tinctus from below one sees the black-pointed sub-median teeth of the
transverse plate.

Length of fore wing 10 to 10.5 mm.

Two females from Holliston, Mass., 14 August, and 10 September.
Type M.C.Z. No. 25802.

Ross has described another species, H. plectrus, from two males;
the one here is from Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin. It is a larger species,
and the male genitalia differ from those of H. indistinctus; from the
locality there is little chance that it is the male of H. amicus.

Stenophylax antennatus Bks.

Figs. 41, 50

Described from a male from Mt. Rainier. I have another male from
Wallace, Idaho, 12 June (Huellemann) . In this one the fore wings are
more plainly marked, many small blackish irrorations, giving salt and
pepper appearance to the wing. Seen from above the intermediate
appendages are very slender and slightly divergent at tip; the penis
is simple, half-way out its upper part ends in a dark crescentic lobe,
and here from each side arises a long, stout, and slightly upcurved
black spine; the tip of penis is bilobed. In the fore wing the anasto-
mosis is before the end of the subcosta. In the hind wing the radius
and subcosta lie side by side until near tip.

Drusinus frontalis spec. nov.

Figs. 28, 29

9 Fore wings uniform dark brown, about as dark as in D. edwardsi,
costal and anal areas rather darker; hind wings smoky, but darker
near costal tip; in fore wing are hyaline white spots on arculus and
thyridium, a small circular white dot in base of fork two, and another
behind thyridium, and a few fainter pale spots, mostly in apical part
of wing. Head black, but face pale yellowish, also palpi; antennae
black, crenulate below; thorax black above, with black hair and

banks: nearctic trichoptera 351

bristles, pleura more yellowish; abdomen yellowish. Coxae and femora
of legs yellowish, also basal third of hind tibia, elsewhere jet black.

Structure much like ed wards i and atripennis. Fore wings very
minutely granulate, each granule tipped by an erect black hair; radius
strongly bent before stigma, which is darker than rest of wing; discal
cell fully twice as long as pedicel; fork one scarcely back on discal cell,
fork three acute at base and slightly pedicellate. In hind wing sub-
costa and radius separated; forks one and three acute at base and
pedicellate. Legs rather slender; spurs 1-3-3; on hind tibia one or two
spines before middle, two before apical spurs. Tip of abdomen with
two short sub-triangular divergent plates; on venter the parts in de-
pression have the lateral pieces much narrowed at tip, the median
piece broad and truncate.

Length of fore wing 16 mm.

One female from Thornhill Mt., 5000 ft., Terrace, British Columbia
(Mrs. Hippisley). Type M.C.Z. No. 25839. Readily separated from
edwardsi and atripennis by the very pale face and black apical parts of
legs.

We have no species closely congeneric with the type of Anisogamus,
and edwardsi and atripennis are better in Drusinus.

Philocasca

Ross (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, LXVII, 111, 1941) makes this new
genus for a new species, demita, said to differ from Anisogamus by
the fused condition of the subcosta and radius in hind wing. How-
ever, in the genotype of Anisogamus (difformis) these veins are also
fused, except near tip. In fact the same condition exists in many re-
lated genera, Phacopteryx, Ecclisopteryx, Anisitella, some species of
Drusus and even in some Halesus in at least the male. In many other
genera, Peltostomis, Acrophylax, Asynarchus, some Stenophylax, etc.,
the subcosta and radius touch each other most of the distance. Ross
also mentions the broad fore wings and the expanded anal field of the
hind wings which would indicate that Philocasca was close, possibly
identical with Phacopteryx; a female from Oregon, which may be
demita, agrees very well with Phacopteryx.

None of our caddice flies, as far as I know, are closely congeneric
with Anisogamus difformis, which has a short-winged female, although
other species (aequalis) have long-winged females.

However, our Anisogamus costalis, A. disjunetus, and a new species
do have much resemblance to Anisogamus and in males, and usually

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in females, have the subcosta and radius of hind wings fused for some
distance. They have, however, another venational peculiarity, not
present in allied European forms, a peculiarity which was used by
Ulmer to make the genus Astenophylax.

Clostoeca gen. nov.

A Limnephilid related to Anisogamus; spurs 1-3-4; no spines under
last joint of hind tarsi; two spines before apical spurs; no ocellar
macrochaetae ; wings of both sexes equally long; in fore wing the costal
margin only slightly convex; radius much bent before stigma; anastom-
osis at or a little beyond end of the subcosta ; discal cell but little longer
than pedicel; membrane not or scarcely granulate.

In hind wing the subcosta and radius fused for some distance, at
least in male, separating before end of the discal cell, and before tip
again uniting or connected by a minute cross-vein; anal area not
enlarged.

Genotype C. spcrryae sp. nov. Also includes Asynarchus costalis and
Anisogamus disjunct us.

Clostoeca sperryae spec. nov.

Figs. 1, 4, 5

Face, palpi, and antennae dull yellowish, basal joint of antennae
rather brownish above, and beyond many joints are slightly darkened
at tip, in male very distinctly so; vertex reddish brown, with some
white macrochaetae; thorax above also reddish brown to black, with
white macrochaetae, and some black bristles in front of wingbase;
pleura and legs dull yellowish, spines black, front tibia spined to base,
hind tibia with about two spines before middle, spurs 1, 3, 4; abdomen
dull brown; fore wings mostly light brown, with hyaline-white spots,
at base of third, fourth, and fifth apical cells (in male not in fourth),
sixth apical cell plainly paler toward tip; first and second apical cells
not so dark brown, especially toward base; anastomosis dark brown
and bordered with dark; two hyaline-white spots in median area, one
just before the anastomosis, the second some distance before last, and
connected to a larger spot behind in cubital area; a small pale spot over
the arculus, and pale behind base of stigma, latter darker than rest of
wing. Venation very similar to disjunctus, the lower cubitus not ex-
tending direct to outer margin, but connected by a short cross-vein

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to the vein above it; discal cell not quite as long as pedicel ; radius bent
at base of stigma; fork one back a short distance on discal cell, fork
two indents the anastomosis slightly, fork three scarcely before the
anastomosis.

In hind wing the base of discal cell is plainly before the forking of
medius.

The last dorsal segment of abdomen projects broadly over the
genitalia, the clasper is slender, elongate, straight, seen from above
incurved, and below it the penis, with a stout, curved sheath each side
ending in two points.

Expanse 9 16 mm., cf 12 mm.

From Dunsmuir, Calif., 23 May (G. H. and J. L. Sperry), Type
M.C.Z. No. 25821.

Very similar to C. disjunctus, but in that species the wing is paler
and no hyaline spots except the thyridium and arculus.

Chilostigma areolaris Walk.

Figs. 14, 21

One male from Ft. McMurray, Alta, 19 Aug. (Harper coll.). The
markings of the fore wing are closely similar to the type. The second
joint of male palpus is as long as the third, the latter plainly a little
enlarged toward tip; the vertex has a median raised area; there is a
macrochaeta a little behind and inward of each ocellus; the posterior
warts are broad and a little curved. The genitalia from below show a
pair of stout incurved processes, the upper end of which is bent back-
ward, and seen from side ; from above there are a pair of elbowed, rather
long, tapering processes crossing each other before tips.

Neophylax slossonae spec. nov.

Figs. 8, 9, 10, 13

Head, thorax, legs, and wings pale yellowish; abdomen dull blackish
above, pale beneath; head and thorax above with long pale bristles.
Fore wings marked with pale brown leaving a pale, slightly yellowish,
interrupted streak along hind margin much as in concinnus; apical
margin also bisinuate almost as strongly as in concinnus; in fourth
apical cell at margin is a hyaline white spot with marginal white hair,
and in fifth and sixth apical cells is a united hyaline white spot with
snow-white hair; obliquely through the apical cells somewhat parallel

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to outer margin is a row of nearly connected hyaline spots ; in middle
of wing the brown is mostly in bands ; hind wings very pale.

The male genitalia have the superior plate much as in concinnus,
but below each side (if viewed obliquely) are two large triangular black
teeth, just touching at tip; from below they appear as two elongate
dark bodies, the lower the longer, behind the lower margin is a large
concave area; spine on venter is longer than in concinnus.

Length of fore wing 10 mm.

A male from Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. Slosson), Type M.C.Z. No.
25841.

Neophylax delicatus spec. nov.

Figs. 22, 23

Head, thorax, legs, and antennae pale yellowish, abdomen brown
above, dull yellowish beneath ; head and thorax above with white hair
and bristles. Fore wings pale yellowish, apical part and basal part in
front of cubitus irrorate with pale brownish bands, tip of wing dark;
a brown streak from cubitus behind, broken by a pale, more whitish
than yellowish, marginal streak interrupted before the middle, not pale
beyond arculus; outer marginal fringe partly snow-white and partly
brown. Hind wings pale whitish, veins and fringe pale.

In hind wings there is no closed discal cell, the lower branch extend-
ing back and ending on radius a little before radial sector (as in mitch-
elli, fnseus, ayamus, sinuatus, and pilosus).

The male genitalia from below show a large subtriangular piece
almost to a point in front, the clasper each side ends (when seen from
behind) in a long fine dark claw or spine, but seen obliquely from the
side there is an upper inner black point and below another dark tooth.
From side the superior appendages appear much as in mitchelli (Fig. 20)

Length fore wing 7.5 mm.

A male from Delaware Water Gap, 1 Oct. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson),
Type M.C.Z. No. 25842.

Structurally related to A7, mitchelli but differing much in markings
of wing as well as in details of genitalia.

Phanocelia gen. nov.

Apatania canadensis Bks. does not belong to the Apatania section
since there are two black spines before the pair of apical spurs of
hind tibiae. The size and general appearance is much like Apatania,

banks: neakctic trichoptera 355

and the basal joints of antennae as long; however, there is no cross-
vein at base of stigma, but the base is much narrowed; the general
surface of wing is not granulate, and hair sparse and short. The
wing is broader apically than in Apatania, and the fifth apical cell has
a pedicel nearly one-half the length of cell. It will come near to Algon-
quina, but the stigma is more prominent, the wing proportionally
wider, and the fifth apical cell long pedicellate.

I, therefore, propose a new genus Phanocelia, with Apatania cana-
densis Bks. as genotype.

Both Milne and Ross have placed it in Glyphopsyche, but it is not
related to that section of the family.

Apatania pictula spec. nov.
Figs. 3, 6

Head nearly black, with long snow-white hairs and bristles; thorax
above also dark with similar snow-white hairs; abdomen dark brown
above, below much paler, some long pale bristles near tip, genitalia
pale yellowish; legs pale yellowish, spines black; antennae dark brown
to black, with very short white hair below.

Fore wings marked with hyaline and brown, some of the hyaline is
nearly white; the stigma, a border behind, and the costal area before
are brown; apical margin rather broadly and irregularly pale brown,
several cells with a pale spot on outer margin; anastomosis black, and
bordered with dark, beyond all cells are hyaline for a short distance,
then behind the stigma the apical veins are bordered with dark for a
short distance tending to form a curved dark band; in some of upper
cells the hyaline extends as a line between the dark; beyond this band
and before the apical brown the cells are again hyaline about as far
back as cubitus ; discal cell mostly pale, and also area before it, toward
base is a long dark streak behind cubitus, and toward tip the cubitus is
heavily bordered with dark, reaching obliquely down to hind margin
of wing.

Hind wings slightly smoky, the veins near tip somewhat bordered
with dark.

Venation much like A. stigmatrUa, but the fifth apical cell reaches
back before the anastomosis, and the discal cell is a little longer. On
the hind tibia near tip before the apical spurs is the usual one black
spine.

The genitalia from above show a slender curved cercus each side,

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its tip dark, and below is a large body, the tip narrowed to a nearly
square piece where there is a short upright hook or curved spine.

Fore wings 9 mm. long.

One male from Greer, Arizona, 11 June (G. H. and J. L. Sperry),
Type M.C.Z No. 25820.

Readily known by its maculate wing.

It may here be noted that the species of x\patania and closely re-
lated genera have but one spine before the apical spurs on hind tibiae,
while in most Limnephilidae there are two spines at base of the spurs.
Several other genera also have but one spine at base of the apical spurs
on hind tibia. Neophylax and Oligophlebodes go here, also Ecclisom-
yia and Acronopsyche. It is not a matter of size; the tiny Psilopteryx
brevipennis has two, Algonquina and Apolopsyche have two, although
some of their species are only one-half as large as some Neophylax and
Ecclisomyia. These genera also have a frenulum.

Notes on Dicosmoecus

Milne, in Studies in Trichoptera, 2, 1935, using length of fore wings
and color of feet, reduced the seven then known names in Dicosmoecus
to three species. In the paper by Ross on the Lectotypes of Trichop-
tera in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1938, he reduces the
seven names to two species and gives figures for each. In this paper he
does not state what figures were made from the lectotypes and which
from specimens in his own collection and compared with the lectotypes.
He gives a figure which is supposed to be that of both atripes and gil-
vipes although he made no preparation of the lectotype of either. He
also gives figures of "unicolor", although unicolor was based on a
unique female. He made preparations of the lectotype of tristis and of
quadrinotatus, but did not publish a figure; these are quite different
from the figure of the lectotype of the supposed male of "unicolor."

A brief examination of the preparations of male genitalia, as well as
the external parts, convinced me that the treatment of Dicosmoecus
by both Milne and Ross fails to represent the situation. I have had
more than twice as many specimens. Dr. Betten loaned me prepara-
tions of the specimens he had, Dr. Milne loaned me his figures, the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia loaned a most useful
series, and Mr. D. Denning, who precipitated the inquiry by sending
a male for identification, kindly loaned the specimen for study. Dr.
F. M. Carpenter and Mr. Carl Parsons kindly made several prepara-
tions for me.

banks: nearctic trichoptera 357

There is, of course, much more to be learned about the species of
Dicosmoecus, but I have tried to present the facts and what I consider
the correct interpretation.

McLachlan based his genus Dicosmoecus on D. palatus, a Siberian
species; ihis is a dark-winged form much like our D. obscuripennis. In
examining our species I have noticed that there are two groups, the
dark-winged and the yellowish-winged forms. In the true Dicosmoecus
the basal part of the clasper, seen from the side, has the upper and
lower edges parallel, and the apical part is greatly enlarged toward
base and is attached to the full width of the basal part (figs. 91, 93). In
the species with yellowish wings the basal part tapers toward its tip,
and the apical part is only a little enlarged to hinge to the basal part
(fig. 92). From behind one sees in the typical Dicosmoecus that the
base of the clasper has a tooth or process above, while in the yellowish
species there is no such process.

In the fore wings the anal cell in the yellowish forms has a slender
tip which reaches nearly one half-way to the arculus, while in the true
Dicosmoecus the anal cell has no such slender tip and falls far short of
reaching one-half way to arculus ; likewise the bases of the second and
fourth apical cells are not in the same positions.

I consider the yellowish forms to represent a new subgenus :

Onocosmoecus subgen. nov.

Genotype: Dicosmoecus tristis Banks. In 1913 Marty nov described
a new genus, Praecosmoecus, from Kamtschatka based on a female
specimen. His figure of the fore wing shows that fork one reaches back
a long way on the discal cell; thus it is quite different from our forms.

The three genera and two subgenera can be separated as follows :

1. In fore wings fork one extends back a long way on the discal cell.

Praecosmoecus

In fore wings fork one scarcely goes back at all on the discal cell . 2

2. Front tibiae not spined to base; fore wings more pointed at tip; no

large two-jointed claspers Allocosmoecus

Front tibiae spined to base ; fore wings not pointed at tip ; in male
a pair of large two-jointed claspers Dicosmoecus 3

3. Wings not yellowish; rarely with a black dot in base of second fork

or behind thyridium ; anal cell comparatively short and without a
slender tip ; base of fourth apical cell is fully as far out as the base
of second apical cell. In male the apical part of clasper is greatly

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enlarged toward base; in the female the tip of abdomen ends in

two divergent flaps or plates subgenus Dicosmoecus

Wings yellowish ; a distinct black dot in base of fork two and an-
other behind thyridium; the anal cell has a long and slender tip
which reaches almost one-half way to the arculus ; base of fourth
apical cell is not as far out as base of second apical cell. In the
male the apical part of clasper is but little enlarged at base, and
seen from side hardly more than one-half the greatest breadth of
basal part ; in the female the abdomen ends in two pieces pressed
together to form a tapering tube subgenus Onocosmoecus

Dicosmoecus atripes Hag.
Figs, 98, 100, 101, 117, 135

Mature specimens have the tarsi and part of tibiae black; in teneral
specimens these parts are more or less pale. The superior appendages
are very slender, the inferior appendages, seen from below, have the
inner corner rounded, and more laterally is a sharp point. (Fig. 98.)

The penis sheath is short and with seven long spines, five close to-
gether on the outer end, and two nearer to the penis. (Figs. 100, 101.)

Tip of abdomen of female shows two somewhat fusiform plates
(Fig. 135).

Hagen described atripes from Colorado Mts., August (Lieut. Carpen-
ter) ; others before me are from Lake County, Colo. ; South Park, Colo.,
17 August (Oslar); Sapello Canon, New Mexico (Oslar); Yellowstone
(Hayden Survey); Beaver Creek, Alta., 26 August (Carr); Deer Creek,
Provo, Utah, 21 22 August, 1 September (Tom Spalding); Manitou,
Colo., 18 July, (H. Skinner); Beulah, N. Mex. 17 August (H. Skinner)

Dicosmoecus jucundus spec. nov.
Figs. 102, 108, 118

This is very similar in wings, legs, and general appearance to atripes,
and externally there is little difference in genitalia; the apical part of
clasper is not quite as long as in atripes, and, seen from side, a little
more curved downward.

The flaps at the tip of abdomen of female are not as pointed as in
atripes, but with a broadly rounded tip, and are not quite as long as
those of atripes.

banks: xearctic trichoptera 359

The penis-sheath (Fig. 102) has seven long spines as in atripes, but
differently grouped; two rather shorter ones are together near base,
a little beyond a group of three long ones, still further out is another
long one, and at the end of the very slender tip of the lobe there is an-
other long and very slender spine. It is of the same size as atripes, and
perhaps but a variety.

The specimens are from Modoc Co., in the northeastern part of
California, 29 July, 1 August (Lindsey coll.) Type M.C.Z. No. 25887;
also from Upper Salmon River, mouth of Smiley Creek, Idaho, 16
August; Strawberry Creek, Strawberry Mts., Oregon, 20 August; and
Wild Horse Canyon, Steens Mts., Oregon, 1 Sept. (Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila.)

Dicosmoecus nigrescens spec. nov.
Figs. 88, 90, 93, 96

This is related to atripes, the clasper having no small curved spine on
inner carina as noted in gilvipes. The tibiae largely, and tarsi wholly,
black. Fore wings have the veins and anastomosis deep black, and
rather broadly bordered with black, much as in part it us, a white spot
at thyridium; hind wings smoky, the veins black and bordered, es-
pecially toward tip of wing. The genitalia are similar to atripes, the
basal enlargement of clasper is rounded on inner edge and only later-
ally is there a small tooth as in atripes, none on inner edge; the apical
part of clasper fully as long as in atripes; the superior appendages,
however are nearly twice as broad as in atripes. The sheath of penis
differs strikingly from all other species ; each lobe has two rows of the
long spines, grouped differently and more numerous than in either
atripes or jucundus, (Fig. 88). The divergent plates at tip of the female
are more slender and tapering than in atripes.

Length fore wing 23 to 24 mm.

Two males from Richel Lodge, Montana, 8, 12, August, and female
from Moran, Wyoming, (G. H. and J. L. Sperry). Type M.C.Z. No.
25830.

Dicosmoecus pallicornis spec. nov.

Figs. 82, 83, 86, 87

In general related to atripes, no pale spot in costal area near stigma,
and the claspers, viewed from behind do not show an inner spine seen
in the gilvipes group. The antennae are wholly fulvous, the tarsi pale,

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scarcely at all darkened. In fore wings the veins are pale, forks one and
two indent the anastomosis more than in other species, the membrane
densely clothed with more yellowish hair than in atripes, and toward
base distinctly golden. The hair on vertex and pronotum almost
wholly yellowish, the antennae crenulate below as in others, size of
atripes. The superior appendages are more slender than those of
atripes; the apical part of the clasper longer than in atripes and less
curved, the lower appendages, seen from below, show the lobe nearer to
base than in atripes.

The sheath of penis does not project laterally, and at tip has several
small black spines, and a few much smaller hyaline ones each side,
sometimes rubbed off.

A male from Placer Co., California, Sept. Type M.C.Z. No. 25829;
para type from Round Valley, Inyo Co., California, October 15 to 30,
in Dr. Betten's collection; also Inyo Co., California, October 1 (Acad.
Nat Sci. Phila.).

Dicosmoecus gilvipes Hagen

Figs. 89, 99, 107, 110, 111

The tarsi are yellowish to rufous; the base of wing is usually pale,
but sometimes the veins darkened, many of the short hairs silvery. The
superior appendages are much broader than in atripes, the claspers have
their ventral end enlarged into a triangular point, and laterally where
the edge is deeply concave one can see a short spine-like process or hook
on the inner ridge (fig. 94) not present in atripes. The very long penis-
sheath has a row of large almost scale-like spines (fig. 89). It can be
readily recognized by the white costal spot above end of anastomosis,
which is also present in the dark form, D. grandis. The tip of abdomen
of female has short, broad, and pointed plates.

Types from Quesnel Lake, Brit. Columbia, 27 August (G. R.
Crotch); others from Penicton, B. C, 21 September (Downes); Arrow-
head Lake, B.C.; Wellington, B. C. (Bryant) ; Cultus Lake, B. C, 29,
30 September, 15 October; Reno, Nevada, 27 August (Hillman), Wal-
lace, Idaho, 5 October (Huellemann) ; Cala. (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.).

Dicosmoecus grandis Ulmer

Figs. 85, 95

This is a very dark form of D. gilvipes, the genitalia being the same,
or almost so; the fore wings have black veins bordered with black,

banks: nearctic trichoptera 361

leaving only very slender pale areas, the base of wings not pale as in
types of D. gilvipes. On the costa just above end of anastomosis is a
hyaline white spot, and a similar larger spot on the thyridium, con-
trasting strongly with the rest of the wing. The legs are rufous, but the
hind tibia, particularly in female, are dark on apical half.

The genitalia of male are about the same as in gilvipes; each lobe of
the penis sheath is clothed with a row of scales, much as in gilvipes.
The tip of abdomen of the female has two broad and almost pointed
plates (Fig. 95).

The type is from Olympia, Washington; I have seen others from
Oregon as follows: Bull Run Cr., (Trib. Fall Cr.) 14 October; McKen-
zie Bridge, 12 Oct.; and Manama, 25 Oct. (D. C. Mote). This is,
doubtless, best treated as a color variety of gilvipes.

DlCOSMOECUS OBSCURIPENNIS Bks.

Figs. 97, 106, 114

Palpi brown, not paler at tips; hair on vertex partly rufous. Fore
wings uniform brown, with black dot in base of second fork, and one
behind the thyridium, latter and arculus hyaline; membrane and veins
with much, largely erect, black hair, very few minute pale hairs. Hind
wings nearly evenly brownish, the costal area darker, a black dot in
base of fork two. In fore wing the base of fourth apical cell is about as
far out as base of the second apical cell ; anal cell has slender tip and
reaches nearly one-half way to arculus ; the medius forks closer to base
of wing than in most of the other species, otherwise venation like allies.

Legs pale, unmarked; superior appendages slender; clasper with
slender, apical part, slightly curved inwards, lower base with slight
enlargement.

The sheath is very slender and at base has one short but fairly stout
spine, at tip are two spines close together, between are two very
slender curved hardly noticeable spines.

This is very similar to the genotype, D. palatus of Siberia, but with
darker wings, the apical part of clasper slightly longer; in palatus the
tips of palpi are plainly pale, and hair on head black.

D. obscuripennis is known only from Alaska.

Dicosmoecus (Onocosmoecus) unicolor Bks.

Figs. 103, 126, 127

Besides the type from Snokomish River, Washington, I have females
from Saltese, Montana, 22 August, and Banff, Alberta, 13 August.

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Both are of the same size and like the type show a faint dark mark
over the dot in fork two, and another around the thyridium; the dark dot
behind thyridium is scarcely noticeable. The sheath of the ovipositor
is plainly longer than in occidentis and at the widened part near base
there is a minute tooth each side.

A male from Banff (Betten coll.) and another from Alaska may be
males of this species ; it differs from occidentis in that the third and
fourth spines of the sheath are not widely separated (figs. 126, 127)

Most of the records under the name of "unicolor" undoubtedly ar
referable to other species.

Dicosmoecus (Onocosmoecus) occidentis spec. nov.
Figs, 104, 116, 124, 125, 128, 132, 136

This is a pale yellowish species with the dark dots in base of fork two
and behind thyridium distinct, and around each is a pale brown cloud,
that near the thyridium usually extending toward discal cell, all much
as in color adensis . Venation is similar to related forms. The male
genitalia have the superior appendages broad toward tip and scarcely
narrowed toward base; the superior plate is much broadened toward
base, and divided by a median line to basal fourth. The claspers
have the apical part tapering from base to the sharp-pointed in-
curved tip.

The apical part of penis-sheath is provided with four spines (only
two in coloradensis) , the basal one extremely long and reaching tip of
sheath, the next about one-half as long, the third about one-half of
second, and the last is placed much beyond the third, quite short, and
its tip hardly reaching the tip of sheath.

In the female the apical appendages are short, much shorter than in
unicolor, and do not show the tooth each side, the tips slightly diver-
gent ; beneath the cavity on eighth segment shows the three little proc-
esses, the middle one without a groove or division.

Length of fore wing, cT 15 to 16 mm., 9 16 to 18 mm.

Holotype from Wallace, Idaho, 1 October (Huelleman); paratypes
from Wallace, Idaho, 31 iVugust; Ft. Resolution, British America
(Kennicott) ; Great Slave Lake, Hudson Bay Terr. (Kennicott) ; Fernie,
Brit. Columbia, 29 August; Cultus Lake, Brit. Columbia, 25, 29, 30
September, 28 October; Wellington, Brit. Columbia, 29 August
(T. Bryant), Bozeman, Mont. 12, 13 August. Type M.C.Z. No. 25832.
Paratypes M.C.Z. and Univ. Minn. Mus.

banks: nearctic trichoptera 363

Dicosmoecus (Onocosmoecus) alascensis spec. nov.
Figs. 105, 123, 129.

Wings pale yellowish ; the dark dots of fore wing distinct ; there is a
faint dark shade up from the thyridium, and another just beyond the
anastomosis, leaving the apical third of discal and median cells clear;
posterior part of wing brownish ; the dark portions usually show some
faint whitish or hyaline spots. From the side the apical part of clasper
is slender and strongly curved downward, the superior plate is deeply
indented about as in allies, the superior appendages are more nar-
rowed toward base than in color adensis. The lower appendages seen
from below have a very slight lobe toward base, the apical part of
clasper tapers rather rapidly to a slender sickle-shaped tip.

The penis-sheath has four spines at about equal distances apart;
the one near tip short, the next longer, the one before that still some-
what longer, but not reaching tip of the one beyond, the fourth is very
large and long and extends fully to tip of the sheath.

Length of fore wing 14 mm.

Two from Idatarod, Alaska, 29 July, 1 August. Type M.C.Z. No.
25831.

Dicosmoecus (Onocosmoecus) tristis Bks.

Figs. 109, 115, 119, 138

The fore wings show the dark dot in base of fork two, but the one
behind thyridium is faint or absent, and there are no dark surrounding
clouds seen in color adensis. In the female the ovipositor sheath has a
small but distinct tooth each side before it narrows, and the tips do not
recurve as in the other species.

The superior appendages of the male are not so much broadened as
in occidentis and quadrinotatus; the superior plate divided to basal
third; the sheath has five spines, the basal one very long, much as in
occidentis, the second arises close to base of first, but much smaller,
the next two rather close together, one-half as long as first, the last its
length beyond the fourth, but hardly as far from tip of sheath.

The types are from South Park, Colorado, 17, 20, 25 August (Oslar).

Dicosmoecus (Onocosmoecus) quadrinotatus Bks.

Figs. 113, 120, 121, 134

The uniformly brownish fore wings of the male separates this form
from all except D. obscuripennis which is still darker, and has smaller

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superior appendages. Both dark clots are prominent in the fore wings,
and also in the female in which the wings are not as dark. The sheath
of the ovipositor is scarcely longer than in occidentis, and there is no
tooth each side near base; of the three processes on the venter the
middle is broad, and without median groove, the lateral pieces lean
toward each other beyond the middle piece.

Like tristis the penis-sheath has five spines toward tip, but the basal
one is not so much longer than the others, and does not reach to tip of
sheath; the three nearest tip are moderately short and very stout, the
last reaches beyond the tip of sheath; in one specimen the usual pair
at apex of inner part of sheath appear to come from the outer part,
but do not.

The type is from Grand Lake, Newfoundland, 28 July, others from
Baddeck, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, 12 August (Fairchild), White
Mts., N. H. (Morrison), Randolph, N. H. 23 August, 1 September
(G. H. & J. L. Sperry).

Dicosmoecus (Onocosmoecus) coloradensis Ulmer
Figs. 122, 130, 131, 133

This species is very similar to D. tristis, of the same size and shape of
fore wings. The black dots are very distinct and each surrounded by a
dark area; the dark around the thyridial dot extends across discal cell.
In tristis the thyridial dot is scarcely evident, and no dark cloud. The
venation is the same as in tristis. The male external genital parts are
also similar to tristis; the superior appendages are smaller; the base of
clasper (seen from behind) shows one or two small teeth as in tristis.

The armature of the sheath is entirely different; in coloradensis with
two short spines as figured by Ross (Lectotypes, fig. 48), while tristis
has five spines on each lobe of the sheath.

In the female (which is scarcely larger than the male) the terminal
sheath (seen from side) is more slender than in tristis.

It was described from Colorado and Mr. Denning loaned a male
taken by Prof. Mickel at Ward, Colorado, 16 August, 1940. Ross's
specimen was from Inyo Co., California.

The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia has specimens
from Inyo Co., California; Wild Horse Canon, Steens Mt., Oregon,
1 Sept., 4225 to 4400 (Rehn and Hebard) ; Strawberry Creek, Straw-
berry Mts., Oregon, 20 August, 4450 ft. (Rehn and Hebard); Upper
Salmon River, mouth of Smiley Creek, Idaho, 16 August, 7200 ft.
(Rehn and Hebard).

banks: nearctic trichoptera 365

They are very much smaller than D. unicolor, much paler, and the
fore wing proportionally broader at stigma ; the shape of the terminal
appendages of the female also different.

I consider it to be coloradensis since Ulmer refers to the dark clouds
around the black dots, and also to two points on penis sheath; in tristis
one would see more than two at the tip if any.

Allocosmoecus gen. nov.

In general appearance similar to the large black-veins species of
Dicosmoecus; palpi long; antennae crenulate; anal cell rather short;
the spurs 1, 2, 2. The fore wings are more slender and more pointed
at tip, the venation similar to Dicosmoecus except that the radius is
more sinuous just above base of fork one. The front legs are much less
spiny than Dicosmoecus, not spined to base, and the spines on front
tarsi are very few and short; last joint of hind tarsi without spines.

The male differs prominently in lacking the two-jointed claspers;
instead the upper lateral appendages are greatly enlarged, somewhat
similar to Colpotaulius infcrnalis.

It differs from the Colpotaulius group in lacking the row of black
hair by the side of the femoral groove, and the tibial spur is not modi-
fied, nor is the pronotum enlarged ; in this group it would come nearest
to the Indian Astratodina, but besides lacking the femoral row of black
hairs, it has crenulate antennae, and fork one is broad at base, not
extending back on the discal cell.

Allocosmoecus partitus spec. nov.

Figs. 73, 74, 76

Face yellowish, with some short black hairs, longer pale hairs above;
vertex black, posterior warts fulvous, with black hair; antennae black,
including basal joint below as well as above ; thorax black, the mesono-
tal strips and the lateral lobes above base of wings, and the pronotal
warts pale yellowish, hair partly pale, mostly black; the mesoscutel-
lum and basal median lobe of metanotum pale yellowish, the meso-
scutellum with some black but mostly pale hair; abdomen brown above
on basal two-thirds, beyond and the venter yellow; pleura almost
black, with the usual tufts of long white hair; femora pale yellowish,
front and mid tibiae dark on basal half, pale beyond, hind tibiae pale

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on basal third, dark beyond; tarsi with basal joint pale, others more or

less black.

Fore wings marked as in Dicosmoecus nigrescens, but the two large
pale areas, one beyond and one before the anastomosis are hyaline, the
basal half of all apical cells hyaline, and the discal cell and cells behind
to the anal vein also hyaline; thyridium with a snow-white spot; veins
black, with short black bristles; the hyaline areas of the membrane
with short white hair, the dark parts with short black hair. Hind wings
dark beyond anastomosis and along costal area, the anal part evenly
smoky; veins black, except the hyaline basal half of first anal vein.
Structure similar in many ways with typical Dicosmoecus; the ocelli,
however, are plainly more elongate, and hardly as large; the antennae
are crenulate below, but not as strongly so; the venation similar, in
hind wings the discal cell does not extend so far basad of the fork of
medius as in Dicosmoecus, more like the unicolor group; the front
tibiae are not spined to base, but only a few toward tip; spurs 1, 2, 2.

The genitalia are peculiar; the upper lateral ones are very large, con-
cave within, and spreading; the superior appendages are extremely
slender and close together, below there is a pair of prominent thorns,
and from below there is a low median lobe with a pair of processes from
near middle.

Expanse 52 mm.

One male from Wallace, Idaho, 22 September (Huellemann), Type
M.C.Z. No. 25760.

The pale areas of fore wings, the dark basal antennal joint, the dark
on front and mid tibiae, the pale yellowish areas on thoracic notum,
and the male genitalia all serve to distinguish it.

PHRYGANEIDAE

Banksiola calva spec. nov.

Figs. 61, 68, 69, 70

C? In markings of fore wings very similar to B. smithi, but many
of the dark cross-bands in cells are more slender, and in some areas
fewer; in the apical part none of the pale spots come close to the mar-
gin, and in the hind wings only the dark marks along upper side are
present. The middle of mesonotum and metanotum is black or almost
so (pale in smithi); otherwise the color is as in smithi. In venation it is
also similar to smithi, except that fork one goes back almost directly

banks: nearctic trichoptera

367

opposite the forking of medius (much beyond in smith). In hind wing
the anastomosis is more in a straight line (see figure 61) than in smithi.
The male genitalia shows the claspers much longer and more slender
than in smithi or other species of the genus. They are curved to form a
circle as large as the tip of the abdomen, their tips cross above; there is
no tooth on the upper part as in other species, nor a rounded hump near
base as in smithi, but on the lower inner side there are six or eight
slender well-separated spines, and some slight irregular granules.
From above, the end of the abdomen shows a transverse pale area,
from which arise a number of long stiff bristles, each from a pit.
From behind one sees in the middle an elongate triangular piece with
the tip below.

Length of fore wing 10 mm.

One male from Medford, Mass. (F. G. Sanborn), Type M.C.Z. No.
25756.

Neuronia childreni Betten, based on a female; if from the Eastern
United States or Canada, is probably the female of Neuronia {Oligos-
tomis) canadensis Bks. The black on thorax and vertex, and the dark
on basal part of femora, as well as the venation of hind wing agree
with canadensis. In the females that I have seen the lateral processes
at tip of the ventral plate are twice as long as the median pair.

Dasystegia improba var. sackeni var. nov.

Figs. 62, 72

Similar in many ways to typical form. The marks of the fore-wing
tend to form spots, separated by pale areas, rather than the more
evenly irrorate wings of the typical form. The fore wings are plainly
broader than in typical form; holotype of improba 5.1 mm. wide, 15
mm. long; holotype of sackeni 6.2 mm. wide, 16 mm. long. The upper
part of clasper is heavier than in typical form, and the tip of penis is
plainly oblique, more nearly truncate in improba, the short process
each side reaching over part of clasper in improba is short and enlarged
at tip, in sackeni it is longer and not enlarged at tip.

Holotype c? from Axton, Adirondack Mts., N. Y., June, (MacGilli-
vray and Houghton) ; another male from Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. A. T.
Slosson) ; females from Catskill, N. Y., July (Osten Sacken) and White
Mts., N. H., Type M.C.Z. No. 25838. The true improba with slender
wings occurs in northern Maine.

368 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

HYDROPSYCHIDAE

Arctopsyche divergens spec. nov.
Figs. 75, 80

In appearance much like Parapsyche elsis, but not so much dark
along the cubitus, and the marginal dark and pale spots not so con-
trasting. Venation much like grandis; the cross-vein from subcosta to
radius about opposite the base of discal cell, the subcosta, however,
runs out free to margin, not connected to radius near tip as in grandis.

The superior plate ends in two processes as in almota (oregonensis) ,
but the plate is much broader and the processes are stout, divergent,
dark spines; the superior appendages are broad, obliquely truncate
at tip and also divergent; below the superior plate there is a pair of
dark, upcurved spines; the clasper has a large basal hump, and the
lower part tapers to the end where there is a short upright piece; the
penis is slender, a little enlarged at tip, the penis-sheath is broad and
long and curved downward.

Length of fore wing 14 mm.

One male from Castella, California, 13 June (Grace H. and John
L. Sperry). Type M.C.Z. No. 25844.

Arctopsyche inermis spec. nov.
Figs. 79, 84

In general very similar to A. grandis. Wings marked about the
same, in apex of first apical cell is a round clear spot, and two or three
others above it, these are much more distinct than in grandis, venation
also about the same, the subcosta runs out to the margin without bend-
ing down to radius near tip as commonly in grandis, the forking of
lower branch of medius is more nearly to the forking of the cubitus than
usual in grandis. The last joint of maxillary palpus is shorter than in
grandis.

The genitalia are on the plan of grandis, but with two prominent
differences : the penis has no slender process at tip, and the intermediate
appendages are shorter and without the swelling toward tip present
in grandis, thus more like ramosa, the superior appendages are a little
broader than in grandis, the clasper is much like that of grandis.

Length of fore wing 13.5 to 14.5 mm.

Three males from Slate Creek, Blue River Valley, Summit Co.,
Colorado, 8211 ft., 13 July (S. E. Clagg). Type M.C.Z. No. 25843.

banks: nearctic trichoptera 369

SERICOSTOMATIDAE

NOTIDOBIA ARIZONICA spec. IIOV.

Figs. 94, 112, 137

Body jet black, also front legs and antennae, rest of legs paler, but
femora quite dark; vertex and mesonotum with long white hair; each
joint of antennae on its inner side with a patch of snow-white hair.
Fore wings with black veins and very dark membrane, thickly clothed
with long black, and considerable snow-white hair, the latter is most
prominent at greatest width of wing where it almost forms a broad
band, elsewhere the white is scattered to make a mottled appearance.
The hind wings are clothed with short black and yellowish hair, much
as in N. nigricula. The venation is much as in allied species.

The male genitalia have the clasper much broader than in N. nigri-
cula and a little broader than in N. griseola; the inner basal hook ends
in two black teeth; the penis (seen from above) is deeply angularly
notched at tip.

Length of fore wing, male 9.5 mm., female 11 mm.

From Todds Lodge, Oak Creek, Arizona, June 12 to 17 (G. H. and
J. L. Sperry). Type M.C.Z. No. 25891.

The color and length of hair on fore wings separate it from N. nig-
ricula.

PLATES

PLATE 1

Banks — Nearctic Trichoptera

PLATE 1

Fig. 1 . Clostoeca sperryae, fore wing.
Fig. 2. Rhadicoleptus sperryi, fore wing.
Fig. 3. Apatania pictula, fore wing.
Fig. 4. Clostoeca sperryae, penis from below.
Fig. 5. Clostoeca sperryae, genitalia from side.
Fig. 6. Apatania pictula, genitalia above.
Fig. 7. Clostoeca sperryae, tip of hind wing.
Fig. 8. Neophylax slossonae, genitalia from side.
Fig. 9. Neophylax slossonae, genitalia from below.
Fig. 10. Neophylax slossonae, genitalia obliquely from side.
Fig. 11. Rhadicoleptus sperryi, genitalia side.
Fig. 12. Rhadicoleptus sperryi, genitalia above.
Fig. 13. Neophylax slossonae, genitalia above.
Fig. 14. Chilostigma areolaris, genitalia side.

Fig. 15. Hesperophylax magnus, superior appendages of female, above.
Fig. 16. Hesperophylax occidentalis, female appendage from side.
Fig. 17. Hesperophylax occidentalis, female appendage from above.
Fig. 18. Hesperophylax magnus, male appendages from side.
Fig. 19. Hesperophylax magnus, male appendages from side.
Fig. 20. Neophylax mitchelli, genitalia from side.
Fig. 21. Chilostigma areolaris, genitalia from above and beneath.
Fig. 22. Neophylax delicatus, genitalia from below, and tip of clasper ob-
liquely from side.
Fig. 23. Neophylax delicatus, genitalia from side.
Fig. 24. Hesperophylax incisus, penis from side.
Fig. 25. Hesperophylax magnus, female appendage from side.
Fig. 26. Hesperophylax incisus, male appendages from side.
Fig. 27. Hesperophylax incisus, female appendages from above.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Banks: NearcticTrichoptera. PlateI

PLATE 2

Banks — Nearctic Trichoptera

PLATE 2

Fig. 28. Drusinus frontalis, genitalia from above.

Fig. 29. Drusinus frontalis, genitalia from below and side.

Fig. 30. Pycnopsyche antica, tip of clasper.

Fig. 31 . Pycnopsyche antica, cercus from side.

Fig. 32. Pycnopsyche antica, penis from side.

Fig. 33. Hylepsyche fraternus, female from above.

Fig. 34. Hylepsyche indistinctus, female from above.

Fig. 35. Pycnopsyche perplexa, male from behind, and penis from below.

Fig. 36. Hylepsyche amicus, female from behind.

Fig. 37. Hylepsyche indistinctus, female from side.

Fig. 38. Pycnopsyche minima, cercus from side.

Fig. 39. Pycnopsyche minima, tip of clasper.

Fig. 40. Clistoronia magnifica, tip of penis.

Fig. 41. Stenophylax antennalus, genitalia from side.

Fig. 42. Pycnopsyche scabripennis tip of clasper.

Fig. 43. Clistoronia magnifica, male from above.

Fig. 44. Astenophylax hesperus, behind and above.

Fig. 45. Pycnopsyche conspersa, clasper at tip.

Fig. 46. Pycnopsyche conspersa, cercus from side.

Fig. 47. Clistoronia maculata, cercus from side, and female from above and

side.

Fig. 48. Clistoronia formosa, cercus from side, and female from above and

side.

Fig. 49. Clistoronia magnifica, genitalia from side.

Fig. 50. Stenophylax antennatus, genitalia above.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Banks: NearcticTrichoptera. Plate 2

PLATE 3

Banks — Nearetic Trichoptera

F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F

PLATE 3

g. 51. Limnephilus americanus, female from side.

g. 52. Limnephilus americanus, female from above.

g. 53. Limnephilus hyalinus, cercus, inner view.

g. 54. Limnephilus hyalinus, curved process of sheath.

g. 55. Limnephilus adustus, male from side.

g. 56. Limnephilus adustus, cercus, seen obliquely.

g. 57. Limnephilus externus, tip of sheath.

g. 58. Limnephilus flavastellus, tip of sheath.

g. 59. Limnephilus flavastellus, cercus from inside and outside.

g. 60. Limnephilus adustus, penis and sheath.

g. 61. Banksiola calva, part of hind wing.

g. 62. Dasystegia improba sachem, clasper and penis.

g. 63. Tip of female of Limnephilus flavastellus, left, and L. externus, right.

g. 64. Limnephilus externus, female above.

g. 65. Limnephilus flavastellus, female above.

g. 66. Limnephilus externus, cercus from inside and outside.

g. 67. Limnephilus externus, cercus, of a Wyoming specimen.

g. 68. Banksiola calva, genitalia from behind.

g. 69. Banksiola calva, genitalia from side.

g. 70. Banksiola calva, genitalia from above.

g. 71. Limnephilus flavastellus, tip of intermediate appendage of male.

g. 72. Dasystegia improba sackeni, tip of female from above.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Banks: Nearctic Trichoptera. Plate 3

PLATE 4

Banks — Nearctic Trichoptera

PLATE 4

g. 73. Allocosmoecus partitas, genitalia from below.

g. 74. Allocosmoecus partitas, genitalia from above.

g. 75. Arctopsyche divergens, genitalia, above.

g. 76. Allocosmoecus partitus, genitalia, side.

g. 77. Hesperophylax designatus isolatus, genitalia, side.

g. 78. Hesperophylax designatus isolatus, penis and sheath.

g. 79. Arctopsyche inermis, genitalia from side.

g. 80. Arctopsyche divergens, genitalia from side.

g. 81. Neophylax concinnus, spurs of hind tibia of male.

g. 82. Dicosmoecus pallicornis, claspers from below.

g. 83. Dicosmoecus pallicornis, genitalia, side.

g. 84. Arctopsyche inermis, intermediate appendages, above.

g. 85. Dicosmoecus grandis, base of claspers from below.

g. 86. Dicosmoecus pallicornis, penis, paratype.

g. 87. Dicosmoecus pallicornis, penis and sheath, type.

g. 88. Dicosmoecus nigrescens, sheath.

g. 89. Dicosmoecus gilvipes, sheath.

g. 90. Dicosmoecus nigrescens, base of claspers from below.

g. 91. Dicosmoecus palatus, clasper of genotype.

g. 92. Dicosmoecus occidentis, clasper.

g. 93. Dicosmoecus nigrescens, clasper.

g. 94. Notidobia arizonica, clasper from side.

g. 95. Dicosmoecus grandis, tip of female.

s. 96. Dicosmoecus nigrescens, cerci from above.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Banks: Nearctic Trichoptera. Plate 4

PLATE 5

Banks — Nearctic Trichoptera

PLATE 5

g. 97. Dicosmoecus obscuripennis, penis and sheath.

g. 98. Dicosmoecus atripes, base of claspers from below.

g. 99. Dicosmoecus gilvipes, base of claspers from below.

g. 100. Dicosmoecus atripes, sheath.

g. 101. Dicosmoecus atripes, sheath, type.

g. 102. Dicosmoecus jucundus, penis and sheath.

g. 103. Dicosmoecus unicolor, female, tip of abdomen.

g. 104. Dicosmoecus occidentis, female, tip of abdomen.

g. 105. Dicosmoecus alascensis, superior plate.

g. 106. Dicosmoecus obscuripennis, appendages from above.

g. 107. Dicosmoecus gilvipes, female, eighth ventral segment.

g. 108. Dicosmoecus jucundus, superior plate and cercus.

g. 109. Dicosmoecus tristis, superior plate and cercus.

g. 110. Dicosmoecus gilvipes, male palpus.

g. 111. Dicosmoecus gilvipes, cerci above.

g. 112. Notidobia arizonica, clasper from within.

g. 113. Dicosmoecus quadrinotatus, male palpus.

g. 114. Dicosmoecus obscuripennis, claspers from below.

g. 115. Dicosmoecus tristis, female, tip from above.

g. 116. Dicosmoecus occidends, base of claspers from below.

g. 117. Dicosmoecus atripes, female, eight ventral segment.

g. 118. Dicosmoecus jucundus, base of claspers from below.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Banks: Nearctic Trichoptera. Plate 5

99 X\
98 J^j 10°

109

PLATE 6

Banks — Nearctie Triehoptera

PLATE 6

Fig. 119. Dicosmoecus tristis, armature of sheath.

Fig. 120. Dicosmoecus quadrinotatus, armature of sheath.

Fig. 121. Dicosmoecus quadrinotatus, another specimen.

Fig. 1"22. Dicosmoecus coloradensis, armature of sheath.

Fig. 123. Dicosmoecus alascensis, armature of sheath.

Fig. 124. Dicosmoecus occidentis, armature of sheath.

Fig. 125. Dicosmoecus occidentis, another specimen.

Fig. 126. Dicosmoecus unicolor ?, from Banff.

Fig. 127. Dicosmoecus unicolor ?, from Alaska.

Fig. 128. Dicosmoecus occidentis, armature of sheath, superior plate, and

cercus of type from Wallace.

Fig. 129. Dicosmoecus alascensis, clasper from below.

Fig. 130. Dicosmoecus coloradensis, part of fore wing.

Fig. 131. Dicosmoecus coloradensis, female, pit on eighth ventral segment,

and tip of abdomen from above.

Fig. 132. Dicosmoecus occidentis, armature of sheath, Ottawa specimen.

Fig. 133. Dicosmoecus coloradensis, clasper and cercus from above.

Fig. 134. Dicosmoecus quadrinotatus, pit on venter of female.

Fig. 135. Dicosmoecus atripes, female tip of abdomen from above.

Fig. 136. Dicosmoecus occidentis, female, pit on venter.

Fig. 137. Notidobia arizonica, tip of female, above.

Fig. 138. Dicosmoecus tristis, female, pit on venter.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Banks: Nearctic Trichoptera. Plate 6

136

132

137

138

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. XCII, No. 7

NEW CAVE AND EPIGEAN MILLIPEDS OF THE UNITED
STATES, WITH NOTES ON SOME ESTABLISHED SPECIES

By H. F. Loomis

Bureau of Plant Industry
U. S. Department of Agriculture

With One Plate

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

June, 1943

No. 7 — New Cave and Epigean Millipeds'of the United States, with
Notes on Some Established Species1

By H. F. Loomis

The present paper is based largely on collections of millipeds made
by Mr. Leslie Hubricht, of the Missouri Botanic Garden, St. Louis,
Missouri, and includes many surface species although his interest was
centered on cave forms. His collections were begun in the summer of
1939 and extended into the spring of 1941 and included species from Al-
abama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, North
Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia and West
Virginia. The work was made possible by assistance from a research
grant from the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

The Hubricht collection contained twenty-nine identifiable species
of millipeds of which 19 previously have been described, thus leaving
ten to be described. Of these latter species three have been made types
of new genera; one the type of a new family; and the remaining six
species have been placed in existing genera. In addition to the fore-
going species, notes and descriptions of a few other species have been
included where these have bearing on the paper or are needed in refer-
ence to synonymy.

Type specimens of the newly described forms are deposited in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, with paratype specimens deposited
in the U. S. National Museum, except for one species, Conotyla
humerosa, where deposit of type and paratype specimens has been
reversed.

GLOMERIDAE

The three genera of this family now known from the United States

are diagnosed in the following key.

Head not deeply and extensively depressed on either side for the ac-
commodation of the antennae; vertex broadly convex; second seg-
ment without a deep groove proceeding upward from the lateral
cleft Sonoromeris Silvestri

Each side of head almost completely depressed, fully accommodating
the antennae and restricting the vertex to a narrow ridge; second
segment with a deep groove proceeding upward from the lateral
cleft

Body smooth and finely punctate; males with the seventeenth legs
composed of only three rudimentary joints above the enlarged
coxae; nineteenth legs with large finely corrugated processes on the
posterior face of the last two joints Onomeris Cook

1 Published with the aid of a special gift from Mr. George R. Agassiz.

374 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Body densely but minutely hispidulous, the setae rising from tiny
punctures; males with the seventeenth legs somewhat reduced in
size but composed of four normal joints above the enlarged coxae;
nineteenth legs without corrugated processes on the posterior face
of any of the joints Trichomeris gen. nov.

Trichomeris genus nov.

Body short and stout, only about twice as long as wide ; very strongly
convex; moderately pigmented; surface shining but densely and
minutely hispid.

Head greatly depressed on each side for the reception of the an-
tennae as in Onomeris and with the vertex similarly carinate, but in
addition to the marginal row of ocelli found in that genus another
ocellus is located behind the marginal series and is invisible from the
front.

First and second segments much as in Onomeris although the latter
has somewhat fewer striae above and in front of the deep groove pro-
ceeding from the posterio-lateral cleft.

Segments 2 to 11 inclusive with the posterior margin broadly and
very shallowly emarginate on either side of the middle, causing the
margin to appear to be caudally produced backward into an obtuse
angle, this condition most plainly evident on the median segments.

Last segment as in Onomeris, evenly rounded behind in the female
but abruptly emarginate at middle in the male.

Males with seventeenth legs somewhat reduced in size and with four
joints, instead of three as in Onomeris, in addition to the enlarged
coxae ; eighteenth legs apparently much as in that genus but the nine-
teenth legs, although having several large lobes on the joints, lack
"large finely corrugated processes from the posterior face of the last
two joints" as mentioned in Cook's description of Onomeris.1

Type. T. sinuata spec. nov.

Trichomeris sinuata spec. nov.

Eleven specimens, A-5896, including the male type, collected "along pipeline
trail below summit escarpment", Monte Sano State Park, 6 miles south-
east of Huntsville, Madison Co., Alabama, April 12, 1941.

Description. Body short and stout, from 5 to 6 mm. long and from
3 to 3.2 mm. wide; surface of segments shining but strong magnifica-
tion shows it to be densely beset with tiny short, erect bristles rising
from minute punctations.

■Brandtia, pp. 43-45, 1896.

LOOMIS: NEW CAVE AND EPIGEAN MILLIPEDS

375

General color light brown; head with front colorless, elsewhere
variably brown; basal joints of antennae colorless but thereafter
gradually darkening to joint 7 which is colorless; first segment with a

Fig. 1. Trichomeris sinuata. a, Head, anterior view; b, Segment 2, lateral
view; c, Seventeenth legs of male, ventral view; d, Eighteenth legs of male,
ventral view; e, Nineteenth leg of male, ventral view; /, Nineteenth leg of
male, dorsal view.

large oval, transverse, light-maculate area occuping more than half
the surface and crossed by two striae which are dark and in strong
contrast; entire border of segment narrowly light colored; ensuing

376 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

segments to the solidly light brown last segment with a large oval,
transverse light-maculate area on each side, the dorsum solidly brown ;
posterior margin of all segments light colored.

Head (Fig. 1 a) with vertex carinate, on each side of which the sur-
face is deeply depressed to the series of 4 or 5 ocelli which are located on
the lateral margin; behind this series, near its upper end, is another
normal ocellus which is invisible from in front.

Segment 1 shaped as in Onomeris and also with similar twin striae.

Segment 2 much as in Onomeris but with fewer striae, usually only
three crossing the dorsum as shown in figure 1 b. Segments 2 to 11 in-
clusive with the posterior border shallowly but broadly emarginate on
either side of the middle, causing it to have the appearance of being
produced backward into an obtuse angle more evident on the middle
segments than on the subterminal ones.

Last segment large and hood-like as in Onomeris, that of the male
being sharply emarginate at the middle of the posterior margin while
in the female the margin is evenly continuous.

Males with seventeenth legs as shown in figure 1 e, having four
joints above the enlarged coxae; eighteenth and nineteenth legs as
shown in figure 1, d, e and/, the nineteenth legs without the corru-
gated processes on the posterior face of the two outer joints, as found
in Onomeris.

POLYZONIIDAE

POLYZONIUM BIVIRGATUM ( Wood)

Eight specimens, A-5041, from "The Loop", 10 miles south of Gatlinburg,
Sevier Co., Term., Aug. 10, 1939.

ANDROGNATHIDAE

Brachycybe petasata Loomis

Many specimens, A-5004, from under logs near Chimney's Camp, Great
Smoky Mountains National Park, Sevier Co., Tenn., Aug. 10, 1939.

CLEIDOGONIDAE

PSEUDOTREMIA PRINCEPS Loomis

Many specimens, A-5011, from Luke's Cave, Teeterton, Pendleton Co., W. Va.,
Aug. 23, 1939.

LOOMIS: NEW CAVE AND EPIGEAN MILLIPEDS

377

PSEUDOTREMIA VALGA spec. IIOV.

A mature male (Type), six mature females and several young from King
Solomon's Cave, Cumberland Gap, Tenn., July 26, 1924, G. P. Engle-
hardt, collector.

Diagnosis. Located in the P. pfinceps series but with thicker, more
prominent shoulders, particularly on the segments behind the anterior
fourth of the body, than any of the other species; the bowed gon-
opods to which the specific name alludes, also are diagnostic.

Description.' Male 22 mm. long, largest female 24 mm. long; body
increasing in width to segments 6 and 7, thereafter narrowing very
gradually until the last half dozen segments where it narrows more
rapidly; dorsum much flatter than in P. princeps; color in alcohol
ranging from brownish to bluish slate-gray.

Fig. 2. Pseudotremia valga. a, Gonopods, anterior view; b, Gonopod, outer
view from somewhat behind; c, Bifid laminae of gonopods, posterior view.

Ocelli dark brown or black, in a triangular group composed of 20 to
22 ocelli in six series paralleling the margin of the first segment, the
distribution of ocelli approximately 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, counting downward.

First segment with lateral angles scarcely projecting and not
obviously thickened; second segment with moderately thick, slightly
projecting, simple shoulders composed of a single ridge with a seta
in front on the upper side, and another, the outer of the three dorsal
setae, on the side of the body near the posterior end; succeeding seg-

378 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

ments with lateral shoulders prominent and compound, composed of a
very thick elevated ridge or elongate swelling, sharply set oft' from the
dorsal surface, with the second or middle seta at its upper anterior
limit; on the outer side of this conspicuous swelling, and somewhat
below its crest, is a very much smaller slender ridge which bears the
outer seta at its posterior end; these compound shoulders are promi-
nently projecting from segment 3 to about segment 22 or 23 and are
faintly evident on two or three of the ensuing segments ; lateral stria-
tions strongly evident on all but the last several segments; dorsum of
the anterior segments smooth or at most with slight unevenness of
surface; from the mid-body segments to segment 22 or 23 there are a
few low, elongate swellings near the shoulders, and on the segments
of the third quarter of the body several additional rounded, vesiculate
swellings, which could almost be called tubercles, near the posterior
margin.

Gonopods as shown in figure 2 a, and b, the apex of each bent back-
ward between the ninth legs and covering the bifid laminae, the latter
illustrated in figure 2 c; ninth legs 5-jointed, the four outer joints similar
to those of P. princcps but the basal joint with a prominent lobe on
the inner face; coxal prominences of the eleventh legs long and slender;
legs 3 to 7 with a spongy pad beneath the last joint but none on the
legs following the gonopods.

PSEUDOTREMIA CAVERNARUM Cope

A mature female and two young ones, A-4848, from Wyandotte Cave, Craw-
ford Co., Indiana, Sept. 1, 1939.

PSEUDOTREMIA NODOSA Loomis

A half dozen broken specimens from English Cave, Powell River, Tenn.,
July 27, 1924, collected by G. P. Englehardt and received from the
Museum of Comparative Zoology for identification.

PSEUDOTREMIA FULGIDA spec. IIOV.

Several males (one the type) and several females, A-4986, from Higginhotham
Cave, 1.5 miles northwest of Frankford; and one female, A-5035, from
Hayes Cave, .5 mile north of Lewisburg, Greenbrier Co., W. Va., Aug. 24,
1939.

Diagnosis. This species has an unusually slender body with no
tubercles on the dorsum of any of the segments except several im-

LOOMIS: NEW CAVE AND EPIGEAX MILLIPEDH

379

mediately preceding the last segment; dorsal setae long and slender
instead of short and clavate; no other species has eyes composed of so
few ocelli.

Description. Largest specimen, a female, 20 mm. long; females
subulate in outline, males quite fusiform, being distinctly widest at
segments 6 and 7; body without pigmentation except for a small
dilute brownish area at each eye, the colorless ocelli being set in this
spot.

Fig. 3. Pseudotremia fulgida. a, Gonopods, anterior view; b, Gonopod,
outer lateral view; c, Bifid laminae of gonopods, posterior view; (/, Ninth leg of
male.

Head with ocelli small and few in number, from 5 to 7 only, in a
single series or with one or two ocelli above or below the single series;
vertex smooth and shining with a few slender, erect setae; front
smooth and shining above, becoming subrugose below, and with erect
setae increasing in number below; clypeus distinctly rugose and densely
setose; labrum smooth, shining, and deeply emarginate; antennae
long and slender, the joints increasing in length in the following order —
1, 7, 6, 2, 4, 5, 3.

380 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Segments entirely smooth and shining above, the prozonites as well
as the metazonites, the six dorsal setae of the latter long, slenderly
acuminate and suberect; lateral shoulders of the male evident from the
second to about the fourteenth segment but only to the eleventh seg-
ment in the female; males with the body broadening rapidly to seg-
ments 6 and 7 which are twice as wide as segment 2 and half again as
wide as segment 14 and those that follow; females with anterior end of
body increasing less in width to segments 6 and 7, behind which the
body is parallel-sided to the caudal segments which narrow gradually ;
sides of segments with eight to ten striations which vanish on the
posterior segments.

Male gonopods as shown in figure 3, a and b, with a simple falcate
median structure analagous to that shown by Cook and Collins for
P. cavemarum Cope1. The bifid laminae are shown in figure 3, c; ninth
legs of male rather long, 5-jointed, as shown in figure 3, d; eleventh
legs with a prominent, slightly curved, conic lobe projecting back from
the posterior face of each coxa into a special recess in the anterior face
of the coxa of the following leg.

PSEUDOTREMIA Spp.

Mature females or immature specimens which could not be assigned to species
with absolute certainty were collected in the following localities. Five
immature specimens, A-5029, from Barker Cave, 6 miles north of Hunts-
ville, Madison Co., Alabama, Aug. 5, 1939; many females and several
immature specimens, A-5035, from Hayes Cave, one half mile north of
Lewisburg, Greenbrier Co., W. Va., Aug. 24, 1939; one female, A-4986,
from Higginbotham Cave, 1.5 miles northwest of Frankford, Greenbrier
Co., W. Va., Aug. 24, 1939; two females and 5 immature specimens,
A-5036, from Chimney Cave., 2.3 miles southwest of Pounding Mill,
Tazewell Co., Va., Aug. 25, 1939; 1 immature specimen, A-4905, from
Cudjo's Cave, near Cumberland Gap, Lee Co., Va., Aug. 28, 1939.

Dearolfia lusciosa Loomis

Many specimens, A-5013, from Seneca Caverns, near Riverton, Pendleton Co.,
W. Va., Aug. 22, 1939, Leslie Hubricht; about 8 specimens from School-
house Cave, near Seneca, Pendleton Co., W. Va., July 4, 1940, Charles H.
Daniels.

Cleidogona sp.

A very young specimen, A-5049, from Monte Sano State Park, east of Hunts-
ville, Madison Co. Alabama (no date).

i Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. 9, Plate 1, Fig. 2, 1895.

LOOMIS: NEW CAVE AND EPIGEAN MILLIPEDS 381

CONOTYLIDAE

Conotyla Cook & Collins

The genus Conoiyla has doubled in size since its original treatment
in 1895 by Cook & Collins without any attempt to bring the species
into orderly arrangement. Examination of the literature usually
shows few or no records of a given species after announcement of its
discovery and in the original description or subsequent structural
notes that have appeared there is no single character, not even exact
measurements of length, that can be found common to all species.
Another factor that makes comparison and identification of species
difficult is that some of them were founded on female specimens, a
practice to be condemned in the taxonomy of millipeds unless very
outstanding differences of structure are exhibited. In the present genus
the females of many species are without distinctive specific characters
and it is only through association of collection with males that they
may be safely identified. In spite of this unsatisfactory condition an
attempt has been made to prepare a key from examination of speci-
mens and existing descriptions that may aid recognition of the species.

Key to the species of Conotyla
Species of which males are known

Body without color; lateral carinae large and prominent; ocelli reduced

in number, 7 to 10 in an oblong group ........ .humcrosa spec. nov.

Body with more or less color; lateral carinae small and not prominent;

ocelli 15 or more in a triangular or quadrate group

Dorsum finely hispid bollmani McNeill

Dorsum not hispid but reticulated, semi-rugose or smooth

Ocelli in more than 5 series, usually in 7 series . . deseretae Chamberlin

Ocelli in 5 series or fewer

Anterior gonopods consisting of broad, simple plates, rounded at tip,

without prominent projections from the posterior side

montivaga spec. nov.
Anterior gonopods more complicated, acute or various at tip or, if a

broad plate, with one or more prominences on the posterior face,

as in the next species

Males with joint 4 of the fourth legs not lobed, a lobe present on the

fourth joint of the seventh legs vaga Loomis

Males with a lobed fourth joint on the fourth legs but never on the

seventh legs

382 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Males with a lobe on the fourth joint of the fourth legs only.

atrolineata (Bollman)

Males with fourth joint lobed on more than one pair of legs

Males with a lobe on the fourth joint of legs 3, 4 and 5.

albertana Chamberlin

Males with a lobe on the fourth joint of only two pairs of legs

Males with a lobe on the fourth joint of legs 3 and 4 specus Loomis

Males with a lobe on the fourth joint of legs 4 and 5.

fischeri Cook & Collins

Species of which only females are known

Eyes composed of 16 ocelli; posterior margin of segment 1 convex.

ivyandotte (Bollman)

Ocelli more numerous ; posterior margin of segment 1 straight or con-
cave

Body only 10 mm. long; ocelli 19 glomerata (Harger)

Body considerably longer; ocelli 22 to 24

Body 14 mm. long; gnathochilarium with a quadrangular mentum and
a moderately large promentum leibergi Cook & Collins

Body over 20 mm. long; gnathochilarium with a semicircular mentum
and a minute promentum coloradensis Chamberlin

CONOTYLA VAGA Loomis

One mature male and several females and immature males, A-4894, "on boards
at the landing", Alexander Caverns, near Naginey, Mifflin Co., Penna.,
Aug. 20, 1939; other young specimens, A-5019, apparently of this species
from Arch Spring Cave, 7.5 miles southwest of Water Street, Blair Co.,
Penna., Aug. 21, 1939.

Conotyla specus Loomis

Many specimens, A-5399, from North Rankin Cave., 4 miles east of Eureka,
St. Louis Co., Missouri, Feb. 11, 1940; two mature females and several
young, A-5397, from South Rankin Cave, 4 miles east of Eureka, Missouri,
Feb. 11, 1940; several males and females, A-5386, from Meramec Caverns,
2.5 miles southeast of Stanton, Franklin Co., Missouri, Dec. 16, 1939; a
half dozen specimens, A-4634, from Morrison's Cave, 2 miles south of
Burksville, Monroe Co., Illinois, Aug. 28, 1939; two young, A-4671, from
Stemmler's Cave, 2 miles south of Bluffside, St. Clair Co.. Illinois, Oct. 9,
1939.

LOOMIS: NEW CAVE AND EPIGEAN MILLIPEDS

383

( 'ONOTYLA MONTIVAGA spec. nOV.

Nearly a score of specimens, including the male type, from 7500 feet elevation,
Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, Oct. 29, 1927; many specimens from Santa
Catalina Mts., Arizona April 23, 1921 ; several specimens from Mescalero,
New Mexico, May 8, 1931 ; all collections by H. F. Loomis.

Diagnosis. Closely related to C. specus but in lateral view the gono-
pods are seen to be materially different in the two species.

Description. Length 9 to 13 mm.; pigmentation weak, much as that
in C. specus.

Fig. 4. Conotyla montivaga. a, Antenna; b, Gonopods and ninth leg of male,
anterior view; c, Gonopod, ninth leg and basal joints of tenth leg, lateral view;
d, Fourth joint of leg three of male.

Head with ocelli in four or five series in a subtriangular group, 3, 5,
6, 7 or 1, 3, 5, 6, 6; antennae rather short and stout as shown in figure 4,
a; gnathochilarium with a small but definite triangular promentum
which, however, is larger than that in C. specus.

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Segments with lateral carinae not becoming apparent until on the
fourth or fifth segment and completely lacking from the last half dozen
segments; on the mid-body segments the carinae are represented by
rounded shoulders very much less prominent than those of G. humerosa.

Gonopods as shown in figure 4, b and c; both anterior and posterior
gonopods show the close relationship with C. specus although they ex-
hibit obvious differences.

Males with a long slender lobe on the under side of the fourth joint of
legs 3 and 4 as shown in figure 4, d; last joint of legs 3 to 7 granular-
tuberculate beneath ; tenth legs with a very large knob4ike lobe on the
front face of each coxa projecting under the gonopods when the legs
are in normal position.

( ONOTYLA HUMEROSA spec. llOV.

About a dozen specimens, including the male type, collected "on mine props
throughout Sunnyside Mine, 100 to 900 feet from entrance of mine, Jan.
22, 1923, 3 miles southwest of Seneca, Plumas Co., Calif." by H. S. Barber.

Diagnosis. Differing from other members of the genus in the much
larger lateral carinae of the segments; the reduced number of ocelli;
the very long and slender antennae; and the complete lack of color,
the latter three characters being taken as indications that the species
is a true cave form.

Description. Body without color; length from 17 to 21 mm.

Head with 7 to 10 ocelli in an elongate group on each side, mostly in
two horizontal series as 4-3, 4-4, or with one or two ocelli opposite
the posterior end of the interval between the two series of ocelli;
antennae very long, capable of reaching nearly to the posterior margin
of segment 5, and very slender as shown in figure 5, a ; gnathoehilarium
with a small but definite triangular promentum.

First segment with front margin very strongly rounded, posterior
margin transverse; segment longer than a semi-circle, the proportion
of width to length being 8 to 5.

Beginning with the second segment the lateral carinae increase in
size to about segment 6, from which to about segment 20 they are
especially prominent and are definitely elevated to the level of the
dorsum and, when viewed from above, cause the segments to bear
considerable resemblance to those of Pohjdesmus; behind segment 20
the carinae decrease in size to about segment 25 or 26 after which they
no longer are apparent; surface of segments shining; dorsal setae in

LOOMIS: NEW CAVE AND EPIGEAN MILLIPEDS

385

usual places, one at each corner of the lateral carina and one, borne
on a small tubercle, at the anterior end of the depression formed
between the lateral carina and the dorsum.

Male gonopods with the principal joint ending in a sharply decurved
hook, preceded at base by a shorter, stouter, conic lobe; mesial edge of
this joint laciniate, with 4 or 5 long and slender, ensiform processes
directed forward as shown in figure 5, b and c.

Fig. 5. Conotyla humerosa. a, Antenna; b, Gonopod, anterior view; c, Gono-
pod and ninth leg of male, lateral view; d, Four distal joints of leg 6 of male,
posterior view.

First and second legs of male with a comb of fine hairs beneath the
outer joint; coxae of second legs with a prominent, sub-conic inner
corner; other joints of these legs unmodified; legs 3 to 7 with the last
joint gradually tuberculate on the under side of the outer half, the
coxae of these legs normal; legs 5 to 7 with the fourth joint bearing a
conic lobe on the inner apical fourth ; on leg 6 the apex of this lobe is
received in a cavity in the inner face of joint 6 as shown in figure 5, d;
the two-jointed ninth legs have the outer joint of the usual shape but
smaller than usual for the genus ; tenth legs with the lobe at the base
of the third joint on the posterior side short, conic, smaller than the
lobe in C. fischeri, and directed meso-caudad.

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Scoterpes copei (Packard)

One female, A-4971, Ruby Falls Cave, near Chattanooga, Hamilton Co., Tenn.,
Aug. 7, 1939; 3 specimens, A-5027, Gregory's Cave, Cades Cove, Great
Smokey Mts. National Park, Sevier Co., Tenn., Aug. 9, 1939; 4 specimens,
A-4912, White's Cave, near Mammoth Cave postoffice, Edmonson Co.,
Ky., Aug. 30, 1939; 1 specimen, A-4917, near Richardson's Spring,
Mammoth Cave, Edmonson Co., Ky., Aug. 30, 1939.

Scoterpes austrinus spec. nov.

Plate 1, figures 1 and 2

Three males, one the type, and four females, A-5003, from Manitou Cave, 1
mile south of Ft. Payne, DeKalb Co., Alabama, Aug. 4, 1939; 12 speci-
mens, A-5001, from Saltpeter Cave, four miles south of Kingston, Bartow
Co., Ga., Aug. 4, 1939.

Diagnosis. Although closely related to S. copei (Packard) the size
is larger and the gonopods are materially different.

Description. Length 9 to 10.5 mm., a young distended male 12 mm.
long; body without pigmentation.

Fig. 6. Scoterpes austrinus. Gonopods and ninth leg of male, anterior view.

Segments with dorsal rows of setae closer together than in S. cope),
the two rows of the first segment separated by a distance not greater
than two-thirds the length of one row ; on ensuing segments the inter-
vals correspondingly narrower than in S. copei; the ridges bearing the
setae are slightly higher and the outer shoulder more prominent than
in that species.

LOOMIS: NEW CAVE AND EPIGEAN MILLIPEDS 387

Preanal scale semi-circular, the posterior margin evenly rounded.

Gonopods and ninth legs of male as shown in figure 6. In the males
from Saltpeter Cave in Georgia the ninth legs are shaped the same as
in specimens from Alabama but lack the terminal claw.

Third and fourth male legs slightly more crassate than adjoining
legs ; none of the legs in front of the gonopods have special swellings or
tubereules on the ventral face of the joints but on legs 3, 4 and 5 the
last joint is conspicuously more setose beneath than on the two pairs
of legs on either side, with a somewhat more dense, almost brush-like,
group of hairs at the tip beneath the claw.

SCOTERPES DEXDROPUS Loomis

A female, A-5165, collected in Old Spanish Cave, 8 miles east of Galina,
Stone Co., Mo., Oct, 21, 1939.

Zygonopus whitei Ryder

A score of specimens, A-5026, from Shenandoah Caverns, 4.5 miles south of
Mt. Jackson, Shenandoah Co., Va., Aug. 13, 1939; 6 specimens, A-5000,
from Luray Caverns, Luray, Page Co., Va., Aug. 14, 1939.

RHISCOSOMIDIDAE

Tixgupa pallida Loomis

A score of specimens, A-5655, from type locality, River Cave, Hahatunka,
Camden Co., Mo., Aug. 4, 1940; other specimens are from the following
Missouri localities — A-5070, Missouri Caverns, 5 miles southeast of
Leasburg, Crawford Co., Oct, 8, 1939; A-5381, Indian Ford Cave, 2 miles
east of Vienna, Maries Co., Dec. 15, 1939; A-5548, Holmes Cave, 4.5
miles east of Patterson, Wayne Co., June 9, 1940; A-5589, Bat Cave,
7 miles northeast of Success, Texas Co., July 5, 1940; A-5628, Onyx Cave,
on bluff above Brazil Creek, 3 miles north of Campbel Bridge, 8 miles
southeast of Bourbon, Crawford Co., July 28, 1940; A-5663, Flanders
Cave, 2.5 miles south of Aurora Springs, Miller Co., Aug. 4, 1940; A-5675,
Bat Cave, 5 miles south of Crocker, Pulaski Co., Aug. 17, 1940.

388 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

One of the posterior gonopods is shown in oblique lateral view in
figure 7. The complete gonopods were shown in anterior view in Bull.

Fig. 7. Tingwpa -pallida. Posterior gonopod, anterior view.

Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. 86, No. 4, p. ISO, Fig. 12 b, 1939, but in that
figure only the tips of the posterior gonopods are visible.

LYSIOPETALIDAE

Spirostrephon magnum spec. nov.

The mature male type, two other mature males, a female and several young
A-5054, collected in Monte Sano State Park, east of Huntsville, Madison
Co., Alabama, July 22, 1939.

Diagnosis. Exceeding in size of body and number of primary crests
on the posterior segments the other species of the genus. The gonopods
also are definitely different.

Description. Body from 40 to 50 mm. long and to 3.5 mm. broad,
the males conspicuously broader and flatter than the rather small
female which, however, appears to be fully mature; number of seg-
ments 57 to 59; color rather dark brown, a lighter median stripe ex-
tending the length of the body.

Head definitely granular in front below the level of the antennae
which have joint 3 slightly longer than joint 2, an unusual condition
in this family; ocelli black, in a triangular patch, numbering 43 to 52.

First segment with only 18 conspicuous crests on the posterior half.

On ensuing segments the primary and secondary crests are ap-
proximate in size, the total number of crests inconstant through reduc-

LOOMIS: NEW CAVE AND EPIGEAN MILLIPEDS

389

tion of the normal number of additions thereto, which make it impos-
sible to determine with exactness the point of transition from the
anterior segment crests to the full complement of the mid-body region,
although this transition appears to take place at about segment 12
as with two of the other species in which the transition has been noted.
Differing from other members of the genus and even of the family in
the increase over the normal number of crests of the primary and
secondary crests on the posterior segments where both classes of crests
are readily distinguished, especially since only the primary crests

Fig. 8. Spirostrephon magnum.
outer lateral view.

a, Gonopods, anterior view; b, Gonopod,

have a posterior seta; on from 8 to 12 segments preceding the anal
segment there are consistently four primary and five secondary crests
between the median line and the poriferous keel on either side of the
body whereas the customary number for other species is three primary
and four secondary crests although increased numbers may at times
be found which are not constant for the species; all dorsal crests are
slender, moderately elevated with apex smooth and shining, the lower
sides and intervals between the crests finely granular; pore area oc-
cupying the anterior half of the keels at the front of the body but
becoming more extensive farther back, eventually occupying the en-
tire outer margin; below the poriferous keels are two high crests, much
more prominent than the dorsal primary crests, and these are to be
seen in dorsal view, each terminating in a sharp, slightly produced,

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upturned angle ; much lower crests are present ventrad o£ these two
high crests.

Male gonopods as shown in figure 8, a and b, having the subapical
structure on each side with four branches; laterad of the main arma-
ture a prominent, stout, uncate process is elevated beneath the prin-
cipal curved, spatulate arm.

Females with a comb of fine setae beneath the outer joint of the
first three pairs of legs.

Males with first and second legs little more than half as large as the
third legs, each with a comb of setae beneath the outer joint; a spongy
pad present on the disto-ventral half of the outer joint of legs 3 and 4,
similar pads, decreasing in size, are present on the ensuing nine or ten
pairs of legs ; coxae and ventral face of the third and fourth joints of the
legs from the fourth pair to near the posterior end of the body finely
velutinous except that on the fourth joint this condition does not ex-
tend beyond the legs at the middle of the body.

Spirostrephon sp.

A young specimen, A-4933, from Sneed's Spring Cave, Sharp's Cove, 8 miles
northeast of Marysville, Madison Co., Alabama, July 23, 1939.

CAMBALIDAE

Cambala cristula Loomis

Many specimens, A-5033, from Kymulga Cave, 7 miles northeast of Childers-
burg, Talladaga Co., Alabama, July 18, 1939; many specimens, A-5008,
from Florida Caverns, north of Marianna, Jackson Co., Florida, July 29,
1939.

One male in the Florida collection has a very unusual abnormality,
never before observed, in that following the sixth segment there are
two legless segments, each with a typical aperture for the gonopods
and each containing what appears to be a complete and normal set of
gonopods.

Cambala minor (Bollman)

Nearly a dozen specimens, A-5368, from Cellar Cave, Zell, Genevieve Co.,
Missouri, Dec. 9, 1939; many specimens, A-5411, from cave on bluff one
half mile north of Fults, Munroe Co., Illinois, Mar. 31, 1940.

LOOMIS: NEW CAVE AND EPIGEAN MILLIPEDS

391

Choctella cumminsi Chamberlin

Psyche, 25, 2, p. 25, 1918.

Examination of a paratype male in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology resulted in several interesting discoveries. The stipes of the
gnathochilarium, which is shown in figure 9, a, each have, on the an-
terior third, an oblique rectangular elevated area with a large perfora-
tion distally, the remaining surface coarsely roughened as if densely
punctate, the rest of the stipe and other parts of the gnathochilarium

Fig. 9. Choctella cumminsi. a, Gnathochilarium;
view; c, Gonopods, posterior view.

b, Gonopods, anterior

smooth and shining. The pores are as described on all but the caudal
segments where the pore is in line with the sulcus or even behind it,
with the sulcus interrupted opposite the pore. An important generic
character previously unmentioned is the complete absence of a preanal
scale. Gonopods as shown in figure 9, b and c. Seventh segment of the
male deeply and widely excised from in front ventrally, the median
ventral suture behind it widely open with the slender portion of the
segment on either side ending in a rather large globular, semi-mem-
branous body.

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CAMBALOPSIDAE

Titsona sima Chamberlin

Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 5, 2, p. 160, 1912.

In the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology are a
score of specimens from Yolo County, California, collected Feb. 28,
1914 by L. Childs and identified as this species by R. V. Chamberlin.
The largest specimen is a male with 52 segments. The gnathochilarium
has an undivided mentum, as shown in figure 10, a, quite contrary to

Fig. 10. Titsona sima. a, Gnathochilarium; b, Anterior conopods, anterior
view.

the statement in the original description. Thus, although the type
specimen has not been seen, on Chamberlin's identification of the Yolo
specimens it seems that the genus must be removed from the Cam-
balidae and relocated in the Cambalopsidae in close association with
Endere.

As stated in the specific description, the gonopods are much re-
duced in size. They are rather poorly chitinized and of the form shown
in figure 10, b. In other particulars the Yolo specimens agree with the
original description.

PARAIULIDAE

Paraiulus sp.

One female, A-4674, from Stemmler's Cave, 2 miles south of Bluffside, St.
Clair Co., Illinois, Oct, 9, 1938.

LOOMI*: NEW CAVE AXD EPIGEAN MILLIPEDS 393

A new family of the order
ZYGOCHETA

If one were to use Attems' interpretation of the family Blaniulidae,
as presented in Kukenthal's "Handbuch der Zoologie" Vol. 4, pp.
1S2-5, 1926, it would be found that the genus hereafter described under
the name Zosteractis should be included there. However, outstanding
characters of this genus would exclude it from any of the three es-
tablished subfamilies, the Blaniulinae, Paraiulinae or Uroblaniulinae,
as the two pairs of gonopods differ in size, the anterior ones being long
and slender, in remarkable contrast to the short and thick posterior
ones. In Attems' subfamilies the gonopods are similar in size, both
pairs being either long and slender or short and thick. Adherence to
his classification system would require that Zosteractis be made the
type of a fourth subfamily but not everyone will accept his proposal
that such structurally diverse groups as the iulids, paraiulids, spirobo-
lids, spirostreptids and cambalids be associated in a single order. In-
stead it is thought more reasonable to use a somewhat older classifica-
tion which recognizes the diversities of these groups by placing them
in three orders, the Zygocheta, Anocheta and Diplocheta. Under this
seemingly more natural arrangement the genus Zosteractis is proposed
as the type of a new family of the Zygocheta, ranking with the Iulidae,
Paraiulidae, Blaniulidae, etc., with relationship closest to the last
named family.

ZOSTERACTIIDAE fam. nov.

Body slender, submoniliform, the segments constricted in front of
the middle, the posterior portion noticeably convex; each segment
from the first to the last inclusive with a series of erect setae along the
posterior margin.

Head eyeless ; with two setae on the vertex ; antennae rather stout ;
mandibulary combs four.

Segments with pores well behind the transverse constriction.

Legs slender, not projecting beyond sides of body; claw long and
attenuated; first two pairs of legs with sterna free, sterna of all other
legs coalesced.

Anterior gonopods long and slender, projecting far outside of the
body; the posterior pair short and thick, contained within the body;
flagella apparently present but either reduced in size or broken.

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First pair of male legs five-jointed but greatly reduced in size, the
outer joints modified.

Zosteractis gen. nov.

Body long and slender, with a high but indeterminate number of
segments; all the apparently mature specimens have three legless
segments at the posterior end of the body, possibly a degenerate con-
dition induced by cave life; pigmentation dilute.

Head hemispherical, eyeless; vertex smooth, without a median fur-
row but with two widely separated setae ; clypeal setae 4 ; labral setae
16; antennae rather short and stout; females with mandibulary stipes
subtriangular, those of the males larger, subquadrangular, having a
lower anterior corner produced forward into an angularly rounded
lobe.

Segments from the first to the last inclusive with a series of from 10
to 24 long erect setae along the posterior margin, the number of setae
increasing from front to back of body, the series beginning considerably
below the pores on the leg-bearing segments but almost completely
encircling the legless ones preceding the anal segment; segments with
a strong but broad and indefinite constriction in front of the middle;
the surface of the prozonite reticulated; surface of the metazonite
smooth, shining and noticeably convex, a few sublateral striations
present; pores small, beginning on segment 6.

Last segment slightly surpassing the anal valves, the apex broadly
rounded; dorsum with three transverse rows of erect setae.

Anal valves evenly inflated, meeting at a reentrant angle; two long
setae on each valve near the opening; preanal scale elliptical, with two
long setae near the posterior margin.

Legs rather small and weak, not extending beyond the sides of the
body; claws very slender and long, equalling the last joint in length.

Gonopods greatly differing in size ; the anterior ones long, slender and
projecting far outside the body; the posterior ones short, stout and
almost completely hidden within the body.

Males with the first pair of legs much reduced in size, with a coxal
joint and four outer joints, the penultimate of which is greatly modi-
fied; second legs of normal size and shape.

Females with first two pairs of legs slightly more crassate than the
ensuing legs.

Type. Z. interminata spec. nov.

LOOMIS: NEW CAVE AND EPIGEAN MILLIPEDS 395

ZOSTERACTIS INTERMINATA Spec. IIOV.

Three males, one the type, and three females, A-6394, Jan. 25, 1942 and one
female and the anterior end of a male, A-5398, Feb. 11, 1940, from South
Rankin Cave, 4 miles east of Eureka, St. Louis Co., Missouri; one female,
A-5369, from Cellar Cave, Zell, Ste. Genevieve Co., Missouri, Dec. 9, 1939.

Length 15 to 23 mm., width 0.5 to 0.7 mm. Number of segments
variable, the three males with 64, 67 and 81 segments, the four females
with 57, 58, 64 and 65 segments ; all specimens with the last three seg-
ments legless ; another female with 52 segments has four legless caudal
segments. Living color apparently quite dilute as in specimens re-
ceived only 5 days after collection the anterior end of the body was
light pink, changing to uniform light transparent brown at the middle
of the body and behind; repugnatorial glands showing as dark areas
through the body wall; specimens preserved a year had lost any color
that had been present.

Head reticulated behind the two widely separated setae on the ver-
tex, the entire surface in front of them smooth and shining; antennae
rather short and stout as shown in figure 11, a; joints 3 and 6 subequal
in length and longer than subequal joints 2, 4 and 5; joint 5 thickest;
eyes absent; gnathochilarium as shown in figure 11, b.

First segment about as long as the next two segments together;
front margin broadly rounded at middle, slightly emarginate on each
side behind the mandibulary stipe; lateral angle quite acute, the pos-
terior margin proceeding straight upward from it; a series of 10 to 12
erect setae just in front of the posterior margin ; surface in each lateral
angle with two or three short striae beginning at the emargination.

Ensuing segments with the erect setae along the posterior margin
longer on the first and last few segments than on the intervening ones
where there are about 16 setae on each segment but on the legless
antepenultimate and the penultimate segments there are about 24
setae almost encircling the segments; pores small, surface below them
with 5 to 8 lateral striae more prominent on the anterior segments.

Last segment with the dorsum about twice as long as the two fore-
going segments together; erect setae longer than elsewhere on body,
in three transverse series, 10 setae in the anterior row, 6 in the middle
row and 12 in the posterior marginal series.

A leg from the middle of the body, with the typical long and slender
claw, is shown in figure 11, c.

Gonopods with the anterior pair projecting far outside the body,
as shown in figure 11, d, extending backward along the ventral surface

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Fig. 11. Zosteractis interminata. a, Antenna; b, Gnathochilarium; c, Leg
from middle of body; d, Segments 6, 7 and 8 in lateral view showing the pro-
truding anterior gonopods and the two pairs of legs of segment 8; e, Gonopods,
anterior view; /, Tip of anterior gonopod; g, Posterior gonopod and base of
anterior gonopod, lateral view; h, First legs of male, anterior view; i, First leg
of male, oblique lateral view.

LOOMIS: NEW CAVE AND EPIGEAN MILLIPEDS 397

with the tips reaching to the coxae of the fourth pair of normal legs
behind them; other views of these gonopods are shown in figure 11,
e and /; posterior gonopods short and stout, as shown in figure 11, g,
and concealed within the body when the anterior pair are in normal
position.

First pair of male legs greatly reduced in size and modified as shown
in figure 11, h and ?'.

First and second pairs of female legs noticeably stouter than ensuing
legs.

NEMASOMIDAE

Nemasoma sayanum Bollman

Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 6, p. 145, 1893.

Julus punctatus Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2, 102, 1821.

Julus stigmatosus Brandt. Recueil, p. 88, 1841.

A male and two females, A-5043, all lacking one or two moults of
maturity, collected on "The Loop," 10 miles south of Gatlinburg,
Sevier Co., Tenn., Aug. 10, 1939.

SPIROBOLIDAE

Arctobolus marginatus (Say)

Although this is one of the most widely recorded North American
millipeds its range has not been fully and accurately determined on the

Fig. 12. Arctobolus marginatus. Gonopods, anterior view.

basis of recent knowledge of the species. It is probable that some of the
southern records of this species actually refer to A. dolleyi, a species
hereafter described.

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For purposes of comparison with that and other species the gonopods
of a specimen of A. marginatum from Maryland are shown in anterior
view in figure 12.

Arctobolus spinigerus (Wood)

Spirobolus spinigerus Wood. Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 15, 1864.
Spirobolus paludis Chamberlin. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 11, 374, 1918.

Specimens of this species from Key West, Florida to as far north as
South Carolina have been examined. It is one of the few species com-
monly found in the vicinity of Miami, Florida, where it frequently
may be seen crawling across the country roads at almost any time of
the year. Examination of the gonopods and other structural features
of the type of S. paludis, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
leaves no doubt that it is a synonym of A. spinigerus.

Arctobolus dolleyi spec. nov.

This species is named for Mr. John S. Dolley who sent me specimens
from the following Mississippi localities in 1937; 22 specimens, includ-
ing the male type, Feemster's Lake area near Tupelo, Lee Co., May
10; 10 specimens, 3 miles north of Tupelo, May 5; 21 specimens, 3j/2
miles northeast of Shannon, in Town Creek bottom, Lee Co., (no
date); 2 specimens, 3 miles southeast of Vernon, Pontotoc Co., March
31; 3 specimens, 9 miles southeast of Pontotoc, Pontotoc Co., April
26; 1 specimen, Jack Fontaine farm, 2 miles south of Pontotoc, May 26.
Leslie Hubricht collected 3 males, A-5057, in Monte Sano State Park,
east of Huntsville, Madison Co., Alabama, July 22, 1939.

Diagnosis. This is, a larger species than A. viarginatus, the pores are
further removed from the transverse sulcus and there are differences
shown by the gonopods and coxal lobes of the pre genital legs.

Description. Size from 80 to 120 mm. long and from 7.5 to 10 mm.
in diameter; number of segments 51 to 61.

In life the surface of the body is dully shining, the posterior portion
of each segment more shining than the anterior portion; head with
clypeal region light brown, gradually darkening to almost black on the
vertex; first segment surrounded by a dark red band, widest in front
and narrowest at the lateral angles, the median area almost black;
segments black in front of the transverse constriction, nearly dark brick
red behind it; last segment red at apex only; anal valves with margins

LOOMIS: NEW CAVE AND EPIGEAN MILLIPEDS

399

red; antennae and outer joints of the legs purplish pink, the basal
joints of the legs yellowish.

Head with median furrow of vertex short but deep, that of the frontal
area longer and deeper, the two widely separated; clypeus usually with
5 fovea on each side but sometimes with only 4; ocelli at times in 5
series but usually in 6 series, the total number of ocelli from 36 to 44;
antennae with joint 2 considerably longer than any other joint.

Fig. 13. Arctobolus dolleyi. a, Gonopods, anterior view; b, c, d, e, and /,
Basal joints of male legs 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 respectively.

First segment with the anterior margin on each side usually shal-
lowly emarginate just back of the antennae.

On ensuing segments the suture between mid- and hind-belts is im-
pressed throughout its length from the feet across the dorsum; mid-
belt flat or even slightly concave, densely and coarsely punctured;
hind-belt slightly convex with smaller but almost as numerous punc-
tures as on the mid-belt; pores well in front of the suture which bends
forward behind the pore, at times only just touching the smooth area
surrounding the pore.

Last segment very finely punctured except at apex where the punc-

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tures are coarser but not as coarse as on segments farther forward.
Anal valves minutely punctured on the sides with a few coarse punc-
tures near the thickened margins which, however, are almost free of
them and are strongly shining.

Gonopods as shown in figure 13, a. Males with coxal lobes of third
legs swollen, shaped as shown in figure 13, b; coxal lobes of next three
pairs of legs thinner, shaped as shown in figure 13, c, d and e, with tip
of each usually strongly chitinized ; coxal lobes of seventh legs thicker,
the tips seldom specially chitinized, shape as shown in figure 13, /;
third joint of legs 6 and 7 greatly compressed from front to back, the
posterior face deeply concave.

DESMONIDAE

Desmoniella gen. nov.

Diagnosis. Distinguished by having only 19 segments and with their
surface entirely smooth although minutely hispid; body without pig-
mentation ; second segment with lateral carinae much more produced
than in Desmonus, extending downward as far as does the large third
segment and much surpassing the first segment; pits of the anterior
basal margin of the lateral carinae found only on segments 4 to 10 in-
clusive, instead of extending much farther back as in Desmonus.

Description. Body of the proportions of Desmonus although the size
smaller and the body composed of only 19 segments; surface of seg-
ments lacking irregularities but sparsely and very minutely hispid and
with segments 1 and 2 with several additional long setae.

Second segment with lateral carinae much more produced than in
Desmonus, greatly surpassing the lower limits of the first segment and
reaching as low as does the third segment.

Third segment largest of all but relatively smaller than that in Des-
monus, the lower limits of the carinae subtruncate rather than pro-
gressing in a curve to the acute posterior corner as in that genus.

Segment 4 not appreciably larger or otherwise different from im-
mediately ensuing segments; the peculiar pits, characteristic of this
family and located on the front of the segments at the base of the
carinae, begin on segment 4 and are continuous only to segment 10
beyond which they are absent.

Last segment large and hoodlike and of the same shape as in Des-
monus.

Gonopods showing obvious relationship to Desmonus.

Type. D. curta spec. nov.

LOOMIS: NEW CAVE AND EPIGEAN MILLIPEDS

401

Desmoniella cukta spec. nov.

Plate 1, figure 3

About ten specimens, A-5489, including the male type, from Arbuckle Mts.,
2.3 miles south of Fittstown, Pontotoc Co., Oklahoma, May 22, 1940.

Maximum length from 5.5 to 6 mm.; body without color; surface
shining but magnification shows a very few minute setae apparently
restricted to the posterior portion of the segments; segments 1 and 2

Fig. 14. Desmoniella curia, a, Antenna; b, Head and first four segments,
lateral view; c, Gonopods, anterior view.

have several long setae in addition to the very minute ones; antennae
and anterior end of the body as shown in figure 14, a and b.

Gonopods as shown in figure 14, c.

Other characters of possibly only specific importance are given in
the generic description. ,

XYSTODESMIDAE

Foxtaria Gray

Zinaria Chamberlin. Bull. Univ. Utah, 30, 2, p. 4, 1939.

Chamberlin's inclusion of virginiensis (Drury) in his proposed
Zinaria immediately invalidates that genus as virginiensis is the type
of the genus Fontaria.

402 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Fontaria brunnea (Bollman)

Fontaria virginiensis brunnea Bollman. Am. Nat., 21, 82, 1887.
Zinaria urbana Chamberlin. Bull. Univ. Utah, 30, 2, p. 5, 1939.

In the U. S. National Museum is one of Bollman's specimens from
Madison, Wisconsin bearing the catalog number 294 and identified
seemingly by Bollman, as a male of Fontaria virginiensis brunnea. A
drawing made by the writer several years ago from this specimen shows
one of the gonopods which is similar to Chamberlin 's drawing of
urbana. Other specimens of brunnea, identified by Bollman, are in the
Museum collection received from Fort Snelling, Minn., apparently
after his last published reference to the species. Also there is a male
from Chicago, Bl. Although I was unable to locate the type specimen
the other specimens from Fort Snelling, which was the type locality
of brunnea, agreed with the specimens from Wisconsin. On the basis
of comparison of the above specimens with Bollman's and Chamber-
lin's very brief descriptions cited above it seems that but a single
species is involved and the older name, although proposed as a varietal
designation, must be recognized.

Mimuloria georgiana (Bollman)
M. ducilla Chamberlin. Bull. Univ. Utah, 30, 2, p, 7, 1939.

Comparison of a drawing of the gonopods and general notes on
Bollman's type specimen in the U. S. National Museum with Chamber-
lin's description and drawing of ducilla indicates the above synonymy.

Numerous specimens were collected by Leslie Hubricht as follows:
Monte Sano State Park, east of Hunts ville, Madison Co., Alabama,
July 22, 1939, A-4505; under logs, Newfound Gap, Great Smokey
Mts. National Park, Swain Co., North Carolina-Sevier Co., Tenn.
Aug. 10, 1939, A-5006; 3 females, A-5079, apparently this species,
Torreya State Park, Liberty Co., Florida, July 29, 1939.

Cleptoria rileyi (Bollman)

C. macra Chamberlin. Bull. Univ. Utah, 30, 2, p. 9, 1939.

Having seen Bollman's type of rileyi and made drawings of the
gonopods it appears that Chamberlin's maera is a synonym of rileyi
which would thus become the type of Cleptoria if that genus is to be
accepted. Although I am not fully assured on this genus the name is
used in the binomial for the present.

LOOMIS: NEW CAVE AND EPIGEAN MILLIPEDS 403

Pachydesmus retrorsus Chamberlin

Three males and two females, A-5056, collected in Monte Sano State Park,
east of Huntsville, Madison Co., Alabama, July 22, 1939.

EURYURIDAE

With the recent establishment of the genus Auturus by Chamberlin
(Bull. Univ. Utah, Vol. 32, No. 8, p. 7, 1942) two species which previ-
ously had been included in Euryurus were transferred to the new genus.
As given in the present paper the genus Euryurus is composed of the
type species, another species elevated from varietal rank, and a third
species described as new.

Euryurus erythropygus (Brandt)

Many specimens, A-5032, from Shelta Cave, 1 mile north of Huntsville, Madi-
son Co.. Alabama, Aug. 5, 1939.

This species has the two terminal prongs of the gonopods slender,
pointed, and subequal in length; the posterior margin of the keels is
serrate-erose, as in E. faldpes.

Euryurus australis (Bollman)

Euryurus erythropygus australis Bollman. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11, 346, 1888.

On the basis of the form of the gonopods alone Bollman's subspecies
is entitled to specific standing. It appears to be most closely related to
E. falcipes but Bollman stated "Upper branch of copulation foot five
times as long as the lower" whereas in falcipes the lower branch is
much the longest.

E. australis has not been reported since it was described and the
original specimen has not been seen, in recent years, in the National
Museum collection although careful search there might reveal its
presence.

Euryurus falcipes spec, now

The male type, another male and three females, A-5078, from Torreya State
Park, Liberty Co., Florida, July 29, 1939.

Length 27 to 30 mm., the males shorter than the females but rela-
tively broader and distinctly less convex with lateral carinae extending
farther outward. None of the specimens appear to be fully colored,
the darkest having the body light reddish brown with the margins of

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the keels and a large spot at the middle of the posterior margin of each
segment colorless.

In direct comparison with erythropygus this species has the body of
similar proportions, not more slender as is said of australis; the anten-
nae are slightly more slender; first segment a little shorter with outer
angles more acute; lateral keels with a similar tooth at the anterior
corner, the outer margin as thick or thicker and slightly irregular,
sometimes with two or three denticules, especially on the non-porifer-

Fig. 15. Euryurus falcipes. Gonopod.

ous segments, the posterior margin of the keels somewhat more
evidently serrate-dentate than in erythropygus: segments 2 to 18 in-
clusive with a considerable area on each side, adjacent to the legs,
densely beset with small but pronounced granules, as in that species.

Last segment with the produced portion as wide or even wider
(male type) at the apex than at the base.

Gonopods as shown in figure 15.

Males with the sternum of the third and fourth legs with a tiny
conic tubercle on each side; in erythropygus these tubercles are entirely
lacking or are exceedingly small.

LOOMIS: NEW CAVE AND EPIGEAN MILLIPEDS

405

POLYDESMIDAE

POLYDESMUS BRANNERI Bollman

Plate 1, figure 4

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, 620, 1887.

In 1887 Bollman reported a new species of milliped from Tennessee'
giving it the above name. No technical description was presented'
only a comparative diagnosis so brief and lacking in tangible details
as to be almost valueless for systematic use. In subsequent remarks he
stated that the most important differences between P. branneri and
P. serratus Say, with which he compared it, were shown by the gono-

Fig. 16. Polydesmus branneri. a, Gonopod, lateral view showing the inter-
mediate process trifid; b, Normal, bifid intermediate process.

pods but these differences were not described. Following the remarks
was a short table giving several measurements of three specimens and
containing the only exact data regarding the species. The type speci-
men was deposited in the U. S. National Museum collection but several
attempts by the writer to locate it there have failed.

Bollman recorded this species from Tennessee and Georgia, and
Chamberlin has recorded it from Knoxville, Tennessee without further

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comment. Specimens are before me which, in view of their distribution
and the form of their gonopods, I assume to be P. branneri and from
them the following remarks have been prepared to aid future recogni-
tion of the species.

Males and usually female specimens have been examined from the
following localities. Between Marshall and Hot Springs, N. C, Oct.
30, 1929, O. F. Cook; Etowah, Tenn., Nov. 4, 1929, O. F. Cook;
Gatlinburg, Tenn., June 25, 1938, H. F. Loomis; Newfound Gap,
Great Smokey Mts. National Park, Swain Co., N. C. — Sevier Co.,
Tenn., and from "The Loop", 10 miles south of Gatlinburg, Sevier
Co., Tenn., Aug. 10, 1939, A-5007 & A-5039, Leslie Hubricht; Elk
Garden Ridge, Jefferson National Forest, Va., Sept. 18, 1939, H. E.
Ewing & A. B. Gurney.

Length 21 to 28 mm., the females apparently usually smaller than
the males; dorsum flatter than in serratus and the outer margin of the
keels less broadly rounded, the marginal teeth slightly more evident
than in serratus; in other particulars the dorsum is not materially
different from that species. Chief character for the separation of the
two species is found in the gonopods; those of branneri having a prom-
inent bifid arm on the outer side of each terminal joint half way
between the fungiform tubercle and the apex; in serratus there is only
a small angular lobe at this place. A gonopod of branneri is shown in
figure 16, a, in which the intermediate arm is trifid although that on
the opposite gonopod was of the normal bifid type shown in figure
16, b. The sterna of the fourth and fifth male legs are densely beset
with long setae as in serratus; the prominent pair of large tubercles on
the sterna of the sixth and ninth legs also are as in that species.

Polydesmus erasus spec, now
Plate 1, figure 5

The male type and three females, A-5053, from Monte Sano State Park, east
of Huntsville, Madison Co., Alabama, July 22, 1939.

Diagnosis. Apparently closely related to P. branneri but of smaller
size with somewhat less definite sculpturing and structural differences
in the gonopods.

Description. Male and largest female each 22 mm. long, which is
smaller than most specimens of P. branneri; the dorsum is slightly
flatter and although its sculpturing is of the same general pattern it is
less pronounced than in that species, the large tumid area at the base
of the lateral keels in P. branneri being inconspicuous in erasus; in

LOOMIS: NEW CAVE AND EPIGEAN MILLIPEDS

407

general the posterior corners of corresponding keels are more acute and
more produced than in branneri except on segments 17 to 19 inclusive,
and on these segments the width of the posterior margin between the
produced keels is greater in erasus than in branneri; lateral keels with
outer margin less rounded than in branneri and with much smaller
teeth, when teeth are present.

Gonopods as shown in figure 17; differing in several particulars from
those of branneri; three triangular lobes or teeth are seen to be present
along the inner side of the terminal joint in erasus but there are four

Fig. 17. Polydesmus erasus. Gonopod, lateral view.

such prominences in branneri, one of them being obscured in the illus-
tration by the trifurcate (normally bifurcate) structure on the outer
margin of the joint.

Sternum of the sixth male legs with a large tubercle on each side
but these tubercles are much less hairy than those in branneri.

POLYDESMUS Sp.

Five young specimens, A-5765, from Wildwood Cave, 1 mile south of Wild-
wood, Pulaski Co., Missouri, Sept. 21, 1940; one young specimen, A-5049,
Monte Sano State Park, east of Huntsville, Madison Co., Alabama,
(no date) .

408 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Antriadesmus gen. nov.

Diagnosis. Although males are not known it appears that this genus
may be quite closely related to the tropical American Cryptogonodes-
mus. The most obvious differences from that genus are the greater
number of setae in the three rows on each segment and the additional
tooth on the outer margin of the keels.

Description. Size small, the body slender, about ten times as long as
broad; composed of 20 segments; lacking pigmentation; dorsum
strongly convex; lateral carinae narrow, scarcely exceeding the sides
of the body.

Head subglobular, setose; as wide as the diameter of the body; the
vertex without a median furrow; antennae long, submoniliform, joint
6 much exceeding the other joints in length and thickness.

Segment 1 considerably narrower than the ensuing segments or the
head; almost semicircular, with the back margin slightly convex; a
series of erect setae completely encircling the segment, there being
about 14 setae behind the front margin and about 8 in advance of the
back margin; central area of the segment with 10 or 12 scattered setae.

Ensuing segments with three transverse rows of setae on small and
rather indistinct tubercles, there being about ten setae in each row;
across the middle of each segment, between the first and second row of
setae, is a broad distinct depression ; posterior corners of the segments
not produced into lobes exceeding the back margin; lateral carinae of
segment 2 with five teeth, the ensuing nonporiferous segments with
four prominent teeth on the outer margin; poriferous segments with
five lateral teeth; pores in normal arrangement, opening just above
the sinus formed between the last two marginal teeth.

Last segment with only a single row of non-tuburculate setae ; apex
produced into a mucro exceeding the anal valves; the latter with thin
raised margins; preanal scale elliptical, the front and back margins
similarly convex.

Legs projecting beyond the sides of the body by several joints;
sterna broad, low and nearly flat; the anterior sternum of each mid-
body segment separated from the posterior sternum by a broad and
shallow transverse depression.

Type. A. fragilis spec. nov.

LOOMIS: NEW CAVE AND EPIGEAN MILLIPEDS

409

Antriadesmus fragilis spec. nov.
Plate 1, figure 6

Female type and another female, A-5365, from White's Cave, near Mammoth
Cave postofnce, Edmonson Co., Kentucky, Aug. 30, 1939.

Body colorless, 6.5 mm. long and approximately one tenth as wide;
sides parallel from segment 2 to 18; dorsum strongly convex with the
very narrow lateral keels evenly continuing the descent.

Head subglobular, as wide as the remainder of the body; the large
evenly rounded vertex without a median furrow but beset with erect
setae as is the surface in front of it and that of the cardo of each man-
dible; antennae long, as shown in figure 18, a; joints 1 and 7 shortest,
subequal; joints 2 to 5 of intermediate length, much exceeded in
length and thickness by joint 6.

\ iV, 4 0> v', ■'< •'' 6

"" * .,< V V- v^ V *

Y '), y V-' 'y (■ y

' v.'/ 0- vf, £ 0 i.

Fig. 18. Antriadesmus fragilis. a, Antenna; b, Segments 11 and 12, dorsal

view.

First segment considerably narrower than the head or the other
segments but distinctly longer than segments 2, 3 or 4 and about equal
to the others; shape almost semicircular, with the front margin evenly
rounded and the back margin slightly convex; a series of 14 erect
setae behind the front margin and a series of 8 setae in advance of
the back margin, the median surface with 10 to 12 scattered setae.

Ensuing segments each with a broad, distinct, transverse median
depression as shown in figure 18, b; the front half of the metazonite
with a transverse anterior row of about 10 setae borne on small
tubercles, the posterior half of the metazonite crossed by two similar

410 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

rows of setose tubercles, one near the posterior margin but never pro-
jecting beyond it, the other at the posterior fourth of the segment;
one or two additional setae are on the lateral carinae removed from the
dorsal series; lateral carinae projecting directly outward a very short
distance from the sides of the body, those at the extremities produced
neither forward nor backward; outer margin of carinae of segment 2
and all poriferous segments with five prominent acute teeth, the re-
maining non-poriferous carinae with four teeth; on all carinae all teeth,
except the first, have an apical seta ; posterior corner of the carinae not
produced caudad beyond the back margin of the segment which is al-
most straight across or even somewhat convex; penultimate segment
with sides rapidly converging caudally, suddenly reducing the width
of the body.

Last segment with the apex produced beyond the anal valves and
somewhat deflexed.

Brachydesmus pallidus Loomis

Many specimens, A-5023, from Crystal Caverns, 1 mile north of Strasburg,
Shenandoah Co., Virginia, Aug. 14, 1939; 3 specimens, A-4895, on boards
at the landing in Alexander's Caverns, near Naginey, Mifflin Co., Pennsyl-
vania, Aug. 20, 1939; many specimens, A-5020, in Arch Springs Cave, 7.5
miles southwest of Water Street, Blair Co., Pennsylvania, Aug. 21, 1939.

All males in the above collections exhibit a character not mentioned
in the original description of the species. Legs 14 to 17 inclusive have
the second joint much more swollen than on any of the other legs and
there is an almost circular area of short stiff hairs on the ventral face
of the joint.

PLATE

Loomis — Millipede

PLATE

Fig. 1. Scoterpes austrinus, dorsal view of male, x 10

Fig. 2. Scoterpes austrinus, lateral view of female, x 10

Fig. 3. Desmoniella curta, lateral view of female, x 10

Fig. 4. Polydesmus branneri, dorsal view of male, x 6

Fig. 5. Polydesmus erasus, dorsal view of female, x 6

Fig. 6. Antriadesmus fragilis, dorsal view of female, x 10

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Loomis: Millipeds. Plate

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE
Vol. XCII, No. 8

NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS HADROPODA SUFFRIAN
. FROM THE WEST INDIES

By Doris H. Blake

With Four Plates

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.
PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM
August, 1943

AUG U 1843'

J. I * K A »1

No. 8. — New Species of the Genus Hadropoda Suffrian
from the West Indies

By Doris H. Blake

In 1866 Suffrian1 described a new genus and species of the Halticini
from Cuba under the name Hadropoda ferruginca. Hadropoda was a
manuscript name given by Ahrens, an old teacher of Suffrian's.
Suffrian discussed its general position in the light of Bliger's group
Oedipodes and Hamlet Clark's Catalogue of Halticidae2, and concluded
that while it somewhat resembled Clark's species Omototus tuberculatus
and 0. dohrnii, it was generically distinct. In Gemminger and Harold's
Catalogue Hadropoda is synonymized with Omototus and the single
Cuban species in Leng and Mutchler's Coleoptera of the West Indies
is listed as Omototus fer rug ineus Suffrian.

There have been accumulating in collections other species from the
West Indies closely related to Suffrian's. In Wolcott's List of the
Insects of Puerto Rico3 are the names Omototus fer rug ineus, Hypolamp-
sis sp. and Hypolampsis inornata Jac, the last originally described from
Mexico. Although I have not been able to examine the specimen, I
doubt very much if it is the same as the Mexican species. Jacoby has
described one species of the West Indian group from Grenada and St.
Vincent under the name Hypolampsis annulicornis.*

Recently P. J. Darlington has collected a considerable number of
species from Hispaniola and Puerto Rico and one from Cuba. W. A.
Hoffman and Harold Morrison have collected species from Hispaniola
and Puerto Rico, and R. G. Oakley has devoted particular attention
to the food plants of several species that he has collected and observed
in Puerto Rico. Lately a number of species have been sent in from
Dominica, British West Indies, by R. G. Fennah.

I have spent considerable time going over Clark's genera as repre-
sented in the Bowditch collection at Cambridge, but can find nothing
there very close to this group from the West Indies. Certain species
described by Clark under Hypolampsis, such as H. sylvatica, fallax and
vicina, the first two from Brazil, the last from Caracas, appear more
closely related to the West Indian group in question than do the rest,
but, as is also true of Omototus, these have a much knobbier pro thorax
and heavy elytral ridges about the scutellum, and they are generally

1 Suffrian, Arch. f. Naturg., vol. 32, pp. 174-6, 1866.

2 Clark, Catalogue of Halticidae, pp. xii, 232 1860.

5 Woleott, Journ. of Agr., Univ. of Puerto Rico, vol. xx, no. 1, p. 273, 1936.
* Jaeoby, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, pt. Ill, p. 274, 1897.

414 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

larger. Clark states in his Catalogue that the genus Hypolampsis
"presented serious difficulties" and was "a very difficult group", and
he was unable to satisfy himself as to the "exact limits of any sub-
division". In view of this, it seems justifiable to revive Suffrian's name
for the group in the West Indies, which is, with the exception of three
or four species rather doubtfully included in it, a fairly homogeneous
group apparently confined to the islands.

One species, H. glabra, which is included in this group, is superficially
more like an Oedionychis in being glabrous on the upper surface and in
having a thorax not at all depressed but smoothly rounded and some-
what convex. There is also a slight emargination of the edge near the
apex of the hind tibia which is not present in any other species here
described. However, in its striate-punctate elytra sprinkled with small
dark spots, it resembles closely the other spotted species. Two species,
H. hugonis and barbcri, are distinctly different and appear more closely
related to the North American Hypolampsis pilosa 111., which group,
by the way, is not closely akin to the South and Central American
species of Hypolampsis. Clark in the introduction to his Catalogue
mentions //. pilosa as being "another modification of form." Until
someone can study these groups as a whole, they should not be too
much subdivided into genera.

Description of the Genus Hadropoda

Small (2 — 5 mm. long), yellowish or reddish brown beetles, usually
pubescent, the head and prothorax of about the same width, the pro-
thorax being usually wider than long, and the elytra considerably
wider than the prothorax. The elytra are striate-punctate and usually
with a basal callosity and long incurving intrahumeral depression.
The hind claw is globose.

The head is usually densely punctate and pubescent over the occiput
and without any marked depressions, the frontal tubercles being lightly
marked and the interantennal area not much produced. The eyes are
somewhat variable in size, in some species so large that the interocular
space is about half the width of the head, in others, smaller with wider
interocular space. The antennae are usually more than half as long as
the body, filiform, the 3rd, 4th, and 5th joints subequal with the 5th
often the longest. In a few species the antennae do not extend much
below the humeri and the last five joints thicken towards the end so
that they are as broad as long. The prothorax, scarcely any wider than

BLAKE: WEST INDIAN HADROPODA 415

the head, is usually a third or fourth wider than long, with the sides
nearly straight or slightly contracted below the middle, with a small,
subacute tooth bearing a seta apically and basally. In only one species
is the thorax approximately as long as wide. The surface is densely
and finely punctate and usually covered with fine, appressed pub-
escence. There are normally two small callosities in the middle nearer
the anterior margin and a broad, shallow depression on either side
basally. This surface formation is present to a more or less marked
degree in nearly all the species. The elytra are much wider than the
prothorax, usually elongate oblong, occasionally somewhat ovate,
with small, sharp humeri and usually a deep incurving intrahumeral
depression between the humerus and the more or less developed basal
callosity. One species, H. barberi, is without humeri, being wingless.
In a few species only the basal elevation is not marked. The elytra are
strongly striate-punctate, the interstices often appearing somewhat
costate, and are more or less densely pubescent, there being often
present in addition to the closely appressed hairs, scattered long, dark,
suberect hairs. In coloring, the elytra are yellowish or reddish brown,
sometimes with numerous small and quite regularly placed dark spots,
and more frequently an irregular median fascia or remnants of this and
another near the apex. Occasionally there are markings on the basal
callosity. Beneath, the epipleura are wide but do not persist to the
apex of the elytra. The anterior coxal cavities are closed. The pos-
terior femora are much thickened, the posterior tibiae are grooved and
at the end armed with a small spur. The last claw is globose. The first
tarsal joint of the anterior and middle legs in the male is enlarged.
Hadropoda ferruginea Suffrian is designated as type of the genus.

Key to the Species

1. Antennae with the five apical joints thickened much more than
basal ones, the fifth and sometimes sixth conspicuously white,

remainder darker 2

Antennae with the apical joints not greatly thickened and not
having the fifth or sixth joints conspicuously white with the rest
darker 3

2. About 3 mm. in length; elytra with humeral prominences, elytral
markings usually with metallic lustre ; Dominican Republic

hugonis n. sp. (p. 439)
About 2 mm. in length; elytra without humeri, wingless, elytral
markings without metallic lustre; Puerto Rico . barberi n.sp. (p. 440)

416 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

3. Prothorax approximately as long as wide with only faint surface

depressions stenotrachela n. sp. (p. 438)

Prothorax always considerably wider than long, usually with well
marked surface depressions 4

4. Elytra with numerous small round dark spots 5

Elytra without spots or having a few large irregular darker areas
or remnants of bands usually across the middle or near the apex . 12

5. From 4 to 5.5 mm. long; prothorax with large, conspicuous but

shallow excavations 6

Smaller, from 2.5 to 3.5 mm. long; prothorax not so conspicuously
excavate although usually somewhat depressed laterally and
basally 7

6. Spots on elytra distinctly elevated, forming small warts, elytral

pubescence curling; Puerto Rico eugeniaen. sp. (p. 423)

Spots on elytra not conspicuously elevated, not warty, elytral
pubescence not curling; Dominican Republic

darlingtoni n. sp. (p. 420)

7. Antennae reddish brown with apical joints becoming gradually
thicker and darker; the dark elytral spots without pubescence,
the rest of the elytra covered with short rather scanty white hairs

without longer erect hairs glabroguttata n. sp. (p. 421)

Antennae with only the last two joints dark or with the base of
each joint darker or entirely pale; elytra either entirely glabrous
or covered throughout with yellowish pubescence, and sometimes
with longer erect hairs 8

8. Glabrous, without pronotal depressions; Dominica, B.W.I

glabra n. sp. (p. 424)
Pubescent, the pronotum having more or less marked depressions 9

9. Antennae with the base of each joint dark; Puerto Rico

varicornis n. sp. (p. 423)
Antennae either entirely pale or with the apical joints darker. . 10

10. Very densely pubescent, elytral spots rather sparse and irregularly

placed amid other larger dark areas comosa n. sp. (p. 419)

Not densely pubescent, the small elytral spots numerous and regu-
larly placed, only a trace of other large dark areas in most speci-
mens 11

11. Between 2 and 3 mm. long, the elytra finely pubescent without

longer coarse dark hairs ; Puerto Rico oakleyi n. sp. (p. 422)

Between 2.5 and 3.5 mm. long, the elytra finely pubescent with
sparse long dark hairs; Dominican Republic. guttata n. sp. (p. 419)

BLAKE: WEST INDIAN HADROPODA 417

12. Elytra with small, wartlike elevations, usually somewhat irregu-
larly placed along interstices near the suture and at apex 13

Elytra without wartlike elevations 16

13. Head very sparsely pubescent and obsoletely punctate over occiput

corrugata n. sp. (p. 425)
Head densely pubescent, this pubescence obscuring punctation . 14

14. Elytral pubescence curling, warts very numerous, appearing like

small raised spots; 4.5 mm. in length eugeniae n. sp. (p. 423)

Elytral pubescence not curling, warts not numerous, smaller; 3.5
mm. in length 15

15. Elytra without long erect dark hairs; Puerto Rico

rugosa n. sp. (p. 427)
Elytra with scattered long erect dark hairs; Dominican Republic.

verrucosa n. sp. (p. 428)

16. Antennae dark with joints nine and ten and apices of other joints

paler; Grenada and St. Vincent annulicornis Jac.

Antennal joints nine and ten and apices of other joints not vari-
colored 17

17. Elytral pubescence curling in various directions so that it forms

a pattern on the elytra varying in different lights 18

Elytral pubescence not curling in various directions and not form-
ing a pattern by its shadings 20

18. Aedeagus long and narrow and somewhat spoonshaped at the end
when viewed from above; last one or two antennal joints usually
dark; shape decidedly elongate oblong. . . .hoffmani n. sp. (p. 435)
Aedeagus not spoonshaped nor notably narrow; antennae entirely
pale ; shape oblong 19

19. Antennae unusually long, reaching below the middle of the elytra;

Cuba ferruginea Suffrian

Antennae reaching to the middle of the elytra; Dominican Republic

crispula n. sp. (p. 426)

20. Large, 3 to 4 mm. in length; antennae entirely pale or dark, not

with some joints dark and rest pale 21

Smaller, 1.8 to 3.3 mm. in length; antennae with the last joints
usually darker 23

21. Head coarsely and densely punctate and glabrous; antennae very
long and slender; elytra with an irregular dark fascia

calva n. sp. (p. 426)
Head with the punctation obscured by pubescence; antennae not
extending below the middle of the elytra, moderately robust; elytra
without conspicuous dark markings 22

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22. Elytral pubescence not so thick as to obscure at all the punctation ;
prothorax very little depressed; Puerto Rico . tabebuiaen.sp. (p. 437)
Elytral pubescence very dense, somewhat obscuring the puncta-
tion; prothorax with the usual basal depressions; Dominican
Republic flavicoma n. sp. (p. 436)

23. Antennae short, usually not reaching much below the humeri, the
last two joints dark and thick; Puerto Rico . morrisoni n.sp. (p. 433)
Antennae reaching well below the humeri, the last two joints if
dark not conspicuously thicker 24

24. Punctures of elytral striae large, making the striate rows as wide

as the interstices 25

Punctures of elytral striae not so large as to make the striate rows
as wide as the interstices 26

25. Third antennal joint not much, if any, longer than second; Haiti

gracilenta n. sp. (p. 429)
Third antennal joint nearly twice as long as second; Dominica. . .

dominicae n. sp. (p. 438)

26. Very lightly pubescent, the occiput appearing almost glabrous,
punctation on occiput indistinct and obsolete . pallida n. sp. (p. 435)
Occiput distinctly pubescent and densely punctate 27

27. Antennae with last two or three joints dark 28

Antennae with only the last joint dark 31

28. Elytra with long suberect dark hairs in addition to the shorter

closely appressed pubescence robusta n. sp. (p. 431)

Elytra without longer suberect dark hairs 29

29. About 3 mm. in length, elytra with a median dark band; Pico

Turquino, Cuba turquinensis n. sp. (p. 429)

Smaller (1.8-2.8 mm.), elytra with dark markings at base, middle,
and sometimes at apex 30

30. Elytra densely pubescent; Dominican Republic

constanzae n. sp. (p. 432)
Elytra lightly pubescent; Dominica, B.W.I, .fennahin. sp. (p. 434)

31. Basal callosities and humeri not prominent, with little trace of

depression between or below them elachia n. sp. (p. 431)

Basal callosities well marked with a transverse depression below
them minuta n. sp. (p. 430)

BLAKE: WEST INDIAN HADROPODA 419

Hadropoda comosa spec. nov.
Plate 1, Fig. 2

About 3 mm. in length, densely clothed with pale pubescence, pale
yellow brown, elytra with irregularly placed small dark brown spots
and larger dark areas, one extending from the edge partly across the
middle and another nearer the apex.

Head with interocular space more than half its width, occiput so
densely pubescent as to make punctation invisible. Antennae extend-
ing about half way down elytra, entirely pale. Prothorax about a
fourth wider than long, scarcely wider than head, sides a little con-
stricted before base; surface densely covered with pale appressed
pubescence entirely covering punctation; two small median callosities
and a wide depression on either side below the middle. Elytra covered
with pale appressed pubescence so that the rows of punctures become
indistinct before the apex and on sides; scattered long dark hairs arising
from the dark spots, these small dark spots scattered irregularly over
elytra; a larger dark area on the side and at the middle and another
nearer the suture towards the apex; humeri well marked, a deep intra-
humeral depression and a broad basal callosity. Length 3.1 mm.,
width 1.6 mm.

Type male, Museum of Comparative Zoology Type No. 25868.

Type locality. Loma Rucilla and mountains north, Dominican
Republic, collected in June 1938 at 5-8000 ft. by P. J. Dar-
lington.

Remarks. This is one of several species whose elytra are sprinkled
with small dark spots. It differs from the other spotted species in being
very densely pubescent and in having larger dark areas on the elytra.

Hadropoda guttata spec. nov.
Plate 1, Fig. 7

About 3 mm. in length, lightly pubescent, faintly shining, yellow
brown, the last one or two antennal joints dark, the elytra thickly cov-
ered with small dark brown spots.

Head with interocular space a little more than half the width, densely
but shallowly punctate over occiput and below eyes, shining, finely
pubescent. Antennae extending to the middle of the elytra, gradually
thickening, joints 3, 4, and 5 long and slender, the last one or two joints
dark. Prothorax about a fourth wider than long, not much wider than

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the head, with sides slightly incurved near the base. Surface densely
and shallowly punctate and covered with fine pale pubescence, a wide
but shallow depression on either side in basal half and two small median
callosities anteriorly. Elytra with fine but distinct striate punctures,
small, well marked humeri and moderately prominent basal callosities;
surface shining, lightly pubescent, with scattered long erect dark hairs
arising chiefly from the small dark spots; the dark spots somewhat
regularly placed in alternate rows between the striate punctures, in
some specimens traces of darker areas in the middle, at the side and at
the apex. Beneath chestnut brown in part or entirely. Length 2.5-3.5
mm., width 1.5-1.8 mm.

Type male and 7 paratypes (5 female, 2 male) Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology Type No. 25869. Two paratypes (male and female) U. S.
National Museum Type No. 56142.

Type locality. Loma Vieja, south of Constanza, at about 6000 ft.,
Dominican Republic, collected in August 1938 by P. J. Darlington.

Other localities. Foothills of Cordillera Central, south of Santiago,
Dominican Republic, collected in June 1938 by P. J. Darlington.

Remarks. This species is distinguished from the other spotted spe-
cies by the longer suberect elytral hairs, which arise chiefly from the
dark spots. The preceding species is much more densely pubescent.

Hadropoda darlingtoni spec. nov.
Plate 1, Fig. 4

About 4 mm. in length, finely pubescent, feebly shining, yellow or
reddish brown, pronotum more or less darkened in places and with
conspicuous though shallow depressions ; elytra dotted with small dark
spots; antennae entirely pale.

Head with interocular space about half its width; densely punctate
over occiput and below eyes; tufts of longer hairs over vertex and front
and on inner side of eyes with the occiput usually glabrous. Antennae
extending well down on the elytra, in some specimens more than half
way, entirely pale. Prothorax about a fourth wider than long, with the
sides slightly constricted below the middle ; surface uneven with a con-
spicuous median depression anteriorly and on either side both anter-
iorly and basally wide lateral depressions ; finely, densely but obsoletely
punctate and covered with short appressed yellowish pubescence; color
variable, usually deeper, sometimes piceous on the sides and in the
middle. Elytra with well marked striae and a deep transverse depres-

BLAKE: WEST INDIAN HADROPODA 421

sion below the basal callosity; the dark spots thickly sprinkled over
elytra and tending to be somewhat raised; surface shiny and covered
with very fine short yellow pubescence interspersed with long erect
hairs, the latter not abundant but scattered ; color usually deep yellow-
ish or reddish brown, with very numerous small dark brown spots be-
tween the striae in alternate rows, and in most specimens a paler red-
dish brown rather indefinite area along the side and down the middle.
Undersurface deeper in coloration on the metasternum. Length 3.9-
4.4 mm.; width 1.9-2.2 mm.

Type male and 3 paratypes (2 male, 1 female) Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology Type No. 25870. Two paratypes (male and female)
U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 56143.

Type locality. Loma Rucilla and mountains north, 5-8000 ft.,
Dominican Republic, collected in June 1938 by P. J. Darlington.

Remarks. This species is one of the two largest of the spotted species.
The other large spotted species is from Puerto Rico and has the spots
so much raised as to form small warts. H. darlingtoni differs from
H. guttata in being considerably larger, and in having entirely pale
antennae. It differs from H. comosa in being less pubescent.

Hadropoda glabroguttata spec. nov.
Plate 1, Fig. 1

About 3 mm. in length, reddish or yellowish brown, faintly shining,
with pale not very dense pubescence, the elytra with deep reddish
brown spots, these not raised or pubescent.

Head alutaceous, closely punctate, and except for lower front covered
with pale pubescence ; interocular space more than half width of head.
Antennae in some specimens of the larger females scarcely reaching
the middle of the elytra, usually yellowish or reddish brown with the
outer joints thickening and darkening, 5th joint longest. Prothorax
not much wider than head, about a third wider than long, sides slightly
constricted behind the middle; finely and densely punctate and with
closely appressed pubescence; two slight median callosities anteriorly
and shallow depressions on either side at the base. Elytra with only
slight basal callosities near the scutellum and a short intrahumeral de-
pression ; surface shining beneath the not dense and short pubescence,
no longer darker erect hairs as in the preceding species; yellowish or
reddish brown with often a darker area on basal callosities, sometimes
a dark area near the middle and many small dark spots on alternate

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interstices, these darker places shining and without hairs. Length
2.7-3.5 mm.; width 1.3-1.7 mm.

Type male and 16 paratypes (9 male, 7 female) Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology Type No. 25871. 2 paratypes (male and female), U. S.
N. M. Cat. No. 56144.

Type locality. Loma Rucilla, alt. 8-10,000 ft., Dominican Republic,
collected in June 1938 by P. J. Darlington.

Other localities. Loma Vieja, south of Constanza, about 6000 ft.,
Constanza to Jarabacoa, alt. 2-4000 ft., Dominican Republic, col-
lected in Aug. 1938 by P. J. Darlington.

Remarks. The darker antennae and the absence of erect elytral
hairs coupled with the smooth glabrous spots on the elytra distinguish
this species from the other spotted ones.

Hadropoda oakleyi spec. nov.
Plate 1, Fig. 6

Between 2 and 3 mm. in length, finely pubescent, pale yellow brown
with the last two or three antennal joints dark and with numerous
small dark elytral spots and usually a faint trace of median and some-
times basal fascia, elytral striation deep.

Head with interocular space about half its width, very densely punc-
tate and finely pubescent, usually entirely pale but sometimes with a
dark median streak. Antennae not reaching the middle of the elytra,
apical joints somewhat thickened and the last two, sometimes three,
dark. Prothorax about a third wider than long with sides nearly
straight, surface densely punctate and pubescent with the usual basal
depressions. Elytra with small humeral prominences and faint trans-
verse depression behind base, the usual basal callosities not well devel-
oped; striation deep and punctures unusually large and distinct making
the striation as wide as the interstices and producing a somewhat
costate effect because of the depth of the striae; lightly pubescent;
pale with numerous small dark spots and a trace of paler median and
sometimes basal areas suggestive of fasciae. Body beneath entirely
pale and shining. Length 2.3-2.8 mm.; width 1.1-1.3 mm.

Type male and 28 paratypes, U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 56145. 2 para-
types in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Type locality. Natale Finca, Yauco, Puerto Rico, collected on
Eugenia sp. July 10, 1934, by R. G. Oakley.

Remarks. Hadropoda oakleyi is distinguished from the other spotted

BLAKE: WEST INDIAN HADROPODA 423

species by its smaller size, its rather short antennae and deep, coarsely
punctate elytral striae. It closely resembles H. guttata but is smaller,
with fewer elytral spots, and with a shorter aedeagus.

Hadropoda varicornis spec. nov.
Plate 1, Fig. 5

2.7 mm. in length, oblong, densely pubescent, pale yellow brown,
the base of each antennal joint dark and the elytra thickly speckled
with small dark spots and the legs very faintly banded; prothorax a
little larger than in the other spotted species.

Head with interocular space slightly more than half its width,
densely punctate and covered with short pubescence, a dark median
streak over occiput and about the lower side of the eyes. Antennae
not extending to the middle of the elytra, the base of each joint dark.
Prothorax about a third wider than long, slightly wider anteriorly,
sides a little incurved before base; rather convex with shallow lateral
and median depressions; surface densely punctate and covered with
short dense golden pubescence. Elytra with striate punctures coarse
and well marked under the dense pubescence; numerous small dark
brown spots on alternate interstices and a larger irregular area or fascia
across the middle. Body beneath with darker sides on head, prester-
num, breast and abdomen, the legs, both femora and tibiae with very
light traces of banding. Length 2.7 mm., width 1.2 mm.

Type female U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 56146.

Type locality. Ponce, Puerto Rico, Torres Finca, collected on Ocotea
sp. Aug. 24, 1933 by R. G. Oakley.

Remarks. This is the only species having spotted elytra combined
with varicolored antennae. It is more robust than H. oakleyi.

Hadropoda eugeniae spec. nov.
Plate 2, Fig. 10

About 4.5 mm. in length, reddish brown, covered with curly golden
pubescence, the elytra with numerous small warty protuberances,
frequently darker in color.

Head with interocular space about half its width, densely and
coarsely punctate over occiput and front and with a slight median ridge,
covered with long golden pubescence. Antennae long, slender, and

424 bulletin: museum or comparative zoology

extending about to the middle of the elytra, not thickened much
towards apex, and entirely reddish brown, 3rd, 4th and 5th joints long.
Prothorax about a fourth wider than long, slightly wider anteriorly and
constricted before the base; surface densely punctate and with pro-
nounced elevations on either side anteriorly and wide lateral depres-
sions; covered with dense golden pubescence, closely appressed.
Elytra with well marked humeral and basal callosities and a deep in-
curving intrahumeral depression; surface marked by numerous small
raised warty spots, on alternate interstices, and covered by a dense and
in places coppery-golden pubescence curling in various directions.
Body beneath deep reddish brown or piceous, lightly pubescent; anter-
ior femora sometimes darker at apex. Length 4.5-4.7 mm.; width
2.2-2.3 mm.

Type male and 2 paratypes (male and female) U. S. N. M. Cat. No.
56154. One paratype (male) in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Type locality. Natale Finca, Yauco, Puerto Rico, collected Aug. 30,
1934 by R. G. Oakley, on Eugenia sp.

Remarks. The spots on the elytra of this species are raised so as to
give it a warty and yet spotted appearance. It is an unusually large
species, fully as large as H. darlingtoni but, unlike darlingtoni, with
dense curling pubescence.

Hadropoda glabra spec. nov.
Plate 1, Fig. 3

2.7 mm. long, glabrous, head and thorax finely punctate and alu-
taceous, elytra shining, pale yellow brown, and with numerous small
dark spots on apical half. Antennae not extending below the humeri.

Head with interocular space more than half its width, eyes small,
head rounded over the occiput and without depressions ; frontal tuber-
cles barely marked, finely alutaceous and with fine sparse punctures.
Antennae not extending below the humeri, the last joint slightly
thickened and darker. Prothorax nearly a third wider than long,
smoothly rounded with arcuate sides ; surface alutaceous and with dis-
tinct but not coarse or dense punctures. Scutellum covered with dense
silvery pubescence. Elytra shining, entirely glabrous, the striate punc-
tures well marked, especially in basal half; the humeri sharp and
prominent; a slight transverse depression behind the basal callosities;
pale yellow with small scattered dark spots on apical half. Body be-
neath pale, shining, very sparsely and lightly pubescent, the hind

BLAKE: WEST INDIAN HADROPODA 425

tibiae with a slight but distinct scalloped out edge next to the apex,
the usual apical spur being present and the shallow groove along the
tibia. Length 2.7 mm.; width 1.2 mm.

Type female U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 56147.

Type locality. Saltoun Estate, Dominica, British West Indies, 800
ft. altitude, collected June 30, 1941 by R. G. Fennah.

Remarks. This species is doubtfully included in the group. While
it possesses the usual striate elytral punctation and resembles the
small spotted species in its markings, the lack of any pubescence
except on the scutellum and the smoothly rounded prothorax that has
no depressions or irregularities, and the small scalloped-out edge of the
hind tibiae separate this species from all the others.

Hadropoda corrugata spec. nov.
Plate 2, Fig. 12

About 4 mm. in length, broadly oblong, shining somewhat beneath
the short, closely appressed, pale pubescence, deep reddish brown or
even darker, the thorax frequently darkened in the middle and on the
sides, the elytra irregularly costate with small elevations suggestive
of warts.

Head with interocular space about a half its width, densely but ob-
soletely punctate over occiput, sparsely pubescent except on inner
front near the eyes; usually shading into dark brown on occiput and
about mouthparts. Antennae extending about half way down elytra
or longer; gradually deepening in color towards the apex, last joint
dark. Prothorax about a fourth wider than long, sides slightly con-
stricted behind the middle, surface with a small callosity on either side
near the middle and wide but shallow lateral depressions ; finely punc-
tate and covered with short, closely appressed pubescence; reddish
brown in color deepening in middle and on the sides to a darker brown.
Elytra broad, somewhat depressed with a basal callosity near the
scutellum; the interstices with traces of irregular costae or slight
ridges suggesting warts; shining deep reddish brown with a short light
pubescence. Length 4-4.4 mm.; width 1.9-2.2 mm.

Type male and 1 paratype (female) Museum of Comparative Zoology
Type No. 25872. I paratype (male) in National Museum, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Cat. No. 56148.

Type locality. Loma Rucilla and mountains north, Dominican Re-
public, 5-8000 ft., collected in June 1938 by P. J. Darlington.

426 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Remarks. This is one of the larger species, characterized by its
large eyes, short, closely appressed pubescence, and the somewhat
warty or irregularly costate elytra.

Hadropoda crispula spec. nov.
Plate 4, Fig. 29

About 3 mm. in length, oblong, pale yellow brown, covered with
silky pale pubescence, the pubescence on the elytra curling so as to
produce shadings in different lights.

Head with interocular space about half its width, densely punctate
on occiput and pubescent. Antennae extending about to the middle
of the elytra, entirely pale, joints 3, 4 and 5 long and approximately
equal. Prothorax barely a third wider than long with sides nearly
straight, very slightly incurved behind the middle; finely and densely
punctate and covered with fine appressed pubescence; the usual me-
dian callosities and lateral depressions. Elytra with basal callosities
and humeri well rounded; pale yellow, faintly shining through the
dense pale pubescence, the pubescence curling in various directions
so as to produce a shading in different lights. Length 3-3.5 mm.;
width 1.6-1.7 mm.

Type male and 4 paratypes (all males), Museum of Comparative
Zoology Type No. 25873. 1 paratype (male) in National Museum,
U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 56149.

Type locality. Foothills of Cordillera Central, south of Santiago,
Dominican Republic, collected in June 1938 by P. J. Darlington.

Remarks. The entirely pale yellow brown color and the curly
appearance of the pubescence on the elytra distinguish this from re-
lated species.

Hadropoda calva spec. nov.
Plate 4, Fig. 26

About 3.5 mm. long, head glabrous, otherwise covered with pale
appressed pubescence and with a few long suberect elytral hairs ; pale
yellow brown with a dark occipital streak, sometimes a darker median
and lateral streak on the prothorax and an irregular median fascia and
a dark streak on the humeri and often on the basal callosities of the
elytra.

Head with interocular space about half its width, densely and dis-

BLAKE: WEST INDIAN HADROPODA 427

tinctly punctate on the occiput, smooth and shining over lower front,
entirely lacking pubescence; occiput usually deeper brown with often
a dark median streak. Antennae long and slender, extending well be-
low the middle, 3, 4, and 5th joints long, entirely pale. Prothorax
about a third wider than long, a little wider than head, with the sides
somewhat rounded; densely punctate and covered with short, pale,
appressed pubescence; the usual median channel and shallow lateral
depressions; pale, sometimes with sides dark and in one specimen with
a dark median streak. Elytra considerably wider than prothorax with
deep striae making the interstices appear somewhat costate; a pro-
nounced basal callosity and well marked humeral prominence on each
elytron; surface shining beneath the pale pubescence; pubescence
mostly appressed but scattered erectish long dark hairs along sides
and at apex, and along the striae longer pale hairs somewhat erectish;
pale yellow with deeper brown streaks often on humeri and basal
callosities and an irregular dark band across the middle. Length 3.5
mm.; width 1.9 mm.

Type male, Museum of Comparative Zoology Type No. 25874.
1 paratype (female) in National Museum, U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 56150.

Type locality. Mt. Diego de Ocampo, Dominican Republic, 3-4000
ft. altitude, collected in July 1938 by P. J. Darlington.

Other localities. Jarabacoa, Dominican Republic, 1500-4000 ft.
altitude, collected in August 1938 by P. J. Darlington.

Remarks. Hadropoda calva is distinguished by its entirely glabrous
head, long slender antennae, wide prothorax and rather zigzag dark
elytral fascia.

Hadropoda rugosa spec. nov.
Plate 2, Fig. 11

3.5 mm. in length, oblong, faintly shining through the dense pale
pubescence, yellow brown with deeper reddish brown areas on the ely-
tra at the basal callosity and about the middle ; slight warty elevations
along the dorsal interstices and near the apex of the elytra.

Head with interocular space about half its width; occiput densely
punctate and covered with dense yellow pubescence, except for the
yellowish brown mouthparts head a deep reddish brown. Antennae
missing. Prothorax nearly a third wider than long, not much wider
than head, with sides slightly incurved behind the middle; surface
rugosely punctate and densely covered with yellow appressed pub-
escence; the usual wide, shallow lateral depressions, entirely pale.

428 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Elytra with well marked basal callosities and small humeri, and in
addition a row of warty elevations along interstices, these most pro-
nounced in the 1st, 3rd and 5th interstices and near the apex; surface
faintly shining through the pale pubescence, no long erect dark hairs.
Length 3.5 mm.; width 1.4 mm.

Type male, Museum of Comparative Zoology Type No. 25875.

Type locality. El Yunque, Puerto Rico, circa 3000 ft., collected in
May 1938 by P. J. Darlington.

Remarks. Only one specimen, a male lacking antennae, is at hand.
It is not so large or with so many wartlike protuberances as H. eugeniae,
the only other species from Puerto Rico having warts.

Hadropoda verrucosa spec. nov.
Plate 2, Fig. 8

About 4 mm. in length, covered with yellowish appressed pubescence
with a few longer erectish dark hairs on the elytra, yellowish brown
with the occiput, the last three antennal joints, and the sides of the
prothorax a deeper brown, an indefinite reddish brown area across the
middle of the elytra; surface of elytra somewhat irregularly costate.

Head with interocular space about half its width; occiput densely
punctate and covered with closely appressed pubescence, top of head
deeper brown. Antennae extending almost to the middle of the elytra,
last three joints deeper brown. Prothorax about a fourth wider than
long with the sides nearly straight, a slight incurving behind the
middle; densely punctate and covered with closely appressed yellowish
pubescence, the usual median and lateral depressions; deep reddish
brown with the sides even deeper in color. Elytra with strongly
marked basal callosities and along the first three interstices from the
suture irregular costate or even warty elevations ; the striate punctures
on the side and at the apex shallow and somewhat indistinct; surface
shining beneath the yellowish pubescence, a few longer erect dark
hairs. Length 4.2 mm. ; width 2 mm.

Type male, Museum of Comparative Zoology Type No. 25876.

Type locality. Vicinity of Valle Nuevo, Dominican Republic,
cloudforest, circa 6000 ft., collected in August 1938 by P. J. Dar-
lington.

Remarks. The warty interstitial elevations on the elytra, the indis-
tinct striate punctures along the side, and the large size distinguish this
from the other warty species.

BLAKE: WEST INDIAN HADROPODA 429

Hadropoda turquinensis spec. nov.
Plate 3, Fig. 21

About 3 mm. in length, faintly shining under the short appressed
pale pubescence, pale reddish brown with deeper brown markings
across the middle of the elytra ; last three joints of the antennae darker.

Head with interocular space about half its width; densely punctate
over occiput and covered with short pubescence. Antennae not reach-
ing the middle of the elytra, pale yellow except the last three joints,
5th joint longer than 3rd or 4th. Prothorax nearly a half wider than
long with sides nearly straight; surface with only traces of lateral and
median depressions, densely and shallowly punctate and covered with
fine silvery pubescence. Elytra not greatly depressed in basal half with
only a moderate basal callosity and without much trace of intrahum-
eral sulcus ; surface shining through the fine light pubescence ; a deeper
reddish brown irregular band across the middle. Length 2.9 mm.;
width 1.3 mm.

Type female, Museum of Comparative Zoology Type No. 25877.

Type locality. Pico Turquino (summit), 6000 ft. alt., Cuba, collected
June 10-21, 1936 by P. J. Darlington.

Remarks. This species differs from the only other Cuban species so
far collected, H. ferruginea Suffrian, in having a smaller head and
prothorax, in being more convex, with fewer depressions on the pro-
thorax and elytra, and having different elytral markings, and a fine
light pubescence instead of the somewhat curling long pubescence of
ferruginea, which in the latter gives the elytra a different shading in the
light.

Hadropoda gracilenta spec. nov.

Plate 3, Fig. 20

Nearly 3 mm. in length, elytra faintly shining through the pale
short pubescence ; pale reddish brown with the tip of the last antennal
joints dark, an interrupted median fascia and spot near the apex of the
elytra deep brown; elytral punctures very distinct.

Head with interocular space a little over half its width, occiput
densely but obsoletely punctured and rather sparsely pubescent, well
rounded and broad. Antennae scarcely reaching the middle of the
elytra, 4th and 5th joints about equal and longer than 3rd or succeed-
ing ones, apex of last three joints deeper in color. Prothorax nearly a
fourth wider than long with sides slightly incurved below the middle;

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the usual median and lateral depressions somewhat shallow, surface
densely punctate and covered with short yellow pubescence. Elytra
with slight basal callosities and short intrahumeral sulcus; punctures
unusually large and distinct, pubescence short and not very dense, a
few longer hairs at apex; surface shining, pale, except for a brown me-
dian fascia not extending entirely across the elytra and a dark spot
near the apex. Length 2.7 mm.; width 1.6 mm.

Type male, Museum of Comparative Zoology Type No. 25878.

Type locality. La Visite and vicinity, La Selle Range, Haiti, 5-7000
ft. alt., collected Sept. 16-23, 1934, by P. J. Darlington.

Remarks. The distinguishing characteristics of this species are its
broad, nearly bald occiput, the lightly and rather sparsely pubescent
elytra, and the large striate punctures.

Hadropoda minuta spec. nov.
Plate 3, Fig. 14

About 2 mm. in length, faintly shining beneath the dense, closely
appressed, silvery pubescence, yellowish brown with slightly darker
shadings in the middle of the elytra and near the apex; sides of the
pro thorax sometimes dark; the apical joint of the antennae dark.

Head with the interocular space about half its width, closely punc-
tate over occiput and covered with pale pubescence. Antennae extend-
ing to the middle of the elytra with the fifth joint longer than the third
or fourth or succeeding ones, the apical joint dark. Prothorax about a
third wider than long with the sides nearly straight, the usual median
and lateral depressions well marked, surface covered with dense pub-
escence, pale, one specimen with darker lateral edges. Elytra with
basal and humeral prominences moderately prominent, and the striate
punctures large and distinct ; surface faintly shining beneath the dense
pale pubescence; yellow brown with deeper shadings near the middle
and towards the apex, these not very well marked in the two speci-
mens examined; body beneath deeper reddish brown with the tip of
the abdomen pale. Length 1.9-2 mm.; width 1 mm.

Type male and one paratype (female), Museum of Comparative
Zoology Type No. 25879.

Type locality. Villa Altagracia, Dominican Republic, collected in
July 1938 by P. J. Darlington.

Remarks. This is one of the smallest species and especially note-
worthy because of its distinct, almost coarse, elytral striation.

BLAKE: WEST INDIAN HADROPODA 431

Hadropoda robusta spec. nov.
Plate 4, Fig. 23

About 2.5 mm. in length, broadly oblong, shining, finely pubescent,
pale yellow brown with a more or less well marked deeper brown
median fascia interrupted widely at the middle and in one specimen
an apical streak, the two last joints of the antennae dark.

Head with interocular space about half its width, densely and
coarsely punctate over occiput and front, and with scanty pubescence.
Antennae extending to the middle of the elytra, fourth and fifth joints
slender and about equal in length and longer than third or succeeding
ones, the last two dark. Prothorax nearly a half wider than long with
the sides slightly constricted behind the middle, the surface with the
median and lateral depressions shallow and not very distinct; densely
punctate and with very fine short pubescence; entirely pale. Elytra
with basal and humeral prominences well marked; surface shining,
punctures clearly seen beneath the short light pubescence, a few longer
suberect dark hairs; pale with an interrupted median fascia, sometimes
not very distinct, and sometimes a dark streak near the apex. Body
beneath darker on the sides. Length 2.2-2.9 mm.; width 1.3-1.5 mm.

Type male and 4 paratypes (female), Museum of Comparative
Zoology Type No. 25880. 1 paratype (female) in National Museum,
U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 56151.

Type locality. Constanza to Jarabacoa, Dominican Republic,
2-4000 ft. alt., collected in August 1938 by P. J. Darlington.

Remarks. The distinctive features of this species are its robust form,
short and rather scanty pubescence, coarsely punctate head and
scattered long suberect elytral hairs.

Hadropoda elachia spec. nov.
Plate 3, Fig. 19

About 2 mm. in length, faintly shining through the fine light pub-
escence, pale yellow brown with the apical antennal joint dark.

Head with interocular space half its width, densely punctate and
covered with fine pubescence. Antennae extending to the middle of
the elytra, fourth and fifth joints longer than third and subequal to the
succeeding ones, pale yellow except the dark apical joint. Prothorax
nearly a half wider than long, with sides about straight; surface covered
with fine appressed pale pubescence, the usual lateral depressions well

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marked. Elytra with humeral and basal callosities not very prominent,
elytral striae well marked but the punctures not large; surface shining
beneath the fine pale pubescence, yellow brown with faint traces of
darker markings near the edge at about the middle and another spot
before the apex, these markings not distinct in either specimen. Under-
surface deeper reddish brown. Length 2.1-2.2 mm.; width 1 mm.

Type male and 1 para type (female), Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy Type No. 25881.

Type locality. Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic, collected Aug. 29-
Sept. 2, 1938, by P. J. Darlington.

Remarks. This is about the size of H. minuta but differs in having
less distinct elytral punctation and in not having so well marked basal
callosities.

Hadropoda constanzae spec. nov.
Plate 3, Fig. 16

Between 2 and 3 mm. in length, faintly shining, covered with fine,
closely appressed, pale pubescence, pale yellow with markings varying
from reddish to deep brown and sometimes covering most of the basal
half of the elytra, in these darker specimens the head and prothorax
also dark; the last two or three antennal joints dark.

Head with interocular space half its width; densely punctate and
with fine pubescence. Antennae extending to the middle of the elytra,
the 4th and 5th joints longer than 3rd and subequal to the succeeding
ones, the two and sometimes three apical joints dark, and in darker
specimens the base of other joints darker. Prothorax about two-fifths
wider than long, with sides nearly straight, lateral depressions on
basal half well marked and densely punctate and covered with fine
pubescence, in pale specimens the prothorax entirely pale but in
heavily marked specimens almost entirely dark. Elytra broad with
the humeral and basal callosities well marked and the striae unusually
deep, producing a somewhat costate effect ; faintly shining through the
dense, closely appressed, pale pubescence; markings varying from
deep reddish brown to piceous, unusually well marked, with basal
callosities, an irregular median fascia and another near the apex, and
sometimes nearly all the basal half dark. Body beneath dark brown
with tip of abdomen and legs pale. Length 1.8-2.8 mm.; width 1-1.2
mm.

Type male and 3 paratypes (2 male, 1 female), Museum of Compara-

BLAKE: WEST INDIAN HADROPODA

433

tive Zoology Type No. 25882. Two paratypes in National Museum,
U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 56152.

Type locality. Constanza, Dominican Republic, 3-4000 ft. alt., col-
lected in August 1938 by P. J. Darlington.

Other localities. Mt. Diego de Ocampo, 3-4000 ft., Dominican Re-
public, collected in July 1938 by P. J. Darlington.

Remarks. This is a broader, more robust species than H. minuta or
elachia, although of the same small size, and it has unusually heavy
markings on the elytra and deep striae.

Hadropoda morrisoni spec. nov.
Plate 3, Fig. 18

About 2 mm. in length, oblong oval, faintly shining under the fine,
closely appressed, pale pubescence, pale yellow brown with the two
apical joints of the antennae and a median elytral spot, rarely also an
entire irregular fascia, dark brown; antennae usually not reaching
much below humeri.

Head finely and densely punctate and covered with fine pubescence,
entirely pale; interocular space half width of head. Antennae usually
not extending to the middle of the elytra, the two apical joints stouter
than the preceding ones, 5th joint a little longer than 3rd or 4th, last
two joints dark. Prothorax nearly a half wider than long with the
sides almost straight and the surface usually showing only faint traces
of lateral and median depressions; finely punctate and covered with
closely appressed pubescence. Elytra with well marked humeri and a
short intrahumeral depression, but the usual basal callosities not so
prominent as in many species of the group; the striate punctures dis-
tinct but not deep ; surface faintly shining and covered with fine pale
pubescence; pale yellow usually with an irregular deeper brown fascia,
often interrupted, across the middle, this sometimes entirely missing.
Undersurface frequently deeper brown in coloring than upper. Length
1.9-2.2 mm.; width 1 mm.

Type male and 10 paratypes (all female), U. S. N. M. Cat. No.
56153.

Type locality. Maricao, Puerto Rico, collected July 2, 1917 by H.
Morrison.

Other localities. Maricao Forest, 2-3000 ft., collected May 30- June
2, 1938 by P. J. Darlington; Loiza, collected Feb. 27, 1933 by A. S.
Mills; Ad juntas, on Pomarrosa (Eugenia jambos) fruit Jan. 13, 1933

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by R. G. Oakley; Ponce, on Guava Dec. 30, 1933, by R. G. Oakley;
Cidra, on Palicourea crocea, Aug. 5, 1932; San Juan, on leaf of
Pomarrosa from Corazal, April 12, 1932, collected by Faxon and
Anderson; Aguas Buenas, injuring rose-buds, Aug. 30, 1941, col-
lected by Aguilar; all from Puerto Rico.

Remarks. The characteristics of this small pale species are its rela-
tively short antennae with two thickened dark apical joints, and the
absence of heavy elytral markings, the usual markings consisting of a
small median and lateral spot, sometimes entirely absent and only
rarely enlarged to form an irregular median fascia. The prothorax is
not much depressed. The beetles have been sent to the Department of
Agriculture as "doing lots of damage" to rosebuds. Apparently the
species is abundant and something of a pest, as it has attracted the
attention of fruit and flower growers by its depredations on a number
of plants.

Hadropoda fennahi spec. nov.
Plate 3, Fig. 17

About 2 mm. in length, lightly pubescent, yellow brown with the
last two or three antennal joints darker, the elytra with a darker brown
lateral median spot and basal callosities and suture.

Head with interocular space half its width, densely punctate and
pubescent over occiput, a shallow transverse depression above tuber-
cles. Antennae scarcely reaching the middle of the elytra, the last two
or three joints deeper brown. Prothorax between one-half and one-
third wider than long, the sides nearly straight, slightly constricted
near the base; surface covered with fine, short, closely appressed pubes-
cence ; the usual broad shallow depressions basally behind the anterior
prominences. Elytra faintly shining under the short light pubescence;
the striate punctures not coarse but distinct; the humeri well marked
and a slight basal callosity on each elyron ; these callosities deep brown,
the darker color extending down the suture; at the middle and on the
side extending half across each elytron a dark brown spot. Length
2-2.1 mm.; width 1 mm.

Type female and one paratype, also a female, U. S. N. M. Cat. No.
56285.

Type locality. Dominica, B. W. I., 800 ft. altitude, in forest, col-
lected by R. G. Fennah.

Rernarks. This species closely resembles the small pale Puerto Rico
species, //. morrisoni, being about the same size and shape and with a

BLAKE: WEST INDIAN HADROPODA 435

similar lateral dark spot on the elytra, but it is a more heavily marked,
darker species and more lightly pubescent. The antennae are not so
short and have the last two joints not thickened in the two females
examined.

Hadropoda hoffmani spec. nov.

Plate 3, Fig. 22

Between 2 and 3 mm. in length, elongate oblong, covered with short,
closely appressed pubescence, pale yellow or reddish brown, the apical
joint of the antennae usually darker, elytra of darker specimens often
shining with silvery patches of pubescence.

Head with interocular space half its width, densely punctate and
pubescent. Antennae in male usually extending below the middle of
the elytra, not so long in the female, 3, 4, and 5th joints subequal and
long, last joint, sometimes last two, dark. Prothorax about a fifth
wider than long, sides slightly contracted behind the middle, surface
with two small median callosities and the usual lateral depressions;
densely punctate and covered with thick pubescence. Elytra with
moderately prominent humeri and basal callosities and distinct striate
punctures, shining beneath the pubescence ; the pubescence curling in
various directions so as to produce by its shadings the appearance of
silvery patches especially conspicuous on darker specimens. Body
beneath usually reddish brown. Length 2-2.8 mm.; width .9-1.2 mm.

Type male and 14 paratypes, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 56155. 2 par-
atypes (male and female) in Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Type locality. Rio Froide, Haiti, 1300 ft. alt., collected July 3, 1925
by W. A. Hoffman, on Piper.

Other localities. Croix Imbert, Haiti, Apr. 6, 1925 by W. A. Hoffman.

Remarks. The chief characteristics of this species are its narrow
elongate shape, the curling pubescence that produces silvery patches
on the elytra, and the somewhat spoonshaped aedeagus.

Hadropoda pallida spec. nov.

Plate 3, Fig. 15

About 2.5 mm. in length, finely and not densely pubescent, faintly
shining, pale yellow brown with the sides of the prothorax sometimes
darkened, and sometimes a median basal dark spot, the elytra with a
dark spot on the basal callosities and sometimes at middle, the apical
joint of the antennae dark.

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Head with interocular space slightly more than half its width,
densely but obsoletely punctate over occiput and front and glabrous.
Antennae extending to the middle of the elytra, 4th and 5th joints
longer than 3rd and succeeding ones, the apical joint dark. Prothorax
about a third wider than long with sides a little contracted below the
middle; surface densely and obsoletely punctured, faintly depressed
on the sides, not conspicuously pubescent; the lateral edges tending
to be dark and in two of the 3 specimens a dark median basal spot.
Elytra with small, well marked humerus, short intrahumeral depres-
sion and a slight basal callosity ; striate punctures small and vanishing
before the apex, elytra with short and rather scanty pubescence ; pale
yellow with a small dark spot on the basal callosity and in some speci-
ments a median spot on each elytron. Body beneath with upper part
of abdomen usually deeper brown. Length 2.3-2.8 mm.; width 1-1.3
mm.

Type male and 1 paratype (female), Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy Type No. 25883. 1 paratype (female) in National Museum, U. S.
N. M. Cat. No. 56156.

Type locality. Loma Rucilla and mountains north, Dominican Re-
public, 5-8000 ft. alt., collected in June 1938 by P. J. Darlington.

Remarks. This species is distinguished by its pale coloring and by
the scantily pubescent head, prothorax and elytra, the head being
almost glabrous.

Hadropoda flavicoma spec. nov.
Plate 4, Fig. 28

About 3.5 mm. in length, yellow brown, densely covered with golden
brown pubescence.

Head with interocular space a little over half its width, finely punc-
tate and pubescent. Antennae extending to the middle of the elytra,
5th joint longer than 3rd or 4th, entirely pale. Prothorax a third wider
than long with sides nearly straight ; surface densely punctate and with
the usual shallow basal and lateral depressions. Elytra with small, well
marked humeri and basal callosities, and a transverse depression below
them; densely covered with golden brown, closely appressed pubes-
cence and a few longer suberect hairs; no dark markings, color uni-
formly golden brown. Undersurface and legs reddish brown. Length
3.6 mm.; width 1.6 mm.

Type male, Museum of Comparative Zoology Type No. 25884.

BLAKE: WEST INDIAN HADROPODA 437

Type locality. Foothills of Cordillera Central, south of Santiago,
Dominican Republic, collected in June 1938 by P. J. Darlington.

Remarks. The distinctive characters of this species are its large size,
the entirely golden brown color of the body and its pubescence, which
is dense but not curling as in H. crispula, from which it also differs in
the shape of the aedeagus. Both species were taken in the same
locality.

Hadropoda tabebuiae spec. nov.
Plate 4, Fig. 31

From 3 to 4 mm. in length, elongate, varying in color from yellowish
brown to*piceous, covered with golden pubescence, elytra usually with
a more or less distinct median fascia, usually interrupted; prothorax
without marked depressions.

Head with interocular space about half its width, depressed behind
the tubercles and punctate, the punctation more or less hidden by pu-
bescence. Antennae extending to the middle of the elytra, 3, 4, and 5th
joints long; usually entirely pale, but in deeper colored specimens,
sometimes deep brown or even piceous. Prothorax about a fourth
wider than long, with sides nearly straight, surface densely punctate
and unusually smooth, lacking the depressions usually so well marked
in the other species ; finely pubescent ; varying in color from pale yellow
to deep brown. Elytra with well marked intrahumeral depression and
a transverse depression below the basal callosities; the interstices
somewhat costate, particularly near the base; striate punctures large
and deep, a dense golden pubescence covering all but not obscuring the
punctures; color varying from pale yellow to deep piceous. Body
beneath shining, varying in color from yellow to deep piceous. Length
2.9-4 mm.; width 1.3-1.6 mm.

Type male and 1 paratype (female), U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 56157.
1 paratype (female) in Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Type locality. Ponce, Puerto Rico, collected Sept. 6, 1934 on Tabe-
buia by R. G. Oakley.

Other localities. Adjuntas, Puerto Rico, March 1933, on Inga laurina,
and also collected at Ponce, Puerto Rico, in March 1933, on coffee
flowers by R. G. Oakley.

Remarks. This species is peculiar in having a prothorax in which the
lateral and median depressions found in most species of the genus are
nearly lacking. There is great variability in coloring even in a series
taken from the same locality at the same time, some being nearly

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piceous, while others are pale, some have a dark thorax and pale elytra,
while others have a pale thorax and dark elytra. The dense golden
pubescence is particularly noticeable in dark specimens.

Hadropoda dominicae spec. nov.
Plate 4, Fig. 27

About 3 mm. in length, pale yellow brown, with the tip of the
antennae slightly darker, sometimes the edges of pronotum and a
median streak dark, lightly covered with pale, appressed pubescence;
the deep elytral striae nearly as wide as interstices.

Head with interocular space about half its width; densely punctate
over occiput and front and densely pubescent. Antennae extending to
the middle of the elytra, slightly longer in male, last joint, sometimes
the last three joints, dark. Prothorax about a third wider than long,
with sides nearly straight, surface somewhat depressed laterally, with
slight median callosities; densely punctate and pubescent. Elytra
with small prominent humeri and slightly elevated basal callosities;
the striate punctures unusually deep and rather coarse, with elytral
striae approximating in width the interstices; pubescence dense but
short and not concealing the surface beneath. Body beneath shining
brown, lightly pubescent. Length 2.7-3.3 mm.; width 1.1-1.3 mm.

Type male and 3 paratypes U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 56158. 1 paratype
in Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Type locality. Greenhill Estate, 800 ft. alt., Dominica, British West
Indies, collected July 3-12, 1941, by R. G. Fennah.

Other localities. One specimen, a female, collected also by R. G.
Fennah, on the Saltoun Estate at 800 ft. alt., Dominica, British West
Indies, June 30, 1941.

Remarks. The elytral striae are unusually well marked in this spe-
cies. It resembles somewhat H. hoffmani of Haiti in its slender shape,
but the elytral pubescence is not curling, and the aedeagus is quite
different.

Hadropoda stenotrachela spec. nov.

Plate 4, Fig. 30

About 3 mm. in length, slender, antennae long, prothorax approxi-
mately as long as wide with very little trace of depressions; yellow
brown, the last 4 or 5 antennal joints darker and a dark median streak
on pronotum; covered with short pale pubescence.

BLAKE: WEST INDIAN HADROPODA 439

Head with interocular space half its width ; frontal tubercles clearly
marked and a slight depression across vertex between the eyes; occiput
and front covered with fine, short pubescence, lower part of face
glabrous and impunctate. Antennae extending beyond the middle of
the elytra, slender, not thickened, last 4 or 5 joints a little deeper in
color. Prothorax unusually long, about as long as wide, sides slightly
arcuate, narrowed near the base; surface with little trace of the usual
depressions, covered with fine, short pubescence; yellow brown with a
deeper brown median streak and dark edges. Elytra with fine, yet
distinct striate punctation, the humeri marked by an intrahumeral
depression; basal callosities well developed; surface shining, yellow
brown, beneath the fine short pubescence. Body beneath and legs
shining yellow brown, lightly pubescence. Length 2.6-3.3 mm.; width
1-1.3 mm.

Type male and 2 paratypes U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 56159, one paratype
in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Type locality. Greenhill Estate, Dominica, British West Indies, S00
ft. altitude, July 3-12, 1941, collected by R. G. Fennah.

Remarks. This is unique among the species so far seen in that it has
a prothorax approximately as long as wide, giving the beetle an un-
usually long, slender appearance.

Hadropoda hugonis spec. nov.
Plate 4, Fig. 25

About 3 mm. in length, robust, covered with dense golden pubescence
with some longer more erectish hairs ; head and pronotum dark brown
or black, elytra brown with darker markings varying in size and shining
with a greenish or purplish lustre, legs dark with paler bands, antennae
dark with the 5th joint white, joints 6-11 becoming much enlarged.

Head with interocular space more than half its width, coarsely and
densely punctate, almost rugose, and with thick pubescence, dark
brown or black. Antennae not extending much below the humeri,
even shorter in the female, dark with the 5th joint pale, the six outer
joints much wider than the basal ones, 3rd longer than 4th or 5th joint.
Prothorax about a half wider than long, a little wider than head, with
a distinct tooth at anterior margin and a smaller nodule at basal angle,
both seta-bearing; sides nearly straight, surface dark brown or black,
sometimes along the base deep reddish brown; densely and very
coarsely punctate with two small pronounced callosities near the

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middle anteriorly; covered with yellowish pubescence. Elytra broad
with pronounced humeri and basal callosities and a deep long intra-
humeral sulcus curving inwards towards the suture; the elytral striae
coarsely and deeply punctate; in color variable, some specimens pale
yellow brown with darker metallic green or purple patches at base and
along sides; in type specimen the elytra shining dark green with only a
deep reddish brown stripe running down the middle, very shining
under the dense and moderately long golden pubescence, some longer
and erectish hairs. Body beneath shining and dark, the tip of the
abdomen sometimes paler. Legs with pale bands, the anterior femora
pale at base, the middle femora dark at base with a median pale band,
the hind femora dark, tibiae in all banded; hind tibiae with sharp spur.
Length 2.6-3 mm.; width 1.5-1.6 mm.

Type male Museum of Comparative Zoology Type No. 25885.

Type locality. Cloudforest, vicinity of Valle Nuevo, circa 6000 ft.,
Dominican Republic, collected in August 1938 by P. J. Darlington.

Other localities. Loma Vieja, south of Constanza, Dominican Repub-
lic, circa 6000 ft. alt., collected in August 1938 by P. J. Darlington.

Remarks. The broad, robust shape, together with the short, thick-
ened antennae with the single white middle joint, the protuberances on
the prothorax, and the metallic coloration of the elytra and their coarse
punctation serve to distinguish this species. It is more nearly allied to
the North American species included under Hypolampsis pilosa 111.
than it is to the West Indian species and may eventually be placed in a
different genus together with pilosa. Unfortunately in the cleaning the
type specimen lost most of its pubescence.

This species is named in memory of Hugo Inden who has always
helped me in my entomological drawings and whose last hour of work
was spent criticizing the drawings for this paper. Singularly appro-
priate is it also because at that time, only a few days before his death,
when as an artist he was admiring this particular beetle, he remarked,
"I hope you will sometime name a species for me."

Hadropoda barberi spec. nov.

Plate 4, Fig. 24

About 2 mm. in length, oval, with the elytra rounded and, as in
wingless species, without humeral prominences; densely punctate and
pubescent, yellowish brown with darker head and prothorax and dark
base and fascia varying in width across the elytra ; legs faintly banded,

BLAKE: WEST INDIAN HADROPODA 441

antennae short, last 5 joints thickened, 5th and sometimes 6th joint

white.

Head with interocular space about half its width, in male the head
densely and very coarsely punctate and entirely dark except for the
white mandibles; in one female the head not so densely punctate with
the middle of the occiput smooth, and reddish with pale mouthparts;
the tubercles well marked, with a little depression between; lightly
pubescent. Antennae not extending much below humeri, 3, 4, 5, 6
joints slender, 5th, sometimes 6th white, apical five joints much thick-
ened and dark. Prothorax about a third wider than long, with lateral
sides very slightly rounded, a seta bearing tooth at each corner, surface
very coarsely and densely punctate, with two sharp median elevations
and a deep channel between, covered with moderately thick coarse
golden pubescence. Scutellum pubescent. Elytra ovate, without hum-
eral prominences, moderately convex, a strongly marked costa at 3rd
interspace extending a third of the way down elytra ; striate punctures
coarse near the base and somewhat confused over part where humeri
usually are ; color deep reddish or piceous ; in the male the basal third
of elytra and lateral edge dark with traces of darker fascia, in both fe-
males the elytra deep brown with several irregular pale bands across
elytra; these paler bands made conspicuous by the golden pubescence.
Body beneath, the epipleura not extending to the apex; dark reddish
brown, anterior legs pale except for slight trace of banding at base and
apex of femora and tibiae, hind femora banded, tibiae pale, claws
darker. Length 1.9 mm.; width 1-1.1 mm.

Type male and one paratype (female), U. S. N. M. Cat. No. 56160.

Type locality. Gov. Finca, Villalba, Puerto Rico, collected June 18,
1934 by R. G. Oakley.

Other localities. One specimen (female) on Areca catechu, Principi
Finca, Adjuntas, Puerto Rico, collected Oct. 21, 1933 by R. G. Oakley.

Remarks. This wingless species with its oval elytra appears quite
unlike the other species. In its bicolored, apically much thickened
antennae it resembles the Santo Domingan H. hugonis more than the
rest. The aedeagus in this, however, is simple, whereas in hugonis there
is a remarkable keel-shaped structure on the underside. Mr. H. S.
Barber, for whom the species is named, had set it aside to describe as
new.

PLATE 1

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Blake: West Indian Hadropoda. Plate 1

'G.H.oaKleul

PLATE 2

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Blake: West Indian Hadropoda. Plate 2

I I.H.rudosQ

2. H. corrugate-

PLATE 3

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Blake: West Indian Hadropoda. Plate 3

13. H.ferruidinea Suffrian M. H.minuTa

15. H. pallida

l6.H.consranzae !7.H.fennakl l&Hmorrisoni 19. H.elacrUa

£20.H.gracilen1a &21.H.turquinensis

CHZ.H.hoffmanl

PLATE 4

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Blake: West Indian Hadropoda. Plate 4

29.H.crispula

£' 30.H.stenotrachela

3LH.tabebuiae

\R.CI-S>^1'

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. XCII, No. 9

THE SALTICID SPIDERS OF HISPANIOLA

By Elizabeth B. Bryant

With Eight Plates

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.
PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

OcTOBER,/l943J

OCT 28IW3

•

No. 9. — The Salticid Spiders of Hispaniola
By Elizabeth B. Bryant

Though Hispaniola is the second largest of the West Indian Islands,
the study of its spider fauna has received slight attention. A few species
attributed to "Haiti" and "San Domingo" were described by the older
authors and in 1903, Dr. Nathan Banks published a short paper based
on a collection made for him during the spring of 1899, by Mr. R. J.
Crew, mostly in the vicinity of Port-au-Prince. In his paper, fourteen
species of Salticidae were listed, three of which were new, Cybele
haytiensis, Icius separatus and Metacyrba pictipes; these were included
in the Collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

As each island in the West Indies is studied, it becomes evident that
a much larger number of species is endemic than was supposed by the
earlier authors. In Cuba, of the 42 species of Salticidae seen by Bryant,
21 are only found on that island; in Puerto Rico, 12 species are endemic
out of 16 species known from there; in the Virgin Islands, 5 species
out of 10 found there are restricted to that group of islands.

Of the 44 known species of Salticidae from Hispaniola, 27 are new.
The island has greatly varied ecological conditions, from low coastal
plain, to mountain ranges, with high peaks that are often isolated by
deserts, an effectual barrier to migration of many forms. Of the 17
Salticidae found elsewhere, two, Ple.vippus paykulli and Marpissa
bivittata are cosmotropical, two are found in the southern part of the
United States, six are found on other islands of the Caribbean, and
seven have been described by earlier authors. Seemingly, the Salticid
fauna shows a closer affiliation with the fauna of South America, than
with that of Central or North America. The genera Phidippus and
Metaphidippus, both so abundant in the number of species in North
and Central America, are curiously wanting in Hispaniola. Only one
species of each genus has been seen and these are both found on other
islands. Five genera, Descanso, Nebridia, Oningis, Siloca and Wallaba,
previously known only from South America, are represented by one
or more species. The number of modifications of the mandibles, of the
first pair of legs and of the opening of the posterior spiracle would sug-
gest that this island has been isolated from the main land for a long
time.

Schuchert, in the "Historical Geology of the Antillian-Caribbean
Region", (1935), p. 39, says, "In the Greater Antilles, the relationship
is closest between the flora of Haiti and that of Jamaica, 333 species
being common to both." The same can be said about the spider fauna.

446 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Two species are found only on these two islands, Hentzia pechhami
(Cockerell) and Metaphidippus prudens (Peckham), and the two
genera based on species in Jamaica, have corresponding species in
Hispaniola. So far, not enough material is at hand, to draw useful
conclusions about the fauna in the two parts of the island, Haiti and
San Domingo.

The classification of the Salticidae is very unsatisfactory, and it has
not been easy to incorporate the systems used by various workers.
Simon, in the "Histoire Naturelle des Araignees," 1892-1903, for lack
of better characters, used the number of teeth on the lower margin of
the fang groove, dividing the family into three major sections. Un-
fortunately, neither the number or shape of these teeth are constant,
even between male and female of a single species, thus, in some cases
the male might fall in one group and the female in another.

The Peckhams used the number of teeth also, but they placed more
weight on the relative width and length of the eye quadrangle. This is
equally unsatisfactory. About the same time that Simon published his
classification, F.O.P.-Cambridge wrote the section on Salticidae for the
"BiologiaCentrali-Americana: Arachnida;" vol. 2, (1900) and divided
the family by the number and arrangement of ventral spines on the
anterior legs. This has proved very satisfactory for the fauna limited
to that restricted area, but it is not adapted for use in a wider field.
The statement made by Cambridge holds equally true for Hispaniola;
as he well said, "although the species assort themselves naturally into
groups readily recognizable in a general way, yet when one endeavors
to define their distinctive peculiarities, it becomes almost impossible
to do so on account of intermediate forms."

In the Hispaniolan fauna, there are several modifications of the
secondary characters of the male Salticidae that are unusual. Prob-
ably the most conspicuous is found in the genus Dinattus, where the
cephalic portion is greatly widened by lateral triangular lobes, so that
the width in the eye area is greater than the length of the cephalotho-
rax. This is found in a much lesser degree in the genus Agobardus
Keyserling, which has a small lobe below the second row of eyes.

The mandibles present many forms, small, vertical, large, divergent
and porrect. For example, the genus Pensacola, first described from
Guatemala, is differentiated by paired processes on the mandibles;
however, species from Hispaniola, which have been attributed to this
genus, differ in having these same processes multiple; other genera ex-
hibit a spur or cusp on the exterior margin. Petrunkevitch noted this
in a few Puerto Rican species, and both Bryant and Franganillo have

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 447

found it in several Cuban species; again, a long, sharp spur or tooth,
quite distinct from the fang groove, is seen on the median margin of
the mandible; this varies in size and sometimes projects at right angles,
or may be in the same plane. This feature has been found also, in a
few Cuban species; yet another variant takes the form of a hook on
the exterior margin above the base of the fang; this is found in genera
from other islands of the Caribbean, and curiously, the small vertical
mandibles of one species of the little ant-like genus, Descanso, have a
minute hook.

The ventral surface of the first femur may be strongly modified,
both in form and color; it may be convex with a lateral carina, or may
be iridescent or ornamented with fringes of hairs; the distal third is
sometimes abruptly constricted and convex; the most remarkable
modification perhaps, is in the number of ventral spines on the anterior
metatarsi; in most Saltidd genera, this is commonly two pairs. How-
ever, among the Salticid genera included by Cambridge in the Biol.
Centr.-Amer., we find a single genus with three pairs, while in Hispani-
ola, four genera have been found with this modification, Agobardus,
Commoris, Dinattus and Wallaha.

Other uncommon modifications have been observed. A strongly
chitinized lobe over the opening of the posterior spiracle. This was
first noted by O. P. -Cambridge, in a single species of the Clubionidae
from Central America. It was noted by Bryant in the description of
several Cuban species of Agobardus and is found in several genera from
Hispaniola. In one species, Siloca electa, the chitinized opening extends
across the full width of the abdomen. The second modification is of
the labium, which has deep lateral pits on the basal half and depressed
areas on the anterior portion of the sternum. This is found in the genus
Parakentzia. Dr. Chickering has called attention to a similar modifica-
tion in a species of Parachemmis (Clubionidae) from Panama.

The male palpi offer little variation. Most of the species have the
embolus confined to the tip of the cavity in a simple spiral curve. The
bulb may, or may not protrude onto the tibia and the relative length
of tibia and patella varies with the genus.

The museum has material from Hispaniola that has been collected
at various times. The earliest collection was made in 1873, by Dr. P.
R. Uhler, and much of it was sent to Count von Keyserling, who had
already described other material for the museum. Of the Uhler collec-
tion, only one Salticid, Agobardus anormalis, was named as new in
1883. This species, except for the types, was unknown, until recently
found about Port-au-Prince.

448 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

In 1902, Dr. W. M. Mann collected in Haiti, and the Salticidae
found by him were sent to the Peckhams for identification. Unhappily,
Mr. Peckham died suddenly, and the collection had to be returned to
the museum with only a few specific names added.

During 1934, a few spiders were ineidently taken in Haiti, by Drs.
Bates and Darlington and later in the same year, Dr. Darlington col-
lected intensively about La Hotte. Four years later, he returned and
collected in the less known central and eastern parts.

Since then, smaller collections have been received, which have
added to our knowledge of the distribution of several of the more com-
mon species.

All the material used in this study is in the collection of the Museum
of Comparative Zoology. I wish to express my sincerest appreciation
to Mr. Banks for his unfailing interest and assistance, without which
encouragement this work would have suffered.

Key to genera of male Salticidae recorded in this paper

1 . Eyes in four rows Lyssomanes

Eyes in three rows 2

2. Abdomen constricted at basal third, p. I.e. about middle of lateral margin

Descanso
Abdomen not constructed 3

3. First tibia with 2 pairs of ventral bulbous hairs near base . . Parathiodina
First tibia with no ventral bulbous hairs 4

4. First metatarsus with 3 pairs of ventral spines 5

First metatarsus with 2 pairs of ventral spines 8

5. Greatest width of carapace almost equal to length Dinattus

Carapace longer than wide 6

6. Carapace with a small lobe below second row of eyes, first femur modified

by a carina or fringes Agobardus

Carapace without lobe below second row of eyes 7

7. Mandibles large and flat, with many hairs, a long median tooth, and a

small hook at base of fang Commons

Mandibles rather small, no hairs or scales and no processes Wallaba

8. Carapace high, very broad, p.l.e. on extreme margin, all tibiae with dorsal

basal spine Bythocrotus

Carapace not extremely wide 9

9. Sternum narrowed anteriorly to width of labium 10

Sternum not narrowed to width of labium 11

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 449

10. First tibia with 3 pairs of ventral spines Menemerus

First tibia with no ventral spines, or 1 small spine Metacyrba

11. Mandibles long, porrect and cylindrical, inferior margin of groove with

3 or 4 teeth •. Amycus

Mandibles not cylindrical 12

12. Ventral spines of first tibia confined to apical half, with inner row shorter

than outer, 1 tooth on inferior margin of fang groove 13

Ventral spines of first tibia not confined to apical half 16

13. Mandibles porrect 14

Mandibles vertical 15

14. Carapace quite flat, first pair of legs only slightly enlarged Hentzia

Carapace very broad, first pair of legs enlarged, labium with lateral pits.

Parahentzia

15. First pair of legs fringed, quadrangle of eyes wider behind Phidippus

First pair of legs not fringed, quadrangle of eyes as wide behind as in

front Metaphidippus

16. Mandibles long, porrect, with a long tooth on median margin. .Antillatus
Mandibles vertical 17

17. Front surface of mandibles with 2 or 3 median and lateral processes.

Pensacola
Mandibles with fewer processes 18

18. Mandibles with a small hook over base of fang Compsodecta

Mandibles without a hook over base of fang 19

19. Carapace high, with lateral lobe below second row of eyes, mandibles large

and divergent .' Agobardus

Mandibles relatively small and vertical 20

20. Third pair of legs heavily fringed 21

No heavy fringes on legs 22

21. Posterior pairs of legs with few spines, third tibia with a long median

ventral spine Habronattus

Posterior pairs of legs with many spines, heavy fringes on first three pairs
of legs Corythalia

22. First and fourth pairs of legs sub-equal; 3 pale stripes from ocular area

to spinnerets Plexippus

Fourth pair of legs longest, no continuous stripe from eyes to spinnerets . 23

23. Mandibles covered by a sheath, palpus short, about half as long as cephalo-

thorax Siloca

Mandibles normal, very small spiders 24

24. Legs, 4-3-1-2, anterior with lateral spines Nebridia

Legs, 4-1-3-2, anterior with no lateral spines Oningis

450 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

SALTICIDAE

Agobardus Keyserling 1884

Agobardus anormalis Keyserling

Figures 1, 2, 3, 4

Agobardus anormalis Keyserling, 1884, p. 519, pi. 13, fig. 21. "cf 9 Nord-

Amerika" [probably Haiti]
Prosthesima perplexa Banks, 1903, p. 341, {nee Peckham 1901)

Male. Length, 4.7 mm., eeph. 2.5 mm. long, 2.1 mm. wide, abd. 2.4
mm. long, 1.0 mm. wide.

Colors much faded from age.

Cephalothorax very high, about one-fifth longer than wide, cephalic
portion rounded with a lateral lobe beneath lateral eyes, with a crest of
hairs from margin to near small eyes, highest between small eyes, a
recurved depression between dorsal eyes from which starts the short
thoracic groove, thoracic portion slopes gradually from groove for a
short space and then falls abruptly, lateral margins almost vertical;
eyes, anterior row strongly recurved so that upper margins of a.m.e. and
lower margins of a. I.e. form a recurved line, many white hairs above
eyes, a.m.e. separated by a line, a.l.e. less than a radius of a.m.e. and
separated from them by a full radius of a.l.e., small eyes slightly
nearer first than third row, dorsal eyes strongly convex, larger than
a.l.e. and directed slightly backward, not on extreme margin of cara-
pace; quadrangle of eyes as wide behind as in front; elypeus below
a.m.e. almost wanting, a few white hairs below a.l.e. ; mandibles vertical
divergent from base, flat, narrowed at tip to width of fang, fang groove
not sharply defined, oblique and long, superior margin with a com-
pound tooth near median margin, with a few long hairs to base of fang,
inferior margin with a compound tooth or plate with the cusp nearer
base of fang longest and opposite tooth on upper margin, fang longer
than groove, sinuous with distal half narrowed and tip bent, no tooth
on lower side as Keyserling's figure shows; labium about as wide as
long, sides almost parallel; maxillae twice as long as labium, tips
widened but not extended in a lobe; sternum almost as wide as long,
sides parallel, ending in a blunt point in front of IV coxae; abdomen
oval, more than twice as long as wide, very much faded, but dark on
sides, iridescent scales at base and lateral margins, venter faded but
apparently dark from fold to spinnerets, no lobe over opening of spir-
acle, spinnerets closely grouped; legs, 1-4-3-2, all patellae with lateral

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 451

spines, I pair only slightly enlarged, femur flattened laterally with a
strong ventral U-shaped carina with apex at the base and area between
strongly covex and shining, a ventral fringe of short hairs on patella,
tibia and metatarsus, spines, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, middle pair longest,
area between spines with a narrow brush of short iridescent hairs,
prolateral, 3, not in line, retrolateral, 2, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2-2,
basal pair very long, prolateral, 1, retrolateral, 1, tarsus two-thirds
as long as metatarsus, II pair with spines the same as on I pair, III
and IV pairs, tibiae with dorsal, basal spine, no apical whorl on meta-
tarsi; palpus longer than cephalothorax, femur very slender, bent,
with dorsal crest of white hairs near tip, patella and tibia flattened
dorsally, with lateral fringes of iridescent hairs, seen from above, tibia
twice as long as patella and twice as long as wide, tibial apophysis very
inconspicuous and not as long as diameter of the joint, terminal joint
not as long as tibia, cavity about two-thirds as long as joint, bulb not
extending on tibia, embolus a small dark curved spine at tip.

Female. Length, 4.7 mm., ceph. 2.1 mm., abd. 2.6 mm.

Cephalothorax brown, with a median pale stripe from groove to
posterior margin, sides parallel, no indication of lateral lobe as found in
male, depression between dorsal eyes with a short thoracic groove,
ocular area slightly rounded, thoracic portion in same plane as cephalic
for a short distance and then falls rapidly to posterior margin; eyes
same as in male but p. I.e. on extreme margin as there is no lateral lobe;
clypeus less than a radius of a.m.e., a few white hairs below a. I.e.;
mandibles pale brown, vertical, rather small, fang groove only slightly
oblique, superior margin with two small contiguous teeth, inferior mar-
gin with a cusp that almost covers half the margin, end farthest from
base of fang longer, fang about length of groove; labium and mandibles
pale; stern urn pale, convex, two-thirds as wide as long; abdomen with a
few hairs and scales, a pair of dark basal spots connected at base, fol-
lowed by a slightly smaller pair of dark spots, just posterior to middle
a rather wide median pale stripe with scattered dark dots but only one
distinct chevron, venter pale with a pair of widely separated dark
stripes that are connected in front of spinnerets; legs 4-3-1-2, pale,
with dark spines, spines same as in male; epigynum, a pair of dark sacs
that touch on median margin above the fold, just anterior are two
circular depressed areas, separated by a narrow septum, two dark dots
that probably are the openings in lower portion of white areas that
connect with the dark sacs.

Lectotype & "U. S." [Haiti]

Allolectotype 9 "U. S." [Haiti]

452 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

cf Haiti; hills near Port-au-Prince, 2,000 feet, 2 October 1934,
(Darlington)

cf Haiti; Camp Perrin, 9 October 1934, (Darlington)

cf 9 Haiti; foot hills northeast of La Hotte, 3,000-4,000 feet,
October 1934, (Darlington)

cf 9 Haiti; La Visite, 6,000-7,000 feet, 23 September 1934,
(Darlington)

cf 9 Haiti; Port-au-Prince, (Crew), Banks Coll.

9 Haiti; Peckham Coll.

The species Agobardus anormalis Keyserling has long been unique.
At the end of the description, Keyserling states, "North America. In
the Collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology several speci-
mens, with only the notation U. S." Since it never has been taken any-
where in the United States and it is common in Haiti, it is probable
that these specimens were taken by Dr. Uhler in Haiti. Not much
can be added to the Keyserling description. Probably because of poor
illumination, he did not see the U-shaped carina on the ventral side of
the first femur with the convex area between, and he evidently did not
consider the number of spines on the anterior metatarsi as important,
From the number of specimens seen, the species is subject to some
variation. Some specimens have no tooth on the ventral side of the
fang and the lateral lobe below the eyes may vary in size, but all males
have the same teeth on the fang groove and the palpi have the tibia
flattened dorsally with lateral fringes of iridescent hairs. There is also
some variation in size but all have the divergent mandibles with the
same shaped teeth.

Agobardus anormalis montanus var. nov.
Figure 5

Male. Length, 5.0 mm.

Coloring, eyes and spines the same as in the type but the fang groove
much more concave and the teeth on both margins larger; the tooth
on the superior margin longer and the plate on the inferior margin
larger with an extra tooth at the end nearer the base of the fang; the
fang, in addition to the ventral tooth about the middle, found in the
type, has a larger tooth very near the base with a small denticle on
the distal side.

The palpus is the same in both the type and the variety, but the
tibia of the variety is about two and a half times as long as wide,
while in the type specimens, it is only twice as long as wide.

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 453

Holotype cf Haiti; foot hills northeast of La Hotte, 3,000^,000
feet, October 1934, (Darlington)

Paratype cf Haiti; La Hotte, Roche Croix, 5,000 feet, 13 October
1934, (Darlington)

Paratype cf Dom. Rep.; foot hills of Cordillera Central, south of
Santiago, 3,000 feet. June 1938, (Darlington)

Agobardus brevitarsus spec. nov.
Figures 6, 8, 11

Male. Length, 4.0 mm., ceph. 2.0 mm., abd. 2.1 mm.

Cephalothorax dark chestnut-brown, black about the eyes, scattered
white scales on posterior margins, cephalothorax high, four-fifths as
wide as long, widest between small eyes, where there is a small lobe or
swelling just above the margin, with a vertical crest of short hairs,
sides vertical, row of long bristles above anterior eye row, a shallow
recurved depression posterior to dorsal eyes from which starts the
short thoracic groove, thoracic portion slopes gradually and then falls
rapidly on posterior quarter; eyes, anterior row recurved by upper mar-
gins, a.m.e. separated by little mOre than a line,a.l.e. less than a radius
of a.m.e., and separated from them by a radius of a. I.e., small eyes
midway between first and third rows, p. I.e. and a. I.e. subequal, p. I.e.
convex and slightly raised; quadrangle as wide in front as behind;
clypeus below a.m.e. narrow, less than a half a radius of a.m.e., no
hairs or scales but a mass of white hairs below a. I.e. ; mandibles reddish-
brown, large, median margin touching for basal fifth, then widely
divergent and excavate, fang groove long and oblique, superior margin
with a large sharp tooth near the median edge, that can be seen in
front view, inferior margin with a large bicuspid tooth nearer base of
fang than tooth on opposite margin, cusp nearer fang longest, fang
long and sinuate, distal half constricted; labium dark brown, with a
rebordered tip, as long as wide; maxillae about twice as long as labium,
tip only slightly dilate; sternum brown, convex, three-fifths as wide as
long, narrowed between I coxae, IV coxae almost touching; abdomen
oval, with a median pale stripe indented about the middle, and with
five pale chevrons on posterior half, sides brown, with diagonal pale
stripes of small dots, venter dark brown, openings of posterior spiracle
inconspicuous, no iridescent scales on abdomen; legs, III and IV left
missing, 1-4-3-2, all patellae with lateral spines, I pair dark brown,
with pale tarsus, femur compressed prolateral surface glossy with no
hairs, spines, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, middle pair longest, prolateral, 3,

454 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

not in line, retrolateral, 2, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2-2, basal pair very

long, prolateral, 1, retrolateral, 1, both very short and opposite distal
pair, II pair, femur brown, other joints paler, femur compressed and
prolateral surface same as on I pair, spines as in I pair, III and IV
pairs paler, spines, tibiae with dorsal basal spine, III metatarsus with
distal and median whorls, IV metatarsus with distal, median and basal
whorls; palpus, not quite as long as cephalothorax, brown, femur
curved with a ventral fringe and a dorsal crest of long white hairs,
patella little longer wide, tibia little longer than patella with lateral
fringes of white hairs, tibial apophysis almost as long as joint, cym-
bium as long as patella plus tibia, bulb confined to cavity, embolus at
distal quarter in the usual spiral curve.

Female. Length, 4.5 mm., ceph. 2.3 mm., abd. 2.3 mm.

Cephalothorax brown, dark about eyes, a vague pale median stripe
from thoracic groove to posterior margin, and a narrow pale stripe on
posterior lateral margins, no white scales as on male, cephalothorax
high, sides vertical, no swelling below small eyes, very faint depression
posterior to dorsal eyes, thoracic portion slopes gradually from groove
and then abruptly on posterior half, a row of long bristles above an-
terior eye row and below small and dorsal eyes ; eyes same as in male ;
clypeus narrow, less than half a radius of a.m.e. below a.m.e. and cov-
ered with white scales; mandibles brown, vertical, fang groove horizon-
tal and short, superior margin with one small tooth, inferior margin
with a small bicuspid tooth, fang short; labium as in male; maxillae
not dilated; sternum as in male; abdomen with a median pale stripe to
middle, posterior half with five graduated chevrons, sides of alternate
pale and dark lines, dorsum with scattered long bristles, venter with
three dark stripes that meet in front of the spinnerets; legs, IV left
missing, 1-4-3-2, I pair, femur pale, other femora with indistinct
apical and basal dark rings, spines as in male; epigynum, two pale
triangular areas, separated by a narrow chitinized septum, no openings
can be seen.

Holotype cf Haiti; La Visite, 6,000-7,000 feet, 16-23 September
1934, (Darlington)

Allotype 9 Haiti; La Visite, 6,000-7,000 feet, 16-23 September
1934, (Darlington)

Agobardus brevitarsus differs from the genotype, in smaller size, no
carina on the first femur, the short tibia, and in the female, by the
triangular pale areas above the fold.

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 455

Agobardus obscurus spec. nov.
Figure 7

Male. Length, 4.1 mm., ceph. 2.1 mm., abd. 2.1 mm.

Cepkalothorax dark chestnut-brown, pale stripe from groove to
posterior margin, in life probably covered with white scales as a few
remain, scattered white scales on thoracic groove, cephalic portion
high, eye area flat, recurved depression between dorsal eyes from which
starts the short thoracic groove, lateral margins slightly curved but no
lobe below lateral eyes, thoracic portion slopes gently from groove and
the posterior half very abruptly, so that it is concave above the pos-
terior margin; eyes cover about two-fifths of the cephalothorax, an-
terior row strongly recurved by upper margins, a.m.e. touching, with a
cluster of long hairs between, separated from a. I.e. by little more than
a line, a. I.e. about a radius of a.m.e., small eyes midway between first
and third rows, p. I.e. convex, raised from carapace, on extreme mar-
gin, slightly larger than a. I.e.; quadrangle about as wide behind as in
front; clypeus little more than a line below a.m.e., a few white hairs
below a. I.e.; mandibles dark brown, divergent, convex, with a violet
iridescence, a few white hairs about median margin, fang groove
strongly oblique, margins poorly defined, a long stout tooth on superior
margin at median edge, truncate at tip, with a small tooth on inner
side, inferior margin with a large plate or cusp which covers about one
half of the margin, with edge nearest fang extended in a long strong
tooth, fang long and sinuous with tip curved; labium dark brown, as
long as wide, lateral margins parallel, tip rounded and rebordered;
maxillae dark brown, more than twice as long as labium, with tips
slightly widened and upper outer corner rounded but not prolonged in
a lobe; sternum dark brown, convex, almost round, IV coxae touching;
abdomen oval, base and median area a dirty white, sides and posterior
half dark, indications of five or six faint chevrons on posterior half,
venter dark from pedicle to spinnerets, spinnerets on dorsal side pale
with outer margins black, ventral side black; legs, III left missing,
4-1-3-2, brown with no dark rings, I pair heaviest, femur flattened
laterally, ventral surface smooth and rounded, no carina, distal fourth
slightly constricted with a few long dark hairs on retrolateral side,
tibia and metatarsus with a violet iridescence, no hairs, spines, patella,
lateral, 1-1, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, with a violet iridescence between
spines and a fringe of short hairs, prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 2, metatar-
sus, ventral, 2-2-2, basal pair half the length of the joint, prolateral, 1,
very small at tip, tarsus pale and short, II pair, brown, spines, same

456 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

as on I pair, III and IV pairs, dark brown, spines, patellae, lateral,
1-1, tibiae with a small dorsal basal spine, and a ventral median spine;
palpus shorter than eephalothorax, femur with basal half dark, curved,
with a retrolateral crest of short black hairs, dorsal half covered with
short white hairs, tibia one and a half times as long as patella, flat, with
lateral brushes of long hairs which adds to width of the joint, tibial
apophysis not as long as diameter of joint and divergent, terminal
joint small, not as long as tibia, bulb confined to cavity, embolus a
small spiral curve at tip.

Holotype cf Haiti; Swamp north of Dessalines, 11 August 1934,
(Darlington)

It is with some hesitation that this species is placed in the genus
Agobardus as the eephalothorax is not widened in the eye area, the
a.m.e. and a. I.e. are much closer than in the genotype, the first femur
is only slightly modified and the palpus is shorter than the eephalo-
thorax. But it has the same type of mandibles and teeth, three pairs
of spines beneath the anterior metatarsi with a very short prolateral
spine at the tip, a median ventral spine on the third and fourth tibiae
and a similar palpus.

Agobardus perpilosus spec. nov.
Figures 9, 10

Male. Length, 5.6 mm., ceph. 3.1 mm. long, 2.4 mm. wide, abd.
2.7 mm.

Cephalothorax dark brown, eye area with many white hairs, a
broad lateral stripe of white hairs from dorsal eyes to posterior margin
and a large spot of white hairs posterior to thoracic groove, moderately
high, sides rounded from anterior margin, widest between dorsal eyes,
a shallow depression posterior to dorsal eyes with a short thoracic
groove; eyes cover about one-third of carapace, anterior row recurved
by upper margins, a.m.e. separated by less than a radius of a. I.e. and
about a radius of a.m.e. and separated from them by more than a radius
of a. I.e., small eyes midway between first and third rows, dorsal eyes
not on margin of carapace, convex and subequal to a. I.e. ; quadrangle
slightly narrower behind than in front; clypcus dark brown, narrow
below a.m.e; and equal to a radius of a.m.e., with a fringe of dark hairs
on margin; mandibles, yellow, with many short white hairs, large, di-
vergent, median margin parallel for a short space, ending in a small,
dark tooth on the superior margin of fang groove, fang groove long,
oblique, margins indistinct except at base of fang, inferior margin

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 457

with a very large bicuspid tooth or plate, end nearer fang very long
and curved, fang longer than groove, sinuous, distal third narrowed;
labium dark brown, longer than wide; maxillae twice as long as labium,
tips rounded, not prolonged in lobe; sternum brown, four-fifths as wide
as long, convex, with a few long white hairs about margin, IV coxae
touching; abdomen dark brown, with a median pale stripe, covered with
white hairs, narrower at base than above spinnerets, posterior half
with indistinct chevrons, venter infuscate, no lobe over opening of
spiracle, spinnerets slender and closely grouped; legs, 1-3-2-4, brown,
all joints covered with short white hairs and longer black ones, I pair
slightly heavier, femur, with a ventral cross ridge or carina one-third
above the base, area from carina to tip smooth with a thin retrolateral
fringe of black hairs, spines, patella, prolateral, 1, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2,
all shorter than diameter of joint, middle pair not opposite, prolateral,
2, retrolateral, 2, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2-2, all shorter than diameter
of joint, prolateral, 1, opposite apical, retrolateral, 0, II pair, femur
has ventral area smooth on distal half, but no carina, spines, patella,
1-1, tibia, ventral, 2 apical, lr, lr, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2-2, pro-
lateral, 2, retrolateral, 1, opposite apical pair, III and IV pairs, patel-
lae, lateral, 1-1, tibiae, short dorsal basal spine, metatarsi, apical and
median whorls; palpus as long as cephalothorax, femur dark and bent,
tip and patella covered with white hairs, tibia a little longer than
patella, tibial apophysis small and inconspicuous, cymbium small,
little longer than tibia, cavity about half the length, bulb not extending
on tibia, embolus a small slender spiral curve at tip.

Holotype cT Dom. Rep.; Loma Rucilla, Pico del Yaque, S,000-
10,000 feet. June 1938, (Darlington)

Agobardus perpilosa has no lobe beneath the lateral eyes and the
cephalothorax is not as high as in the genotype but is widened at the
dorsal eyes, the fang groove is long with a large bi-cuspid tooth on
the inferior margin, the fang is long and sinuous, and the first femur
is slightly enlarged with a short ventral carina. The mandibles are
more divergent than in most species.

Amycus C. Koch 1846

Amycus cambridgei spec, now

Figures 12, 13, 16, 17, 19

Male. Length, 5.1 mm., with mandibles, ceph. 2.5 mm. long, 2.0
mm. wide, abd. 2.6 mm., mand. 2.2 mm. long.

458 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Cephalothorax chestnut-brown, darker about lateral and posterior
margins, a short stripe of white scales on thoracic margins and a small
patch of white hairs posterior to thoracic groove, cephalic portion very
high, highest at groove from which it slopes forward to anterior row of
eyes and backward more gradually to posterior margin, lateral margins
only slightly rounded, thoracic groove short, about middle of carapace,
from a very shallow, recurved depression between dorsal eyes; eyes
cover about two-fifths of carapace, anterior row recurved by upper
margins, a.m.e. large, separated by a line, a. I.e. less than a radius of
a.m.e., and separated from them by less than a radius of a. I.e., small
eyes nearer first than third row, dorsal eyes slightly larger than a. I.e.
and very near margin of carapace; quadrangle slightly wider behind
than in front; clypeus narrow, less than a quarter diameter of a.m.e.,
with no hairs or scales; mandibles, dark brown, long, no boss, porrect
and cylindrical, median margin parallel for basal fifth where there is a
long tooth or process which is parallel to the one on opposite mandible,
segment is then bowed out and is almost parallel to opposite man-
dible, tip is about two-thirds as wide as base, fang groove very
long and oblique, corrugate and margins of groove faintly indicated,
superior margin with two contiguous teeth very near base, inferior
margin with a large bicuspid tooth about middle, followed by three
graduated teeth on right mandible and two on left, the large median
tooth or process seen on the dorsal side, is not on the fang groove,
fang very long, slightly sinuous and evenly tapering towards the tip;
labium brown, slightly longer than wide, with a rebordered tip and
small deep pits above the base ; maxillae almost twice as long as labium,
inclined, distal half widened so that greatest width equals length, outer
margins rounded and slightly bilobed; sternum pale, anteriorly little
wider than labium, two-thirds as wide as long, rounded in front of IV
coxae, I coxae largest and separated by two diameters ; abdomen oval,
twice as long as wide, yellowish, with a pair of parallel faint gray stripes
from base, these end in black spots posterior to middle, on posterior
third a pair of more widely separated short dark stripes, venter pale,
with a mass of dark hairs anterior to opening of the posterior spiracle,
spinnerets closely grouped, anterior pair very slender; legs, 1-3-4-2,
I pair much the longest and slightly darker than the others, II, III and
IV pairs pale, I coxa very long, spines, all patellae with 1 prolateral
and 1 retrolateral spine, I pair, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, very slender,
prolateral, 3, but not in line, retrolateral, 2, basal spine very small,
metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, apical and submedian, prolateral, 2, retro-
lateral, 2, both opposite ventral spines, II pair, spines same as I pair,

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 459

III and IV pairs, tibiae with a minute dorsal basal spine, metatarsi,
with three whorls of spines, but only the apical complete; palpus
longer than cephalothorax, very slender, trochanter long, femur white,
curved, patella plus tibia as long as femur, patella about two-thirds
as long as femur, tibial apophysis slender, not as long as diameter
of joint, terminal joint not as long as patella, slender, bulb does
not extend on tibia, embolus a simple curved spiral at tip, as
figured.

Female. Length, 6.5 mm., ceph. 2.7 mm. long, 2.0 mm. wide, abd.
4.0 mm.

Cephalothorax much darker than in male, not as high and longer in
proportion, median pale stripe from groove that disappears before the
posterior margin, a patch of white hairs anterior to groove and a
lateral stripe of white as in the male; eyes same as in male; clypeus
little more than a line below a.m.e., no hairs or scales; mandibles, dark
brown, small, vertical, fang groove almost horizontal, short, superior
margin with two contiguous teeth, inferior margin almost covered
with a plate divided into four or five cusps, fang little longer than
groove with a heavy base; labium longer than wide, with a chitinized
point on middle of lateral margins that meets a chitinized ridge on
maxillae; maxillae not twice as long as labium, tips rounded, not
bilobed; sternum same as in male; abdomen with a pair of dark stripes
on basal half, ending just beyond the middle, posterior half with four
pairs of small dark dots with irregular dark spots on sides, venter pale
with three dark stripes that meet above the opening of the posterior
spiracle, but no mass of dark hairs as in male; legs, 1-3-4-2, II right
missing and I right evidently recently renewed as much smaller than
I left, I pair heavier, spines, anterior patellae, prolateral, 1, tibia,
ventral, 2-2-2, heavier than in male, prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 1,
metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 2, II pair, tibia,
ventral, 2-2-2, prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 1, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2,
prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 2, posterior pairs, patellae, lateral, 1-1,
tibiae with small basal dorsal spine, III metatarsus, distal whorl com-
plete, median whorl incomplete, IV metatarsus both whorls complete;
epigynum, area wider than long, two pairs of dark sacs beneath the
skin, the larger above the fold, slightly separated with apparently
large openings superimposed on sacs, these are connected with dark
tubes leading to dark spots on the smaller sacs in anterior portion of
the area.

Holotype d* Dom. Rep.; Cordillera Central, Constanza, 3,000-
4,000 feet, August 1938, (Darlington)

460 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Allotype 9 Dom. Rep.; San Jose de las Matas, 1,500 feet, June
1938, (Darlington)

Paratypes 2 cf Dom. Rep.; San Jose de las Matas, 1,500 feet,
June 1938, (Darlington)

The generic position of Amyous cambridgei is very uncertain. It
probably belongs to a new genus as it does not agree with the definition
of Amyous or Cobanus as given by either Simon or Cambridge. It
agrees with the former genus in the number of teeth on the fang
groove and the number of spines on the anterior legs but it differs in
the width of the clypeus, and in the proportion of the joints of the
palpus; it agrees with Cobanus in the low clypeus, but it disagrees
with that genus in the number of spines on the anterior metatarsi.
As far as known, no species of either genus has a median tooth on the
mandibles.

Antillattus gen. no v.

Cephalothorax moderately high, nearly as wide as long, (6:7), widest
opposite second coxae, sides rounded, ocular area flat, thoracic groove
faint, in a depression between dorsal eyes; eyes, anterior row strongly
recurved, small eyes midway between first and third rows, dorsal eyes
larger than a. I.e. and not on extreme margin of carapace; quadrangle
of eyes plainly narrower behind than in front; clypeus narrow; man-
dibles long, porrect, distal two-thirds divergent, superior margin of
groove with two small teeth, inferior margin with a large plate divided
into many teeth, fang long and sinuous; maxillae slightly dilate at
upper margins; sternum not narrowed between anterior coxae; anterior
coxae long; legs, 4-3-1-2, or 4-1-3-2, long and slender, I pair slightly
enlarged, femur with dorsal row of spines, I tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, with
prolateral and retrolateral spines, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, prolateral,
2, distal spine very small, III and IV tibiae with very small dorsal
basal spine; spinnerets long; palpus as long as cephalothorax, very
slender, bulb confined to cavity.

Genotype Antillattus gracilis spec, now

Antillattus differs from Agobardus in the lower cephalothorax with
no lateral lobe beneath lateral eyes, ocular quadrangle narrower behind
than in front, p. I.e. not on extreme margin of carapace; mandibles
long and porrect, anterior pairs of legs long and not modified by dense
fringes.

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 461

Antillattus gracilis spec, now
Figures 14, 18, 20

Male. Length, 5.4 mm., without mandibles, ceph. 2.2 mm., abd-
2.6 mm., mand. 1.6 mm.

Cephalothorax pale brown, with two pairs of dark spots, first pair
elongate from a.l.e. and including p. I.e., posterior pair smaller, on
thoracic slope, two median patches of white scales, the anterior,
between the dorsal eyes and the second between the posterior dark
spots, a narrow marginal stripe of white scales starting abruptly above
second coxae and ending above fourth coxae, anterior to marginal
stripe, on margin, a narrow fringe of short black hairs above second
coxae, carapace moderately high, widest at dorsal eyes, sides gently
rounded, thoracic groove short, in a recurved depression between
dorsal eyes; eyes, anterior row recurved, covering entire margin, with
fringe of orange-red hairs above, a.m.e. separated by little more than a
line, a.l.e. slightly more than a radius of a.m.e. and separated from
them by about twice the space between a.m.e., small eyes slightly
nearer first than third row, dorsal eyes not on extreme margin of
carapace, strongly convex and larger than a.l.e.; quadrangle of eyes
plainly narrower behind than in front; clypeus almost wanting below
a.m.e., with no scales but a scant fringe of short hairs on the margin;
mandibles pale, flat, with a violet iridescence, porrect, three-quarters
as long as cephalothorax, median margin parallel for basal third, end-
ing in a long, sharp tooth, distal two-thirds narrower, divergent and
slightly excavate, distinct dorsal carina from tooth to base of fang,
superior margin of fang groove with two small contiguous teeth at
median margin, inferior margin with a much shorter carina and a
large compound tooth near median margin, fang longer than groove,
distal third constricted and bent; labium pale gray, longer than wide;
maxillae almost twice as long as labium, tip widened, so that lobes
can be seen from dorsal side of mandibles; sternum pale, slightly con-
vex, almost as wide as long; abdomen very slender, pale yellow, with a
pair of broken grayish stripes from base to about middle, these stripes
on basal third have a rosy tinge due to small reddish scales, sides and
distal half of dorsum with vague broken lines and spots of gray, no
scales except on basal half, but many long dark bristles, the largest
from distinct pits, venter pale with many short dark hairs in median
area, ending with a distinct black spot at base of Jobe that covers the
opening of the spiracle, this lobe protrudes from the venter, spinnerets

462 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

long, white, with a long black line on lateral margins of superior and
inferior pairs; legs, 4-3-1-2, long and slender, coxae, very long and
can be seen beyond the carapace, I pair heaviest and darkest, no
fringes, femur slightly enlarged, flattened laterally, reddish-brown,
prolateral area smooth with a few hairs, ventral area smooth, with a
few dark hairs in a short fringe on distal retrolateral side, other joints
pale, with a few short dark hairs, spines, femur, distal, 3 small pro-
lateral, followed by 1-1 dorsal, patella, prolateral, 1, tibia, ventral,
2-2-2, prolateral, 3, retrolateral, 1, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, pro-
lateral, 2, retrolateral, 2, the distal laterals very short, II pair smaller,
pale, with short dark hairs, spines same as on I pair, III and IV pairs,
white, spines black, femora with dorsal row of strong spines, patellae,
lateral, 1-1, tibiae with a very small dorsal basal spine and a ventral
submedian spine, metatarsi, distal and basal whorls; palpus longer
than cephalothorax, very slender, femur curved, distal half covered
with snow-white scales, tibia longer than patella, terminal joint little
longer than tibia, with many coarse hairs, tibial apophysis a straight,
slender spur, close to cymbium, not chitinized, bulb small, confined to
cavity, embolus a spiral curve at tip.

Holotype d" Haiti; Dame-Marie, 1941, (Audant)

Antillattus gracilis is a very delicate and striking species, because of
the long divergent mandibles with the dorsal side flattened and iri-
descent. The coxae, especially the first, are very long and extend be-
yong the carapace; the lobe over the opening of the posterior spiracle
is more convex than usual. Several genera have the dorsal basal spine
on the posterior tibiae very small and a few species have a median
ventral spine on the third or fourth tibiae.

Antillattus placidus spec. nov.
Figure 15

Male. Length, 6.0 mm., ceph. 2.6. mm., abd. 2.7 mm., mand. 1.8
mm. long.

Cephalothorax dark chestnut-brown, a narrow marginal line of white
hairs, a small spot of white hairs in depression between dorsal eyes
and a small median spot of white hairs near posterior margin, cephalic
portion rather high, eye area flat, sides slightly rounded, widest at
dorsal eyes, a shallow semi-circular depression between dorsal eyes
from which starts the thoracic groove, thoracic portion slopes gradu-
ally from groove and falls suddenly on the posterior half; eyes, anterior

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 463

row strongly recurved by upper margins, a few orange-red scales
between a.m.e., eyes narrowly separated, a. I.e. about a radius of a.ra.e.,
small eyes midway between first and third rows, p. I.e. larger than
a.l.e., convex, not on extreme margin of carapace; quadrangle slightly
narrower behind; clypeus wanting below a.m.e., a thick fringe of white
hairs on margin; mandibles dark brown, long, porrect, slightly diver-
gent, upper surface flattened and iridescent, tip only slightly narrower
than base, a strong, sharp tooth on median margin at basal fifth, which
may be on the superior margin of the groove, fang groove long and
oblique, upper margin poorly defined with two small teeth near median
margin, inferior margin with a cusp almost opposite small teeth on
opposite margin, end of cusp near fang prolonged in a sharp point,
fang longer than groove, sinuous and tip bent; labium brown, longer
than wide, tip recurved and faint lateral pits near middle of margin;
maxillae twice as long as labium, tips dilate; sternum brown, two-thirds
as wide as long, anteriorly narrowed to width of labium, rounded in
front of IV coxae; abdomen oval, more than twice as long as wide, pale,
with a narrow median stripe of white hairs from base to spinnerets,
each side on basal half brilliant orange-red scales, posterior half with
irregular dark lines which form five pairs of dark spots on median pale
stripe, venter dark gray from pedicle, ending in a thick mass of dark
hairs, a large pale lobe over opening of posterior spiracle with free
margin chitinized; legs, III right missing, 1-4-3-2, all coxae long and
can be seen from dorsal side, all patellae with lateral spines, I pair
much longer than others, all joints dark brown except tarsus, coxa
very long, femur flattened laterally and ventrally but margins not
compressed in a carina, a scant retrolateral fringe on distal half, a
scant prolateral fringe on patella and tibia, spines, tibia, ventral,
2-2-2, prolateral, 3, not in line, retrolateral, 2, metatarsus, ventral,
2-2, apical and submedian, prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 2, II pair brown,
femur not flattened, spines same as on first pair, III and IV pairs,
pale, spines, tibiae, small dorsal basal spine, metatarsi, apical and
submedian whorls; palpus as long as cephalothorax, femur bent almost
at a right angle, dorsal half with a mass of white hairs, tibia longer
than patella, both joints cylindrical with a prolateral and a retro-
lateral fringe of dark hairs, tibial apophysis slender and inconspicuous,
almost as long as diameter of joint, cymbium slightly longer than tibia,
covered with coarse dark hairs, bulb confined to cavity, embolus a
spiral coil at tip.

Holotype cf Haiti; Ennery, 7 September 1934, (Darlington)
Paratype cf Haiti; Ennery, 7 September 1934, (Darlington)

464 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Paratype cf Haiti; Miragoane, 2 November 1934, (Darlington)
Antillattus placidus differs from A. gracilis in much larger size,
mandibles without a lateral carina, and the dark venter. The two
paratypes from Ennery and Miragoane are much smaller than the
type, the mandibles smaller and almost vertical, the long tooth on the
median margin is much reduced in size but the area on the distal half
is depressed as in the type. In several genera of the Salticidae, males
have two forms of mandibles, the larger with long and porrect mandi-
bles and the smaller form with small and vertical mandibles.

Bythocrotus Simon 1903

Bythocrotus cephalotes (Simon)

Figures 21, 24, 25

Mogrus cephalotes Simon, 1888, p. 204 " 9 pullus, San Domingo"
Bythocrotus cephalotes Simon, 1903, p. 673, figs. 793-795

Male. Length, 4.6 mm., ceph. 2.4 mm. long, 2.1 mm. wide, abd.
2.2 mm.

Cephalothorax brown, darker about eyes, a broad lateral stripe of
white hairs from dorsal eyes to posterior margin, cephalic portion very
high, broad and swollen, slightly depressed between dorsal eyes, short
thoracic groove starts from a line drawn between dorsal eyes, highest
posterior to dorsal eyes, where it slopes rapidly to posterior margin,
so that the last of slope is almost vertical, posterior margin little more
than half the anterior; eyes, anterior row recurved, a.m.e. separated by
half a radius, a. I.e. about a radius of a.m.e., separated from them by
fully a diameter of a. I.e., small eyes about midway between first and
third rows, dorsal eyes on extreme margin of carapace, and raised on
tubercles, subequal with a. I.e., a few long bristles between eyes of
anterior row and more posterior to dorsal eyes; quadrangle wider be-
hind than in front; cli/peus equal to about a radius of a.m.e. and
thickly covered with white hairs below a.m.e.; mandibles reddish-
brown, vertical, rather small, front surface slightly convex and irides-
cent, fang groove short and horizontal, one large tooth on superior
margin near median edge, with a fringe of black hairs to base of fang,
inferior margin with one large tooth slightly nearer base of fang than is
tooth on opposite margin, fang short with a very thick base; labium
dark brown, longer than wide, with a pair of small pits just below
middle on lateral margin; maxillae brown, not twice as long as labium,
very slightly widened at tip ; sternum brown, slightly convex, narrowed

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 465

to width of labium at anterior end, about twice as long as wide, but
very small compared to size of carapace, pointed in front of IV coxae ;
a fringe of curved ciliae on retrolateral margin of IV coxae; abdomen
oval, dark brown, no pattern, thickly covered with small, iridescent
scales and long coarse dark hairs, venter brown, with no hairs and
opening of posterior spiracle not conspicuous; legs, 1-3-4-2, IV right
missing, brown, femora darker, anterior pairs with many small irides-
cent scales and a few hairs, all patellae with prolateral and retrolateral
spines, all tibiae with a small dorsal basal spine, all ventral spines
long and heavy, I pair, enlarged, patella and tibia flattened dorsally,
spines, tibia, dorsal, 2-2, ventral, 2-2-2, prolateral, 1, retrolateral, 1,
metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, basal pair almost as long as joint, prolateral,
2, retrolateral, 2, II pair, spines same as on I pair but smaller, III and
IV pairs, metatarsi with distal and basal whorls; palpus, as long as
cephalothorax, same color as legs, with very few hairs but many strong
spines, femur rather short, patella longer than wide with a prolateral
and retrolateral spine, tibia not as long as patella, slightly swollen,
ventral side flat, with scattered hairs and a prolateral row of four stout
spines on distal half, a prolateral process at tip in line with spines,
tibial apophysis not as long as diameter of joint and heavier than
dorsal process, cymbium small, as long as tibia, bulb does not extend
on tibia, embolus a small spirial curve at tip.

Female. Length, 5.0 mm., ceph. 2.6 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, abd.
2.5 mm.

Cephalothorax and eyes same as in male; clypeus narrow, less than a
radius of a.m.e. ; mandibles vertical, brown, fang groove horizontal,
two small contiguous teeth on superior margin, one very sharp tooth
on inferior margin; sternum very narrow and small compared to size of
carapace; abdomen oval, thickly covered with white and brown hairs
in a vague pattern suggestive of Zygoballus; legs same as in male with
the same spines; epigynum, an oval depressed area, white, wider than
long, that shows little structure.

Allotype cf Haiti; Diquini, November 1912, (Mann), f. Peckham.

cf 9 Haiti; Port-au-Prince, (Crew), Banks Coll.
9 Haiti; Port-au-Prince, July 1941, (Audant)
9 juv. Haiti; Port-au-Prince, 2 October 1934, (Darlington)

Simon described the species from an immature female, larger than
any specimen seen. The cephalothorax is unusually high and broad.
The spines on the legs are interesting, as all patellae have a prolateral
and a retrolateral spine and all tibiae have a dorsal basal spine in both
male and female.

466 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Commoris Simon 1902
Commoris modesta spec. nov.
Figures 22, 23

Male. Length, 4.6 mm., ceph. 2.1 mm. long, 1.7 mm. wide, abd.
2.6 mm.

Cephahthorax brown, eye area covered with short white hairs that
continue in a converging stripe to posterior margin, a broad marginal
stripe of white hairs from a. I.e. to posterior margin, many long bristles
over anterior eye row, moderately high, ocular area flat, sides vertical
and parallel, a shallow median depression between dorsal eyes, thoracic
groove short and posterior to dorsal eyes, thoracic portion slightly
lower than cephalic until the posterior quarter when it falls abruptly
to margin; eyes, anterior row recurved by upper margins, a.m.e.
separated by a line, a. I.e. less than a radius of a.m.e. and separated
from them by a little more than a line, second row of eyes one third
nearer first than third row, p. I.e. convex, slightly larger than a. I.e. and
not on extreme margin of carapace; quadrangle narrower behind than
in front; clypeus less than a radius of a.m.e. with no hairs or scales but
a few long bristles on the margin; mandibles large, dark brown, thickly
covered with short white hairs, vertical, flat, very broad and slightly
divergent, outer margin with a slight carina, fang groove horizontal,
long, with a long sharp tooth at median edge which extends from
margin outward and slightly upward at a right angle to the groove,
below this tooth are two small teeth on superior margin, inferior mar-
gin with a large plate that covers almost half the margin, end nearer
base of fang longer, fang longer than groove and evenly curved; labium
dark brown, about as long as wide, tip rebordered; maxillae fully twice
as long as labium, tips slightly widened and outer margins rounded,
not prolonged in a lobe; sternum dark brown, convex, two-thirds as
wide as long, I coxae largest, separated by a little more than a diameter,
IV coxae touching; abdomen oval, more than twice as long as wide,
dorsum flat, dark brown, with many short white hairs and longer
colorless hairs, posterior half with indistinct pale chevrons, venter
paler than dorsum with short white hairs, openings of spiracle incon-
spicuous, spinnerets brown and closely grouped; legs, 4-1-3-2, not
differing greatly in length, brown, with short white hairs and many
dark hairs, I pair only slightly enlarged, femur flattened laterally,
spines, patella, prolateral, 1, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, middle pair not
opposite and all spines less than diameter of the joint, prolateral, 3,

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 467

not in line, retrolateral, 2, a scant fringe of black hairs between ventral
pairs, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2-2, lateral, 1-1, apical and very short,
II pair, spines, patella, prolateral, 1, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, prolateral,
2, retrolateral, 1, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2-2, basal pair very long,
lateral, 1-1, apical and small, III and IV pairs, patellae, lateral, 1-1,
tibiae with dorsal basal spine, III metatarsus, distal and median
whorls, IV metatarsus, distal, median and basal whorls; palpus
shorter than cephalothorax, femur and patella white and covered with
white hairs, tibia and cymbium dark brown, seen from above, patella
longer than tibia, tibial apophysis not quite as long as diameter of
joint, with a thick base and a slender incurved hook at tip, bulb ex-
tends on tibia, embolus a spiral curve at tip.

Holotype cf Dom. Rep.; Cordillera Central, Valle Nuevo, south-
east of Constanza, 7,000 feet, August 1938, (Darlington)

The genus Comvioris was based on a male of a single species, C.
cntoplognatha from Guadeloupe. The description of the genus is very
brief and is not expanded in the Histoire Naturelle des Araignees
that appeared about the same time, (June 1903). It differs from
Coryphasia, from Brazil, also described in the same paper, by two
pairs of very unequal lateral spines on the anterior metatarsi, the
apical pair are very short, the basal pair, long and resemble the ventral
spines.

In this collection, there is no specimen of C. cntoplognatha from
Guadeloupe, but there is a specimen from Dominica, (Foote), which
was identified by the Peckhams. This specimen agrees with the
original description of Simon, except for the arrangement of lateral
spines on the anterior metatarsi. There are three pairs of ventral
spines, and a pair of very short distal lateral spines. It is not im-
possible, that Simon mistook the second pair of ventral spines as
lateral, since he compares the length of the basal lateral spines with the
ventral. Three pairs of ventral spines is a very uncommon character
in the Saltiddae.

Commons modesta differs from C. cntoplognatha in the slightly smaller
size, darker color with many white hairs, but principally in that
C. modesta has the outer margin of the mandibles not as strongly curved
and the median tooth is longer and projects outward ; there is no hook
over the base of the fang.

Cybele albopalpis Peckham, described from a male from Jamaica, is
congeneric with Commons modesta. This species has three pairs of
ventral spines on the anterior metatarsi, and a fissident tooth on the
inferior margin of the fang groove.

468 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Compsodecta Simon 1902

Compsodecta haytiensis (Banks)

Figures 26, 28, 32, 33

Cybele haytiensis Banks, 1903, p. 344, pi. 15, figs. 1, 9, 12. "Hayti c? 9 "
Eustiromastix haytiensis Petrunkevitch, 1911, p. 650.

Male. Length, 4.6 mm., ceph. 2.3 mm., abd. 2.3 mm.

Cephalothorax pale brown, black about the eyes, cephalic portion
high, sides gently rounded, posterior margin about half that of the
anterior, a few white hairs on sides and between eyes of anterior row,
ocular area rounded, a recurved depression between posterior eyes,
thoracic groove starts on a line between dorsal eyes, thoracic portion
slopes gradually at first and then falls rapidly to posterior margin;
eyes cover more than two-fifth of carapace, p. I.e. not on extreme mar-
gin, anterior row straight by upper margins, a.m.e. large, convex,
separated by a little more than a line, a. I.e. about a radius of a.m.e.
and separated from them by less than a radius of a. I.e., small eyes a
little nearer a. I.e. than to p. I.e., dorsal eyes raised, convex and sub-
equal to a. I.e.; quadrangle not as wide behind as in front; clypeus very
narrow below a.m.e., less than one-half a radius of a.m.e., with a few
scattered white capitate hairs; mandibles dark brown, large, vertical,
flat, slightly divergent, both margins with a strong carina on basal
half, the one on the inner margin turns abruptly about the middle and
crosses to the exterior side, distal half of mandible slightly depressed,
with a faint carina at distal end oblique to the groove, a small thicken-
ing near base of fang, which in large specimens is a hook, fang groove
horizontal, superior margin with two continguous teeth, inferior
margin with one strong tooth nearer base of fang than teeth on opposite
margin, fang with a thick base and little longer than groove; labium
pale brown, longer than wide, with a deep lateral pit each side, on
basal half, as in Parahentzia; maxillae more than one and a half as long
as labium, basal half of exterior margin deeply excavate, tips widened
and lateral margins pointed ; sternum pale, two-thirds as wide as long,
narrowed to width of labium at anterior end and rounded posteriorly;
abdomen oval, nearly half as wide as long, pale, with very faint marks
on posterior half, venter dark; legs, 1-4-3-2, I pair heaviest, femur
dark brown, flattened laterally, the flattened area iridescent, other
joints pale, very few hairs, spines, patella, lateral, 1-1, tibia, ventral,
2-2-2, median pair not opposite, with a few dark hairs in area between*
spines, prolateral, 3, not in line, retrolateral, 3, not in line, metatarsus,

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 469

ventral, 2-2, basal pair more than half the length of the joint, lateral,
2-2, apical spines very short, II pair, pale, spines as on I pair, III and
IV pairs, pale, spines, patellae, lateral, 1-1, tibiae with dorsal, basal
spine, and a ventral median spine, metatarsi with distal and basal
whorls and on IV metatarsus, 1 median spine; palpus, shorter than
cephalothorax, light brown, tibia little longer than patella, both joints
with a slight fringe of short dark hairs, tibial apophysis longer than
diameter of joint, rather broad with an oblique tip which seen laterally
is pointed, bulb does not extend beyond cavity, embolus a spiral curve
at tip, ending beyond the cavity as figured.

Female, Length, 6.0 mm., ceph. 2.6 mm., abd. 3.2 mm.

Specimen has been dried and colors have disappeared.

Cephalothorax and eyes same as in male; mandibles pale brown,
vertical, with no indications of carina found in male ; margin of clypeus
with a fringe of long hairs; labium, maxillae and sternum as in male;
abdomen impossible to trace any color pattern; legs pale, spines as in
male.

Types cf 9 Haiti; Port-au-Prince, (Crew), Banks Coll.

3c? Haiti; Port-au-Prince, (Crew), Peckham Coll.
d1 Haiti; Port-au-Prince, 2 October 1934, (Darlington)

Mr. Banks placed this species in the genus Cybele and compared it
with Cybele albopalpis Peckham from Jamaica. Unfortunately, he
knew this latter species only from the very brief description and
the figures. The name Cybele is preoccupied (Low, 1845) in Crust-
acea so in 1902, Simon proposed Compsodeda for grisea, the second
species from Jamaica described by the Peckhams, and albopalpis has
been placed in the same genus. The two have little in common.
Compsodeda grisea has a single tooth on the inferior margin of the
fang groove, mandibles rather small, vertical, corrugate, with a dis-
tinct hook on the outer margin above the base of the fang, palpus with
patella elongate, with a lateral carina and an apophysis at distal end;
albopalpis also, has small mandibles that are vertical, but with no
hook above the base of the fang and a fissident tooth on the lower
margin of the fang groove and in the palpus, the patella is shorter than
the tibia, and has no carina or apophysis.

In the type specimen of C. haytiensis, the hook above the base of the
fang is not large and it was overlooked in the original description. In
the larger specimen from Port-au-Prince, collected by Darlington in
1934, the hook is very distinct and in the smaller specimen, it can be
traced as a swelling.

It can not be placed in the genus Eustiromastix as it has lateral

470 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

spines on the anterior metatarsi and the palpus has the tibia long, the
embolus a short curve at the tip of the bulb, while in the genotype of
Eustiromastix, the embolus is very long and encircles the bulb.

COMPSODECTA PECKHAMI Spec. nOV.

Figures 29, 31, 35

Male. Length, 6.6 mm., ceph. 3.0 mm. log, 2.5 mm. wide, abd. 3.6
mm.

Cephalothorax pale brown, with lateral thoracic margin shaded with
dark gray, cephalic portion very high, eye area flat with a recurved
depression between dorsal eyes from which starts the very short thor-
acic groove, sides rounded, thoracic portion slopes gradually for first
third and then abruptly to posterior margin, posterior margin about
one half width of anterior; eyes cover two-fifths of carapace, lateral
eyes heavily ringed with black, anterior row strongly recurved, with
orange-red hairs above eyes, a.m.e. very large and touching, a.l.e. less
than half the diameter of a.m.e. and separated from them by a radius
of the latter, upper margins of a.m.e. and a.l.e. form a slightly recurved
line, small eyes midway between first and third rows, dorsal eyes not
on extreme margin, raised from carapace and subequal with a.l.e.;
quadrangle as wide behind as in front; clypeus less than a radius of
a.m.e. and without hairs or scales; mandibles dark brown, vertical,
rather long, flat and corrugated, a small sharp tooth on outer margin
above the base of the fang, projects downward, fang groove short,
only slightly oblique, superior margin with two continguous teeth and
a distinct carina to base of fang, inferior margin with one sharp pointed
tooth, fang short with a heavy base; labium pale brown, longer than
wide, with a rebordered tip; maxillae more than twice as long as
labium, tip very much widened with a small tooth on outer upper
corner, palpus inserted on basal half; sternum pale, slightly convex,
two-thirds as wide as long, anteriorly truncate to width of labium and
rounded in front of IV coxae; abdomen more than twice as long as wide,
pale median stripe from base to spinnerets, in which are three or four
dark chevrons on posterior third, sides gray of about the same width
as the median stripe, venter with a broad dark median stripe from
pedicel to spinnerets; legs, I left and III right missing, 1-4-3-2, I pair
heaviest, with femur pale at base, gradually increasing in color until
the metatarsus is dark brown, tarsus pale, spines, all patellae with
prolateral and retrolateral spines, I tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, middle pair
not opposite, prolateral, 3, not in line, retrolateral, 3, not in line, meta-

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 471

tarsus, ventral, 2-2, lateral, 2-2, II pair paler, spines same as on I pair
but not as large, III and IV pairs, pale, tibiae with dorsal basal spine,
IV metatarsus, with apical whorl of 5 spines and an interrupted basal
whorl; palpus longer than cephalothorax, femur very slender with a
retrolateral basal serrate carina and a crest of white hairs on distal
half, patella more than half as long as femur, much wider, flattened
dorsally, with a prolateral spur or tooth, near tip, as long as greatest
diameter of joint, that extends forward and upward, a prolateral
spine below base of spur, tibia not as long as patella, flattened on pro-
lateral side with a crest of short black hairs, tibial apophysis not as long
as diameter of the joint, terminal joint not as long as tibia, embolus a
spiral curve at tip, bulb confined to cavity and relatively small.

Holotype cT Haiti; foot hills northeast of Massif de la Hotte,
3,000-4,000 feet, October 1934, (Bates).

Simon proposed this genus for two species described by the Peckhams
from Jamaica as Cybcle. It is not improbable, that the Peckhams sent
specimens of grisea to Simon, for they had several, but albopalpis
was described from a unique male, and Simon was familiar with it only
from the figures and the very brief description. The two species belong
to separate genera.

Compsodecta peckhami is very similar to C. grisea. The hook on the
outer margin of the mandibles is small but the palpus is very charac-
teristic. The patella is half as long as the femur, flattened dorsally,
with a long process that extends onto the tibia. The tibia is shorter
than the patella, flattened on the prolateral side, with a crest of short
black hairs on distal half. The terminal joint is short and the palpal
organ is small.

CORYTHALIA C. Koch 1850
CORYTHALIA ELEGANTISSIMA (Simon)

Figures 27, 30, 44
Dynamius elegantissima Simon, 1888, p. 205. " 9 San Domingo"

Male. Length, 5.5 mm., ceph. 2.5 mm. long, 2.0 mm. wide, abd.
2.5 mm.

Cephalothorax brown, darker about eyes, small white scales on
lateral margins, between eye rows and in two parallel stripes from
p. I.e. to posterior margins, carapace high, sides rounded, widest pos-
terior to dorsal eyes, a recurved depression between dorsal eyes from
which starts thoracic groove, thoracic portion on same plane as cephalic
until very near posterior margin, when it falls abruptly ; eyes, anterior

472 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

row recurved by upper margins, a.m.e. separated by little more than a
line, a. I.e. about a radius of a.m.e. and separated from them by a
radius of a. I.e., fringe of long bristles above anterior eye row, small
eyes about midway between first and third rows, dorsal eyes not on
extreme margin of carapace, slightly smaller than a. I.e. ; quadrangle of
eyes slightly narrower behind than in front; clypeus retreating, about
equal to a radius of a.m.e., with no hairs or scales, but a group of long
bristles between a.m.e.; mandibles dark brown, small, cone-shaped,
fang groove very short, margins poorly defined, no teeth on either
margin, fang short with a very heavy base; labium pale, longer than
wide, tip narrower than base; maxillae pale, one and a half times as
long as labium, tips only slightly widened; sternum brown, slightly
convex, narrowed between I coxae, two-thirds as wide as long, IV
coxae touching; abdomen oval, a basal band of brilliant orange-red
scales and a narrow median stripe of white scales, each side is an
elongate black spot of black scales broken on the sides by a diagonal
pale stripe, venter with three vague brown stripes from fold to spin-
nerets, opening of posterior spiracle inconspicuous, spinnerets closely
grouped; legs, 3-4-1-2, I left and III right missing, first three pairs
heavily fringed with black hairs, I pair dark, almost black, femur with
a scant prolateral and a retrolateral fringe on distal half, patella with a
prolateral fringe, tibia and metatarsus with prolateral fringe and a
thinner dorsal crest of shorter hairs on the same joints, dorsal side of
patella and tibia strongly iridescent with a few iridescent scales, spines,
patella, prolateral, 1, tibia, ventral, 2, apical, lr, lr, prolateral, 2, retro-
lateral, 2, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, apical and submedian, prolateral, 2,
retrolateral, 2, II pair, fringes and crests same as on I pair but heavier,
spines same as on I pair but longer, III pair, with heaviest fringe,
prolateral fringe on patella, tibia and metatarsus and a dorsal crest
on tibia and metatarsus, spines, patella, lateral, 1-1, tibia, no dorsal
basal spine, metatarsus, distal whorl complete, because of the heavy
fringe, median and basal whorls can not be seen, IV pair with no
fringe, spines, patella, lateral, 1-1, tibia, a dorsal basal spine fully
twice the diameter of the joint, ventral, 2, apical, median, 1, dorsal,
2-2-2, metatarsus, distal and median whorls complete, basal whorl
incomplete ; tibia and metatarsus shorter than corresponding joints of
III pair; palpus shorter than cephalothorax, pale, with coarse black
hairs, patella slightly longer than wide, tibia less than half as long as
patella, tibial apophysis slender and close to cymbium, terminal joint
as long as femur, bulb extends slightly on tibia, embolus a long, slender
black spine from a median depression at tip of bulb.

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 473

Female. Length, 6.0 mm., ceph. 3.0 mm. long, 2.1 mm. wide, abd.
3.1 mm.

Cephalothorax deep chestnut-brown, ocular area darker, scattered
white scales on lateral margins, ocular area and thoracic slope, widest
posterior to dorsal eyes, circular depression between dorsal eyes from
which starts the short thoracic groove; eyes as in male; clypeus about
the diameter of a.m.e., covered with short white scales; mandibles
mahogany brown, vertical, cone-shaped, with a few dark hairs and
white scales on median margin, fang groove short, no teeth on either
margin but a scopula of black bristles on upper margin, fang short;
labium pale, longer than wide; maxillae twice as long as labium, sides
parallel, tips not widened; sternum, brown; abdomen oval, a basal band
of orange-red scales that disappears on the sides about the middle,
and a narrow median stripe of white that almost reaches the tip of the
abdomen, on each side are elongate black spots covered with black
scales with a short diagonal lateral stripe of yellowish scales that does
not reach the median stripe, venter dull yellow with three faint darker
stripes; legs, 3-4-1-2, with no fringes, brown, with darker hairs and
white scales, anterior pairs heavier, spines, I pair, patella, prolateral,
1, tibia, ventral, apical, 2, lr, prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 2, metatarsus,
ventral, 2-2, prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 1, I pair, patella, prolateral, 1,
tibia, ventral, apical, 2, lr, lr, prolateral, 3, not in line, retrolateral,
0, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, lateral, 2, posterior pairs, tibiae, dorsal,
basal spine, III metatarsus, apical and median whorls, IV metatarsus,
apical, medican whorls complete, basal whorl incomplete; cpigynum,
area wider than long, divided by a long slender septum, openings
apparently at anterior end, each side of septum.

Allotype c? Haiti; Ouest, Kenskoff, 4,300 feet, (Roys)
9 Haiti; Ouest, Kenskoff, 4,300 feet, (Roys)
9 Haiti; Furcy, base of Mt. Bronette, 23 March 1940,
(Folk)

9 Haiti; Kenskoff, 2 September 1934, (Darlington)
9 Haiti; Ennery, 30 September 1934, (Darlington)
9 Haiti ; foot hills, 3,000-4,000 feet, northeast Massif de la
Hotte, October 1934, (Darlington)

The genus Corythalia was based by C. L. Koch on the species
latipes from Brazil. It is a large heavy spider, with the leg formula
3-4-1-2, and the first three pairs of legs heavily fringed. The third and
fourth tibiae have a long ventral median basal spine. This spine
probably is not a generic character, as it is found in some species of
Habronattus and in other species of Corythalia, such as placidus

474 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Peckham, (Dynamius). In the genotype, the palpus is relatively short,
with the patella longer than the tibia, the embolus forms almost a
complete circle at the tip and the bulb extends beyond the cavity and
rests on the tibia.

Unfortunately, many species have been placed in the genus that do
not belong there. Some have no fringes on any legs, and some have
the first leg longer than the third, and the palpi are of all possible
types. The two species from Hispaniola that have been referred to
the genus Corythalia, do not belong there in the strict sense, but it
is thought best to leave them in that genus, until the Salticid genera of
the West Indies are better understood.

Corythalia locuples (Simon)

Figures 37, 38, 43

Habrocestum locuples Simon, 1888, p. 203. " 9 San Domingo"
Prosthesima signata Banks, 1903, p. 341, (nee signata Banks 1901)
Prosthesima morgani Banks, 1903, p. 341, {nee Peckham 1909)

Male. Length, 5.5 mm., ceph. 3.0 mm. long, 2.1 mm. wide, abd.
2.4 mm.

Cepkalothorax chestnut-brown, eye area much darker, scattered
iridescent white scales posterior to first eye row, about small eyes and
on flat thoracic portion, cephalic portion high, eye area flat, sides
almost parallel, slightly wider posterior to dorsal eyes, a shallow
recurved depression between dorsal eyes from which starts the well
marked thoracic groove, thoracic portion level with eye area for
almost half the distance, when it falls sharply to posterior margin;
eyes cover a little more than one-third of carapace, anterior row re-
curved by upper margins, a.m.e. almost touching, separated from a.l.e.
by less than a radius of latter, a.l.e. about a radius of a.m.e., a row of
long bristles above anterior row of eyes, small eyes midway between
first and third rows, dorsal eyes not on extreme margin of carapace,
convex, and larger than a.l.e. and raised from carapace; quadrangle
of eyes same width behind as in front; clypeus retreating, about as
wide as diameter of a.m.e., with no hairs or scales but a group of bristles
above and between a.m.e.; mandibles conical, with front surface
flattened and covered with iridescent green scales, fang groove short,
with margins indistinct, no teeth on either margin, fang short with a
very heavy base; labium pale, longer than wide at base, with lateral
margins on distal half much inclined; maxillae two-thirds longer than
labium, upper margins rounded and widened but upper outer corner

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 475

not prolonged in a lobe; sternum pale brown, almost as wide as long,
(3.0 : 3.5), anteriorly little wider than labium, ending in an obtuse
point in front of IV coxae, all coxae same color as sternum; abdomen
oval, fawn-color, thickly covered with iridescent scales, two pairs of
large black spots in middle half, the color from black scales, spots
separated by a narrow median stripe and a narrow cross bar of brilliant
iridescent green scales, entire abdomen with scattered long black
bristles, venter a dull brown, with no scales or long hairs, no lobe over
opening of posterior spiracle; spinnerets long and closely grouped;
legs, 3-4-1-2, not differing greatly in length, all coxae can be seen from
above and covered with iridescent scales, I pair only slightly enlarged,
dark brown with many long hairs and a prolateral fringe of black hairs
on patella and tibia and a scanter retrolateral crest on the same joints,
dorsal surface of patella and tibia a faint iridescent purple, spines,
patella, prolateral, 1, tibia, dorsal, 0, ventral, 2-2-2, prolateral, 2,
retrolateral, 2, lateral spines opposite ventral, metatarsus, ventral,
2-2, prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 2, II pair brown, patella and tibia
flattened laterally with a purple iridescence, prolateral fringe of black
hairs on patella and tibia and a retrolateral crest of short, clavate
black hairs on same joints, both fringe and crest extend into metatar-
sus, spines same as on I pair, III pair, fringe on patella, tibia and meta-
tarsus much heavier and hairs longer, dorsal crest on tibia and meta-
tarsus of clavate hairs, spines, patella, prolateral, 1, retrolateral, 1,
tibial and metatarsal spines hidden by fringe but apparently no dorsal
basal spine on tibia, IV pair brown, with no fringe, spines scattered,
patella, prolateral, 1, retrolateral, 1, a dorsal basal spine on tibia, an
apical and median whorl on metatarsus; palpus shorter than cephalo-
thorax, brown, patella twice as long as tibia, both joints thickly
covered with white iridescent scales, terminal joint as long as tibia plus
patella, covered with long coarse hairs, bulb extends on tibia, with
tube very distinct, embolus a very short thick black spine at tip.

Female. Length, 6.5 mm., ceph. 3.0 mm. long, 2.0 mm. wide, abd.
3.5 mm.

Same as male except for the legs. Legs, 3-4-1-2, brown, not fringed,
spines, I pair, patella, prolateral, 1, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, prolateral,

1, retrolateral, 1, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, prolateral, 2, retrolateral,

2, II pair, patella, prolateral, 1, tibia, ventral, 2, distal, lr, lr, pro-
lateral, 1, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 2, III
and IV pairs, patellae, lateral, 1-1, tibiae, dorsal basal spine, meta-
tarsi, distal whorl complete, median and basal whorls incomplete;
epigynnm, a narrow median septum with small openings each side less

476 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

than their diameter above the fold, these open into tubes that are
parallel to septum and enter the spermatheca near the anterior end,
the position of the spermatheca evidently varies, as in some specimens
they almost touch the fold and in others they are some distance above.
Allotype d Haiti; swamp north of Dessalines, 11 August 1934,
(Darlington)

9 Haiti; Peckham Coll., (Banks)
d 9 Haiti; Trou Caiman, 4 September 1934, (Bates)
d 9 Haiti; Ennery, 10 September 1934, (Darlington)
d Haiti; Etang La Chaux, 27 October 1934, (Darlington)
d 9 Haiti; Port-au-Prince, 4-5 September 1934, (Darlington)
d Haiti; Mt. Basil, 9 September 1934, (Darlington)
d Haiti; hills near Port-au-Prince, 2,000 feet, 12 October 1934,
(Darlington)

d Haiti; Ouset, Kenskoff, 4,300 feet, (Roys)
d Dom. Rep.; San Lorenzo, Samana Bay, 26 April 1934, (Uto-
wana Exped.)

Descanso Peckham 1892

Descanso formosus spec, now

Figures 34, 41, 53

Male. Length, 5.0 mm., ceph. 2.1 mm., abd. 2.6 mm.

Cephalothorax black about anterior portion and dorsal eyes and dark
on posterior slopes, cephalic portion posterior to eyes a bright brown,
many small white scales about eyes, cephalic portion covers over half
the carapace, flat, with a slight depression behind dorsal eyes, then a
distinct swelling, no thoracic groove, thoracic portion falls abruptly
in a concave slope to posterior margin, anterior margin twice the width
of posterior; eyes, anterior row recurved by upper margins, a.m.e.
separated by a line, more than twice the diameter of a. I.e., a. I.e.
separated from a.m.e. by a radius of a. I.e., small eyes minute, one-
third nearer first than third row, dorsal eyes on extreme margin of
carapace, raised, convex, larger than a. I.e. and directed backward;
quadrangle narrower in front and as long as wide behind; clypeus brown,
less than one-half radius of a.m.e., with a thin covering of white hairs
and a fringe of long white hairs on the margin; mandibles dark brown,
small, flat, with scattered white scales and a sharp carina on outer
margin that ends in a small tooth above the base of the fang, fang
groove slightly oblique, rather short, superior margin with two con-
tiguous teeth on median edge, inferior margin with a broad bicuspid

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS

477

tooth, fang short with a heavy base; labium dark brown, as wide as
long, with a rebordered tip; maxillae dark brown, almost twice as long
as labium, tips rounded and not dilate ; pedicel chitinized, can be seen
from dorsal side; sternum dark brown, slightly convex, smooth, tri-
angular, fully twice as long as wide, between I coxae narrowed to less
than width of labium, pointed in front of IV coxae, I coxae brown,
enlarged, separated by less than half a diameter, II and III coxae pale,
IV coxae brown and touching; abdomen oval, more than twice as long
as wide, basal third constricted and covered with a brown scutum,
followed by a narrow, transverse pale band at constriction, remainder
of abdomen completely covered by a dark brown scutum, a vague
dark gray shading in middle of cross pale band, sides white, with two
pairs of gray spots, the smaller, anterior to cross band and the larger
posterior to it, venter with a basal scutum to fold that is not con-
nected with the dorsal scutum, a broad gray stripe from fold to spin-
nerets; legs, 4-1-2-3, I pair much enlarged, brown, hairs very small,
femur laterally compressed with a distinct dorsal ridge, patella and
tibia flattened dorsally, but not angulate, seen from above patella
longer than tibia, tibia two-thirds as wide as long, metatarsus not as
long as tibia, spines, no spines on patellae, no dorsal basal spine on
tibiae, I pair, femur, dorsal, 2 small spines at tip, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2,
middle retrolateral spine largest, basal retrolateral spine smallest,
metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, distal and submedian, distal retrolateral
largest, II pair slender, pale, prolateral dark stripe on patella, tibia
and metatarsus, spines, femur, dorsal, 2, tibia, ventral, lr-lr-lr,
metatarsus, lr-lr, III pair, pale, with a dark prolateral stripe on
femur, patella, tibia and base of metatarsus, spines, femur, dorsal, 3
at tip, tibia, ventral, Ip at tip, retrolateral 1, metatarsus, ventral, lr,
at tip, 2 median but not opposite, IV pair, femur brown, other joints
pale with a dark prolateral stripe on patella, tibia and metatarsus,
spines, femur, dorsal, 3 at tip, middle, lp. tibia, ventral, distal, lp,
basal, lp, metatarsus, ventral, apex, 2, middle, 2; palpus about half
as long as cephalothorax, pale, femur flattened laterally, with a sharp
ventral carina, patella flattened dorsally, two-thirds as wide as long,
tibia less than half as long as patella, with a few white scales, tibial
apophysis dark, almost as long as joint, rather broad and heavy,
cymbium longer than tibia plus patella, scattered white scales, bulb
does not extend on tibia, embolus confined to distal third, forms almost
a complete circle, ending in a straight point near tip of cymbium. ■

Female. Length, 4.5 mm., ceph. 1.6 mm., abd. 2.5 mm.

Cephalothorax, eyes and clypeus the same as in male, but fewer hairs

478 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

on clypeus and no fringe on margin; mandibles pale, small, weak,
vertical, anterior surface convex, no carina or tooth on outer margin,
fang groove short, superior margin with two contiguous teeth, fol-
lowed by a scopula of coarse hairs to base of fang, inferior margin
with a bicuspid tooth, fang with a heavy base; labium, maxillae and
sternum same as in male; I coxae pale and not as large as in male;
abdomen oval, not constricted, no scutum, the pale transverse band
found in the male reduced to a pair of widely separated spots and the
vague shaded area of the male is a large dark brown triangle with the
apex directed forward, posterior third a dark brown, anterior muscle
spots a pair of brown dots, the lateral stripes of the male are reduced
to a pair of diagonal pale spots, venter gray with a large dark brown
spot on posterior quarter; legs, 4-1-2-3, I pair pale brown, not as
much enlarged as in the male, same arrangement of spines, but each
spine much larger and from a raised base, II pair pale, with a broad
dark stripe, spines, tibia, ventral, lr-lr, III and IV pairs, pale with a
prolateral stripe on femora, patellae, tibiae and metatarsi, no spines;
palps short, terminal joint enlarged, tibia and last joints white, so that
palps are conspicuous; epigynum rather large for the size of the spider,
two broad transverse ovals, with heavily chitinized margins, separated
by a narrow septum, middle of ovals white and depressed, openings
apparently at ends of tubes that project into white areas from the
posterior margins.

Holotype c? Haiti; Trou Caiman, 4 September 1934, (Darlington)
Allotype 9 Haiti; La Visite, 6,000-7,000 feet, 16-23 September
1934, (Darlington)

Paratype 9 Dom. Rep.; Loma Viega, Cordillera Central, south of
Constanza, 6,000 feet, August 1938, (Darlington)

Paratype 9 Dom. Rep.; Altagracia, July 1938, (Darlington)
The genus Descanso was based by the Peckhams in 1892, on two
species, both known only from females, Descanso vagus from Santarem,
and Descanso chapada from Chapada, Brazil. The descriptions are
rather brief and no mention is made of the dentition of either species.
The type of the genus was not designated until Simon redescribed it in
the Histoire Naturelle des Araignees, 1901, 2, p. 533 and selected the
first species as the type. The types of both species are in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology Collection. Descanso vagus is in very poor
condition. Most of the legs are missing as well as the mandibles and
it is evidently more than one moult from maturity. There is a distinct
depression of the carapace posterior to the dorsal eyes, which Mr.
Emerton did not show in the figure. In the original description,

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 479

Peckham notes the deep notch on the lateral margin just posterior to
the eyes. This is very conspicuous. The first leg, which is greatly en-
larged, has the patella and tibia of equal length, both flattened on the
dorsal side, but with no carina. The abdomen shows a slight depres-
sion at the basal third but there is no indication of a scutum.

In 1890, Simon described the genus Consingis for a male found near
Rio, Brazil. It is not impossible that this genus is a synonym of
Descanso, as it is described with a fissident tooth on the lower margin
of the fang groove. The quadrangle of eyes is wider behind, the ceph-
alic portion is carried beyond the dorsal eyes, the thoracic portion
slopes abruptly to the posterior margin, the first pair of legs are en-
larged with femur compressed laterally, patella and tibia of equal
length and both flattened on the dorsal side and the fourth pair of legs
spineless.

The male and female of Descanso formosus were not found together,
but the markings, the enlargement of the first leg, with the same
number of spines, the few spines on the posterior pairs, and the de-
pression of the cephalothorax posterior to the dorsal eyes are the same
• n both. The male is larger than the female, but that is not uncommon
among ant-like spiders. It probably has a wide distribution on His-
paniola, as females have been found in three localities.

It is not impossible that the genus Peckhamia Simon, 1901, based
on scorpionea Hentz, will prove to be a synonym of Descanso, also.

Descanso magnus spec. nov.
Figure 36

Female. Length, 5.0 mm., ceph. 2.2 mm., abd. 3.0 mm.

Cephalothorax dark brown, black between first and second eye rows,
with scattered small white scales, almost twice as long as wide, sides
nearly parallel, cephalic portion covers four-fifths of carapace, eye
area flat, with a deep transverse depression posterior to dorsal eyes,
followed by a swollen area, no thoracic groove, thoracic portion falls
abruptly to posterior margin in a concave slope ; eyes cover about half
the carapace, area as long as wide behind, anterior row of eyes re-
curved, a.m.e. more than twice the diameter of a.l.e., a.m.e. separated
by a line, and from a.l.e. by a little more, second row of eyes one-third
nearer first than third row, dorsal eyes on extreme margin of carapace,
each raised and larger than a.l.e.; quadrangle slightly wider behind
than in front; clypeus equals a radius of a.m.e., strongly retreating,
with projecting white hairs, not scales; mandibles dark brown, small,

480 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

cone-shaped, flat, fang groove short, with a small bicuspid tooth on
inferior margin, fang short, from a heavy base; palpi dark, terminal
joint enlarged, patella and tibia flattened dorsally, patella as long as
tibia; labium dark, as long as wide, with a rebordered white tip;
sternum dark, triangular, two-thirds as wide as long, flat, narrowed
between I coxae to width of labium and pointed in front of IV coxae ;
pedicel short and can not be seen from above; abdomen twice as long
as wide, basal third constricted, strongly convex, covered with a dark
scutum, sparsely clothed with white scales, remaining two-thirds
wider, with dorsum flattened, a wide median dark stripe and slightly
narrower white lateral stripes each side, entire abdomen with short
colorless hairs, venter dark, with basal ends of lateral stripes curved on
basal half, spinnerets small and inconspicuous; legs, 4-1-2-3, dark
brown, with I and II metatarsi white, II tibia pale, III tarsus white,
IV trochanter and patella white, I pair enlarged, femur flattened later-
ally, no spines, patella as long as tibia, both joints flattened dorsally,
but with no carina on either margin, spines, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, strong
but not equal to diameter of the joint, each from a raised base, meta-
tarsus, ventral, 2-2, long and heavy, distal and submedian, II pair,
slender, no spines on femur or patella, tibia, ventral, 2-2, long and
slender, basal and median, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, slender and
weak, no spines on posterior pairs; epigynum, two transverse ovals,
separated by a narrow chitinized septum, lateral margins heavily
chitinized, no structure can be seen.

Holotype 9 Dom. Rep.; Jarabacoa, 2 August 1938, (Darlington),
found with ants having similar abdominal marks.

Descanso montanus spec. nov.
Figure 40

Male. Length, 3.7 mm., ceph. 1.6 mm., abd. 2.0 mm.

Cephalothorax dark brown with scattering long white hairs, sides
almost parallel, moderately high, a slight depression posterior to dorsal
eyes, followed by a convex area, posterior margin rolled back and about
half as wide as the anterior margin, no thoracic groove, thoracic slope
not concave; eyes, cover almost half the carapace, anterior row of eyes
recurved, so that a line drawn from upper margins of a.m.e. would pass
through the middle of a.l.e., a.m.e. touching, a.l.e. separated from
a.m.e. by a line and less than a radius of a.m.e., small eyes nearer
first than third row, eyes flat and only slightly smaller than a.l.e.,
dorsal eyes on extreme margin of carapace, convex, larger than a.l.e. ;

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 481

quadrangle of eyes slightly wider behind than in front, and as long as
wide; clypeus retreating and below a.m.e. less than a radius of a.m.e.,
with a few white hairs; mandibles brown, vertical, weak, fang groove
short, horizontal, superior margin with two contiguous teeth, inferior
margin with one large bicuspid tooth, fang longer than groove ; labium,
brown, tip rebordered, about as long as wide; maxillae more than twice
as long as labium, slightly divergent, brown, with median third pale;
sternum brown, narrowed to width of labium between I coxae, convex,
shining, pointed in front of IV coxae, which are narrowly separated,
coxae pale,. I coxae much the largest; pedicel dark brown, chitinized
and can be seen between cephalothorax and abdomen; abdomen brown,
with scattered white hairs, basal third narrowed and constricted,
distal two-thirds swollen and larger, venter brown, with a basal scutum
ending at fold, spinnerets small and closely grouped; legs, 4-3-1-2, I
pair enlarged, femur brown, laterally compressed, patella and tibia
flattened dorsally but with no carina, patella little shorter than tibia,
spines, femur, dorsal, 2 small spines near tip, patella, 0, tibia ventral
2-2-2, all less than diameter of joint and from a raised base, metatar-
sus, ventral, 2-2, II pair pale, with a prolateral dark line on femur,
patella and tibia, metatarsus dark, spines very small, femur, 2 distal,
tibia, ventral, 2 distal, lr-lr, metatarsus, ventral, 2 distal, 1 subbasal,
posterior pairs pale and almost spineless; palpus shorter than cephalo-
thorax, femur brown, patella pale, flattened dorsally, more than twice
as long as tibia, tibial apophysis broad with an incurved tip that rests
against cymbium, embolus confined to distal third, forms almost a
complete circle, with tip thickened and twisted, very similar to Peck-
hamia variegata (F. Cambr.)

Holotype c? Dora. Rep. ; Cordillera Central, Constanza to Jarabacoa
2,000-4,000 feet, August 1938, (Darlington)

Descanso monianus is smaller than D. formosus and has the thoracic
slope much longer and not concave. The cephalothorax is not widened
posterior to the dorsal eyes. Both species have the first pair of legs
greatly enlarged, with the tibial spines from a raised base. The ab-
domen is constricted at basal third and the palpus is of the same type,
with the tibia shorter than the patella.

Dinattus gen. no v.

Cephalothorax high, (in male with a triangular lobe below lateral
eyes, so that the greatest width is more than length), a deep recurved
transverse depression between dorsal eyes, thoracic groove short;

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eye area covers less than two-fifths of carapace, anterior row recurved
by upper margins, eyes equidistant, small eyes nearer first than third
row, p. I.e. elevated; quadrangle same width in front as behind; clypeus
almost wanting below a.m.e., with no hairs or scales, three long bristles
below a.m.e. in male; mandibles vertical, small, fang groove short, one
tooth on each margin, fang short from a thick base; labium not as long
as wide; maxillae one-third longer than labium, and in male with tip
dilate; legs in both male and female, 1-4-3-2, I pair only slightly
enlarged, spines, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, distal, median and basal, middle
pair not opposite, prolateral, 3, not in line, retrolateral, 2, metatarsus,
ventral, 2-2-2, basal pair very long, prolateral, 1, retrolateral, 1, both
distal, III and IV tibiae with dorsal basal spine, III metatarsus with
apical whorl, IV metatarsus with apical and median whorls; palpus not
as long as cephalothorax, tibia shorter than patella, cymbium twice as
long as tibia, bulb extends in a constricted lobe on tibia, embolus a
curved spine at tip ; many iridescent scales on coxae and on legs of both
male and female.

Type Dinattus hews spec. nov.

The genus Dinattus differs from Agobardus by the small vertical
mandibles with a small tooth on the lower margin, (not bicuspid).
Both genera have three pairs of spines on the anterior metatarsi.

Dinattus heros spec. nov.
Figures 39, 47, 50, 54

Male. Length, 6.0 mm., ceph. 3.1 mm. long, 4.0 mm. wide, abd.
3.0 mm.

Cephalothorax chestnut-brown, eye area much darker, cephalic
portion moderately high, flat, with a large triangular lobe projecting
each side from lateral eyes, so that greatest width at that part is more
than length of carapace, a crest of short black hairs from margin of
lobe to eye area, seen from the front, the lobe appears flattened with
rounded margins, a cluster of three long, curved bristles behind a. I.e.
and one long trichobothria anterior to p. I.e. and another posterior to
the same eye, a few white iridescent scales between eyes of anterior
row and on lateral margins of eye area, lateral margins curved from the
triangular lobe to posterior margin, so that posterior margin is about
one half the anterior, a deep recurved transverse depression between
eyes of third row from which starts the well defined thoracic groove,
thoracic area rounded a slight distance behind groove and then falls

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 483

abruptly to posterior margin; eyes, ocular area covers less than two-
fifths of carapace, anterior row strongly recurved by upper margins,
eyes equidistant, a.m.e. separated by little more than a line, a. I.e.
about two-thirds the diameter of a.m.e., eyes of second row nearer
first than third row, p. I.e. slightly larger than a.l.e., elevated from eye
area and directed slightly backward; quadrangle the same width in
front as behind; clypeus almost wanting below a.m.e., with no hairs or
scales but three long bristles below a.m.e.; mandibles dark brown,
vertical, moderately large, front surface flat and iridescent with a
carina on each margin, outer margin convex, middle margin excavate
on distal half, fang groove short with margins poorly defined, superior
margin with one long sharp tooth and a scopula of black hairs to base
of fang, inferior margin with one sharp tooth, smaller than tooth on
opposite margin, fang with a heavy base; labium dark brown, not
quite as long as wide at base, sides inclined; maxillae paler than
labium, about one-third longer, tip greatly widened and rounded with
a small tooth or lobe on upper outer margin; sternum pale brown,
slightly convex, almost as wide as long, (3.5 :4.0), anteriorly little
wider than labium, lateral margins emarginate and squarely truncate
in front of fourth coxae; abdomen oval, flat, dark gray, with six in-
distinct chevrons on posterior half, entire abdomen covered with short
white iridescent scales which change to green in light, and scattered
long dark hairs, anterior muscle spots distinct, spinnerets long and
closely grouped, venter pale, shaded with gray, a pair of small but very
distinct black dots at base of inferior spinnerets, opening of posterior
spiracle marked by a curved chitinized lobe; posterior coxae seen from
above, thickly covered with large white iridescent scales; legs, 1-4-3-2,
I pair of legs heaviest, brown, femur very dark on ventral and pro-
lateral sides, flattened laterally, with scattered white scales, patella
and tibia with a prolateral brush of short, clavate black hairs, patella
two-thirds as long as tibia, metatarsus shorter than tibia, spines,
femur, 3 small apical dorsal spines, patella, prolateral, 1, tibia, ventral,
2-2-2, middle pair not opposite, prolateral, 3 small spines not in line,
retrolateral, 2, smaller than ventral spines, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2-2,
prolateral, 1 small distal, retrolateral, 1 small distal, II pair pale, with
femur dark on ventral and prolateral sides, spines, patella, prolateral,
1, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, median pair not opposite, prolateral, 1, retro-
lateral, 2, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2-2, prolateral, 1, retrolateral, 1,
III pair, pale, spines, patella, lateral, 2, tibia, 1 very small dorsal basal
spine, ventral, 2 apical, prolateral, 3, retrolateral, 3, metatarsus, apical
whorl, IV pair, pale with broken dark rings on tibia and metatarsus,

484 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

spines, patella, lateral, 2, tibia, 1 very small dorsal basal spine, ventral,

2 apical, sub-basal, 1, prolateral, 3, retrolateral, 3, metatarsus with
apical and median whorls ; palpus not as long as cephalothorax, femur
dark and slender, patella pale and thickly covered with white irides-
cent scales, tibia pale, two-thirds as long as patella, ventral and lateral
sides with coarse black hairs, tibial apophysis inconspicuous, pressed
close to cymbium, terminal joint twice as long as tibia, very slender and
covered with coarse black hairs, bulb protruding in a distinct lobe on
tibia, embolus a curved black spiral at tip, ending in a groove.

Female. Length, 6.1 mm., ceph. 3.1 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, abd.
3.0 mm.

Cephalothorax chestnut-brown, much darker in eye area, lateral
margins below eyes slightly rounded in place of the triangular lobe
found in the male, so that anterior portion of cephalothorax appears
truncate, transverse recurved depression between dorsal eyes as in
male, posterior area darker; eyes same as in male; clypeus below a.m.e.
less than half a radius of that eye, no scales or hairs, but three long
bristles as in male; mandibles pale brown, vertical, rounded in front,
smooth, no hairs or bristles, exterior margin rounded but no carina,
median margin slightly excavate, fang groove short, teeth and scopula
as in male; labium and sternum as in male; maxillae about one-third
longer than labium, slightly inclined, with tips and outer margins
rounded, palpi inserted on basal half; abdomen same as in male, dark
covered with small iridescent scales and long dark hairs, venter and
sides pale, with gray spots, no chitinized lobe over opening of spiracle;
legs, 1-4-3-2, pale, I pair heaviest, spines same as in male on all pairs,
spines easily seen as joints are pale and I pair has no brush of dark
hairs on tibia and patella; palpi pale, dorsal side of tibia and patella
with many iridescent scales, terminal joint with long dark hairs and
a dorsal crest of longer white hairs; all coxae with dorsal white
iridescent scales; epigynum, two large circular depressions, separated
by a narrow septum, small dark openings at posterior margins of de-
pressions.

Holotype cf Haiti; foot hills northeast of La Hotte, 4,000 feet,

3 October 1934, (Darlington)

Allotype 9 Haiti; foot hills northeast of de la Massif de la Hotte,
3,000-4,000 feet, October 1934, (Darlington)

Paratype 9 Haiti; La Hotte, Roche Croix, 13 October 1934,
(Darlington)

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 485

Dinattus erebus spec. nov.
Figure 51

Female. Length, 5.0 mm., eeph. 2.5 mm., abd. 2.5 mm.

Cephalothorax dark brown, ocular area black, no scales and a very
few hairs, sides parallel and vertical, thoracic groove short in a circular
depression slightly posterior to dorsal eyes, thoracic slope rapid pos-
terior to groove, cephalic portion moderately high; eyes, anterior row
recurved, eyes equidistant, a.m.e. separated by a little more than a
line, a. I.e. more than a radius of a.m.e., small eyes midway between
first and third rows, dorsal eyes subequal with a. I.e., convex and on
margin of carapace; quadrangle as wide behind as in front; clypeus
more than a radius of a.m.e., with no hairs or scales; mandibles dark
brown, vertical, rather small, fang groove short, superior margin with
one large tooth near median margin and three long bristles near base
of fang that are almost parallel to margin, inferior margin with one
sharp tooth opposite tooth on upper margin, fang longer than groove;
labium brown, slightly longer than wide, tip narrowed; maxillae not
much longer than labium; sternum pale brown, convex, almost as wide
as long, slightly narrowed between I coxae, IV coxae subcontiguous;
abdomen oval, dark gray with scattered elongate iridescent scales and
a few long dark bristles, venter with three dark converging stripes,
spinnerets rather short, compact; legs, 4-3-1-2, light brown, no
markings, I pair slightly enlarged, spines, patella, 0, tibia, ventral
2-2-2, prolateral, 1, retrolateral, 1, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2-2, basal
pair very long, no lateral, III and IV tibiae with a small dorsal basal
spine; epigynum large, spider has not oviposited, chitinized area wider
than long, see figure.

Holotype 9 Haiti; La Visite, 6,000-7,000 feet, 16-23 September
1934, (Darlington)

The generic position of this spider is very uncertain. The arrange-
ment of the eyes is not the same as in the other species of the genus,
as those of the anterior row are not equidistant, the fourth pair of
legs is longer than the first, and there are no lateral spines on the
anterior metatarsi. The epigynum is very large compared to the size of
the spider.

Dinattus minor spec. nov.

Figures 46, 52, 55

Male. Length, 4.6 mm., ceph. 2.3 mm. long, 2.3 mm. wide, abd.
2.3 mm.

486 Bulletin: museum of comparative -zoology

Cephalothorax very dark brown, eye area black, cephalic portion
very high with large lateral lobes below the lateral eyes, so that the
greatest width equals length of carapace, lobes with rounded angles
when seen from the front and a crest of short black hairs which starts
from the margin of the carapace and continues to near the second
eye row, transverse depression between posterior eyes from which
starts short thoracic groove, thoracic portion slopes abruptly from a
short distance behind the groove, posterior margin much narrower
than anterior; eye area covers two-fifths of carapace, anterior eye row
strongly recurved, eyes equidistant, a.l.e. two-thirds diameter of a.m.e.,
several long hairs between eyes, second row nearer first than third
row, p.l.e. convex, raised from carapace and slightly larger than a.l.e. ;
quadrangle of eyes same width in front as behind; clypeus almost
wanting below a.m.e., with no hairs or scales, but three long bristles
below and between a.m.e.; mandibles dark brown, vertical, flat, and
corrugated, no carina on either margin, outer margin rounded and
inner margin slightly excavate, fang groove short and margins poorly
defined, superior margin with one large sharp tooth, one tooth opposite
on inferior margin, fang short with a thick and heavy base; labium
dark, longer than wide, tip narrower than base; maxillae about one
half longer than labium, tips rounded but not extended in a lobe
and no tooth; sternum slightly convex, two-thirds as wide as long,
anteriorly little wider than labium, pointed in front of IV caxae,
laterally emarginate, IV touching; abdomen very dark, with five pale
chevrons on posterior half, covered with small iridescent scales and
long black hairs, venter black from pedicel to spinnerets, a small
chitinized lobe over opening of posterior spiracle; legs, 1-4-3-2, I pair
dark brown and heaviest, femur flattened laterally, spines, patella,
prolateral, 1, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, middle pair not opposite, a few dark
ventral hairs, prolateral, 3, retrolateral, 2, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2-2,
basal pair very long, prolateral, 1, retrolateral, 1, II pair, pale, spines
same as on I pair, III and IV pairs, pale with interrupted dark rings
on tibiae and metatarsi, spines, patellae, lateral, 2, tibiae, dorsal basal
spine, metatarsi, median and apical whorls; palpus shorter than
cephalothorax, femur dark, tip of femur, patella and tibia covered
with white iridescent scales, terminal joint dark and covered with
coarse black hairs, tibia about two-thirds as long as patella, tibial
apophysis almost as long as joint, slender and protruding, bulb pro-
longed on tibia, embolus a curved black spine at tip.

Holotype & Haiti; foot hills northeast of Massif de la Hotte, 3,000-
4,000 feet, October 1934, (Darlington)

BRYANT: HISPAXIOLAX SPIDERS

487

Dinattus minor differs from D. hews by the smaller size, smaller
lateral lobes, pointed tip of sternum, black venter and in the palpus,
by the longer and more slender tibial apophysis.

Habronattus F.O.P. Cambridge 1901

Habronattus brunneus var. insignis Bryant

Habronattus brunneus var. insignis Bryant, 1942, p. 357, figs. 35, 38. "c? 9
St. Croix"

The species was described from a male from Key West, Florida and
in 1909, Peckham synonymized two western species with it. The
variety differs from the typical form by the more brilliant coloring
and the secondary characters. The lower half of the clypeus is covered
with short white hairs, so there is a sharp line below the anterior eyes.
These white hairs are not found in the type from Florida but they are
present in H. tarsalis (Banks), a western species. The long, ventral
basal median spine on the third tibia was over looked in the earlier
descriptions of the species, probably because of the short hairs either
side. In the female, this spine is much shorter.

cf Haiti; Port-au-Prince, (Banks), f. Peckham.

c? 2 9 Haiti; Trou Caiman, 4 September 1934, (Bates)

9 Haiti; Port-au-Prince, July 1941, (Audant)

9 Dom. Rep.; south side of Lake Enriquillo, 14 September 1938,
(Darlington)

Hextzia Marx 1883

Hextzia axtillaxa Bryant

Hentzia antillana Bryant, 1940, p. 494, figs. 285, 289, 294. "d* 9 Antigua"
Wala vernalis Banks, 1903, p. 341, (nee Wala vernalis Peckham.)

Hentzia antillana has been found on several of the islands in the West
Indies. From the few localities where it has been taken in Hispaniola,
it may be a recent importation.

9 Haiti; Port-au-Prince, (Crew), Banks Coll.

d> 9 Dom. Rep.; Puerto Plata, April-May 1941, (D. Hurst)

9 Dom. Rep.; Barahora, September 1938, (Darlington)

9 Dom. Rep.; San Jose de las Matas, June 1938, (Darlington)

488 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Hentzia peckhami (Cockerell)

Anoka peckhami Cockerell, 1893, p. 221. "Jamaica"
Anoka moneagua Peckham, 1894, p. 127, pi. 12, fig. 9.

Male. Length, 4.4 mm.

Cephalothorax brown with rather wide lateral stripes of white scales
from a. I.e. to posterior margin, stripes do not meet, iridescent scales in
ocular area above anterior eye row, thoracic groove very short, sides
rounded; eyes, small eyes nearer first than third row; quadrangle as
wide behind as in front; eh/ pens very narrow below a.m.e., covered
with white scales that connect with lateral stripes; mandibles slightly
porrect, flat, roughened, narrowed to width of base of fang, each
margin with a distinct carina, a few long white hairs at base on pro-
lateral margin, fang groove very oblique, superior margin with two
small widely separated teeth, inferior margin with one large sharp
tooth midway between two teeth on opposite margin, a deep longi-
tudinal groove from near base of fang to base on under side, fang long,
distal third constricted; abdomen narrow, median area brown, bordered
by narrow stripes of white scales that do not meet at base, venter
infuscate with a few iridescent hairs; legs, 1-4-2-3, I pair enlarged, no
fringe of hairs, dark brown, tarsus paler, at tip of femur a short retrola-
teral fringe of clavate hairs, that is carried onto patella, spines, patella,
prolateral, 1, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, all from a raised base, metatarsus,
ventral, 2-2, II pair, pale, patella, 0, tibia, ventral, 2 distal, lr-lr,
prolateral, 1, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, III and IV pairs pale, few
ventral spines; palpus dark, see figure.

9 Haiti; Diquini, 12 November 1912, (Mann), f. Peckham

9 Haiti; Grande Anse, (Uhler)

& Haiti; Poste Terre Rouge, 5 October 1934, (Darlington)

cf Haiti; hills near Port-au-Prince, 2,000 feet, 2 October 1934,
(Darlington)

& Haiti; foot hills northeast of La Hotte, 3,000-4,000 feet, October
1934, (Darlington)

cf 9 Dom. Rep. ; foot hills of Cordillera Central, north of Santiago,
1,000-3,000 feet, June 1938, (Darlington)

9 Dom. Rep.; San Jose de las Matas, 1,500 feet, August 1938,
(Darlington)

cT Dom. Rep.; Puerto Plata, July 1941, (D. Hurst)

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 489

Lyssomanes Hentz 1844

Lyssomanes antillanus Peckham and Wheeler

Lyssomanes antillanus Peckham and Wheeler, 1888, p. 226, pi. 11, fig. 1.
" c? San Domingo, Simon Coll."

Lyssomanes antillanus was described from a male in the Simon
Collection labelled "San Domingo." It was found abundantly in the
collections from Soledad, Cuba and it also has been reported from
Puerto Rico. It is subject to great variation in the width of the
median black stripe on the cephalothorax and abdomen.

c? 9 Haiti; Grande Riviere, January 1913, (Mann), f. Peckham

cT 9 Haiti; Port-au-Prince, (Crew), Banks Coll.

cf 9 Haiti; hills near Port-au-Prince, 20 October 1934, (Darling-
ton)

<? Haiti; Ennery, 1,200 feet, 13 August 1934, (Bates)

9 Dom. Rep.; San Jose de las Matas, 1,500 feet, June 1938, (Dar-
lington)

d> Dom. Rep.; Constanza, Cordillera Central, 3,000-4,000 feet,
August 1938, (Darlington)

c? 9 Dom. Rep.; Puerto Plata, 30 August 1938, (Darlington)

Menemerus Simon 1868

Menemerus bivittatus (Dufour)

Salticus bivittatus Dufour, 1831, p. 369 pi. 11, fig. 5. " $ Hispania"

This is a common cosmotropical species that has often been de-
scribed and figured. It is common on buildings as well as on trees and
shrubs.

c? Haiti; Port-au-Prince, July 1941, (Audant)
tf 9 Haiti; Port-au-Prince, June-July 1941, (Ducasse)

c? Haiti; Miragoane, 2 November 1934, (Darlington)
c? 9 Dom. Rep.; Puerto Plata, July-August 1941, (D. Hurst)

Metacyrba F.O. P. -Cambridge 1901

Metacyrba pictipes Banks

Figure 49

Metacyrba pictipes Banks, 1903, p. 343, pi. 15, fig. 7. "<? Hayti"

Male. Length, 3.8 mm., ceph. 1.7 mm.

Cephalothorax very dark brown, low, cephalic portion flat, no thor-

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acic groove, sides rounded, posterior margin about one half the anterior,
a few bristles on lateral margins of cephalic portion ; eyes, anterior row
straight by upper margins, eyes equidistant, a. I.e. about a radius of
a.m.e. and separated from them by a radius of a. I.e., small eyes nearer
first than third row, dorsal eyes subequal to a. I.e., on extreme margin
of carapace; quadrangle slightly wider behind than in front; clypeus
less than one half radius of a.m.e., with no hairs or scales; mandibles
dark, vertical, small and cone-shaped, fang groove horizontal, short,
inferior margin with one tooth, fang with a broad base; labium dark
brown, more than twice as long as wide; maxillae more than twice as
long as labium; sternum dark brown, more than twice as long as wide,
narrowed- between first coxae to width of the labium, sides almost
parallel; abdomen dark brown, much shrunken so that all markings are
obscured, a small dark brown basal scutum, venter dark; legs, 4-1-3-2,
all joints but tarsi a dark brown with scattered white scales, all pa-
tellae without spines, I pair strongly incrassate, femur flattened both
laterally and ventrally, spines, tibia, ventral, 2-2, on distal third,
short and stout, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, distal and median, II pair,
spines, tibia, ventral, 2, distal, lr, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, basal pair
very long, III and IV pairs, spines same as on II pair; palpus shorter
than cephalothorax, dark brown, tibia shorter than patella, not as long
as diameter of joint, tibial apophysis longer than diameter of joint,
almost at right angles, distal third very slender, bulb large and heavy,
protruding from cavity, embolus starts from retrolateral margin,
follows contour of cavity and ends in a straight, slender point at tip of
cavity.

Holotype cf Haiti; Port-au-Prince, (Crew), Banks Coll.

The type is very much discolored and shrunken from age but it is
the only specimen known.

Metacyrba taeniola (Hentz)

Attus taeniola Hentz, 1846, p. 353, pi. 21, fig. 5. " 9 North Carolina, Alabama"
Metacyrba taeniola Peckham, 1909, p. 486, pi. 39, fig. 5, pi. 40, fig. 4.

This species is common in the southern part of the United States
and Mexico. Banks did not have it from Port-au-Prince in 1903, and
Petrunkevitch did not report it from Puerto Rico. Both males and
females have been found in collections from Cuba.

Two females have been seen from Hispaniola. The number of
spines on the first tibia is subject to much variation. There are
usually two pairs of small spines but some times there is only a single

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 491

spine. The metatarsus has two pairs. The specimen from Ennery,
collected by Mann in 1913, has but one very small spine, on the first
tibia, that could be easily over looked and none on the metatarsus.
This, Peekham had marked, "spec, nov." but the epigynum agrees
perfectly with the specimens from the United States.
& Haiti; Ennery, 1913, (Mann), f. Peekham
cT Haiti; Miragoane, 2 November 1934, (Darlington)

Metaphidippus F.O.P.-Cambridge 1901
Metaphidippus prudens (Peekham)
Figures 56, 57, 63
Dendryphantes prudens Peekham, 1901, p. 15, pi. 4, fig. 13. "c? 9 Jamaica"

Male. Length, 4.2 mm., ceph. 2.1 mm. long, 1.8 mm. wide, abd-
2.3 mm.

Cephalothoraz brown, with quite a wide lateral stripe of yellowish-
white scales starting from a. I.e. but not meeting at posterior margin, a
few white scales above anterior eye row, eyes on black spots, carapace
moderately high, sides rounded, widest posterior to dorsal eyes, thor-
acic groove very short; eyes, anterior row recurved, a.m.e. almost
touching, a. I.e. less than a radius of a.m.e. and separated from them
by about a line, small eyes slightly nearer the first than the third row,
dorsal eyes slightly larger than a. I.e. and not on extreme margin of
carapace; quadrangle slightly wider behind than in front; clypeus little
more than a line below a.m.e.; mandibles reddish-brown, with a few
white scales on median margin, vertical, median margin parallel at
basal third, with distal two-thirds excavate, fang groove oblique,
superior margin with two contiguous teeth near median margin, in-
ferior margin with one sharp tooth opposite teeth on upper margin,
fang long and rather stout until near tip; labium dark brown, as long as
wide; maxillae more than twice as long as labium, with upper outer
corner prolonged in a point; abdomen oval, a short basal band of white
scales, a median brown branching stripe that connects on distal half
with the dark sides, this forms the two or three pairs of pale spots
figured by Peekham, venter dark with two pale, widely separated
stripes; legs, 1-4-2-3, 1 pair, femur dark, slightly enlarged and laterally
compressed, other joints pale, with vague dark rings at distal ends,
spines, patella, 0, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, inner row confined to distal
half, outer row longer, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, other legs pale with
broad dark bands at distal ends of each joint, no patella spines, no

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dorsal basal spine on posterior tibiae; palpus shorter than cephalo-
thorax, tibia shorter than patella, tibial apophysis a small dark pointed
spur, bulb extends on tibia, embolus a stout truncate lobe at tip, twice
as long as wide, bowed from the plane of the palpus, with a slight
shoulder about the middle on the prolateral side, the retrolateral
corner of the lobe longer.

Female. Length, 4.2 mm., ceph. 2.0 mm., abd. 2.6 mm.

Cephalothorax not as much widened as in the male but the coloring
the same; eyes same as in male; mandibles smaller than in male and
inner margin not excavate, fang groove horizontal, one sharp tooth on
inferior margin; maxillae not widened at tips; abdomen oval, basal pale
band with no white scales, median dark stripe heavier and margins
irregular, venter dark with the two widely separated pale stripes;
legs, 4-1-2-3, I pair only slightly enlarged, spines same as on male;
epigynum, a deep notch at posterior margin, with two chitinized loops
at anterior end with the heavier portions near middle.

d" 9 Haiti; Kenskoff, 4,300 feet, (Roys)

C? Haiti; hills near Port-au-Prince, 2 October 1934, (Darlington)

cf Haiti; Diquini, (Mann)

cf Dom. Rep. ; San Jose de las Matas, June 1938, (Darlington)

The types, (2d71 and 19) are from Kingston, Jamaica and are in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology Collection. Probably, at some time
they have been dried, as all color pattern has disappeared. The struc-
ture of the palpi and the epigynum however, can be plainly seen and
they agree perfectly with the more recently collected specimens from
Haiti. The figure of the abdomen shows almost no pattern but the two
or three pairs of white spots.

Nebridia Simon 1902

Nebridia manni spec, now

Figures 48, 61, 64, 66

Male. Length, 3.0 mm., ceph. 1.6 mm. long, 1.0 mm. wide, abd.
1.5 mm.

Cephalothorax dark brown, ocular area almost black, a narrow mar-
ginal line of white hairs and a fewT white hairs posterior to thoracic
groove, cephalothorax fairly high, highest at dorsal eyes, ocular area
flat, sides vertical and parallel, a circular depression slightly posterior
to dorsal eyes with a short thoracic groove, thoracic portion only
slightly lower than cephalic for first third, then slopes gradually to

BRYANT: RTSPANIOLAN SPIDERS 493

posterior margin ; eyes, anterior row slightly recurved by upper margins,
eyes equidistant, a.l.e. little more than a radius of a.m.e., small eyes
midway between first and third rows, dorsal eyes convex, on extreme
margin of carapace, subequal to a.l.e.; quadrangle slightly narrower
behind than in front; clypeus little more than a line below a.m.e., re-
creating; mandibles dark brown, vertical, no hairs or scales, fang
groove slightly oblique, superior margin with one large tooth and a
denticle each side/inferior margin with a long plate that covers about
half the margin, tip farthest from base of fang long, fang longer than
margin; labium dark brown, as long as wide; maxillae more than twice
as long as labium, tips widened but not extended in a lobe; sternum
dark brown, convex, two-thirds as wide as long, IV coxae touching;
abdomen oval, pale brown, with vague longitudinal dark stripes at base
and broken chevrons at tip, venter infuscate; legs, 4-3-1-2, I pair
slightly enlarged, dark brown, with pale tarsus, tibia with a short
ventral fringe, spines, patella, 0, tibia, ventral, 2 distal only can be
seen, because of the dark integument and fringe, metatarsus, ventral,
2-2, basal pair as long as joint, II pair same as I pair but smaller, III
and IV pairs, femora and metatarsi with a wide median pale band, very
few spines; palpus shorter than cephalothorax, white, with lateral
brush of white hairs on distal half of femur and on patella and tibia,
patella longer than tibia, tibial apophysis a long slender spur with a
dark tip, parallel to cymbium, bulb extends in a lobe and about covers
tibia, embolus a spiral tube at tip.

Female. Length, 3.6 mm., ceph. 1.6 mm. long, 1.0 mm. wide, abd.
1.9 mm.

Cephalothorax and eyes same as in male; mandibles dark, superior
margin with one sharp tooth, inferior margin with a large bicuspid
tooth, point farthest from base of fang longest; abdomen oval, three-
quarters as wide as long, dark brown, probably in life covered with
small iridescent scales as a few remain at base, a median brown pale
stripe from base to beyond the middle, with broad dark marks each
side, posterior pairs joined to form chevrons, venter infuscate; legs,
I right missing, 4-3-1-2, dark brown, all tarsi pale and short, I pair
slightly enlarged, spines, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, no lateral, metatarsus,
ventral, 2-2, basal pair longer than joint, no lateral, II pair, tibia,
ventral, 2 distal, 1-1 prolateral, no lateral, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2,
posterior pairs with very few spines; palpi pale, swollen and covered
with white hairs; cpigi/num large for so small a spider, area wider than
long with complicated tubes and sacs beneath the skin, see figure.

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Holotype <? Haiti; foot hills of La Hotte, 3,000-4,000 feet, 13
October 1934, (Darlington)

Allotype 9 Haiti; La Hotte, Roche Croix, 13. October 1934, (Dar-
lington)

Paratype 9 Haiti; La Hotte, Roche Croix, 13 October 1934, (Dar-
lington)

Paratype 9 Haiti; La Visite, 6,000-7,000 feet, 16-23 September
1934, (Darlington)

Paratype cf 9 Haiti; Ennery, 7 September 1934, (Darlington)

Paratype 9 Haiti; Ennery, December 1912, (Mann)

Paratype 9 Haiti; Dame-Maria, 1941, (Audant)

The genus Nebridia was based by Simon on one species, Nebridia
semicana from Venezuela, known only from the male. From the brief
description, it differs in several points from the two species found in
Hispaniola. Nebridia semicana is described with the thoracic groove
midway between the dorsal eyes and the posterior margin, and the
tibial apophysis of the palpus short and bilobed. In the two species
now described, the thoracic groove is much nearer the dorsal eyes than
to the posterior margin, and the tibial apophysis is long and slender.

However, they all agree in the very small size, the narrow clypeus,
quadrangle narrower behind, fourth pair of legs longer than the first,
no lateral spines on tibiae and metatarsi, few spines on the posterior
pairs and the short male palpus with the bulb almost covering the
tibia.

Nebridia mendica spec. nov.
Figures 62, 65

Male. Length, 3.0 mm., ceph. 1.2 mm. long, 0.6 mm. wide, abd.
1.6 mm.

Ccphalothorax chestnut-brown, cephalic portion much darker, a
narrow marginal line of white scales and a few narrow white scales
on ocular area, rather low, sides parallel', ocular area flat, thoracic
groove well behind the dorsal eyes, short, slope gradual from groove
to posterior margin; eyes, anterior row recurved by upper margins,
eyes equidistant, separated by a line, a.m.e. large, a. I.e. about a radius
of a.m.e., small eyes midway between first and third rows, dorsal eyes
on extreme margin of carapace, larger than a. I.e., convex; quadrangle
slightly narrower behind ; clypeus less than a radius of a.m.e. ; mandibles
dark brown, vertical, flat, fang groove horizontal, superior margin
with one small tooth, inferior margin with a large bicuspid tooth, fang

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 495

longer than groove; labium dark brown about as wide as long; maxillae
more than twice as long as labium, tips slightly dilated; sternum brown,
oval, convex, two-thirds as wide as long, IV coxae contiguous; abdomen
oval, more than half as wide as long, brown, with a median darker
brown branched stripe, the transverse bars most prominent on pos-
terior half, venter infuscate, darker about spinnerets, spinnerets dark
brown and closely grouped; legs, I left missing, 4-3-1-2, 1 pair enlarged,
dark brown, femur flattened, tarsus and metatarsus short, spines,
tibia, enlarged, ventral, 3 on prolateral side, a median brush of short
dark hairs, 2 distal spines on retrolateral side, metatarsus, ventral,
2-2, distal pair very long, II pair much paler, spines, tibia, ventral,
prolateral, 1-1-1, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, III and IV pairs, pale,
with a few spines on metatarsi, distal whorl; palpus shorter than
cephalothorax, brown, femur curved, tibia shorter than patella, tibial
apophysis a long, slender dark spine pressed close to cymbium, bulb
extends in lobe on tibia, embolus a dark spine at tip in a spiral curve.

Holotype d" Dom. Rep.; rain forest near Valle Nuevo, Cordillera
Central, 6,000 feet, August 1938, (Darlington)

While Nebridia mendica is about the same length as Ar. manni it is
more slender and darker, with the thoracic groove well behind the
dorsal eyes. The abdomen has a branched figure on the dorsum and
the palpus is all dark, while in Ar. manni the palpus is pale. Both have
the same type of palpus, with the distal half of the tibial apophysis
constricted and the bulb protruding from the cavity and almost
covering the tibia.

Oningis Simon 1901

Oningis armatus spec. nov.

Figures 70, 73

Male. Length, 2.8 mm., ceph. 1.5 mm. long, 1.1 mm. wide, abd.
1.2 mm.

Cephalothorax chestnut-brown, eye area darker, no marginal pale
stripe, scattered white scales in ocular area, cephalothorax high,
highest posterior to thoracic groove where it slopes gently to the
anterior margin and to within a quarter of the posterior margin when
it falls rapidly, sides parallel and vertical, a faint depression between
dorsal eyes, thoracic groove very faint, just posterior to eyes; eyes,
anterior row slightly recurved by upper margins, eyes equidistant,
a.m.e. very large and almost touching, a.l.e. about a radius of a.m.e.,

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small eyes midway between first and third rows, dorsal eyes slightly
larger than a.l.e., convex, and not quite on margin of carapace; quad-
rangle slightly narrower behind than in front; clypeus about half a
radius of a.m.e., no hairs or scales; mandibles dark brown, vertical,
rather small, fang groove horizontal, one sharp tooth on inferior mar-
gin, fang slightly longer than groove; labium longer than wide; maxillae
about twice as long as labium, sides parallel, tips not dilated; sternum
dark brown, convex, more than three-quarters as wide as long, IV
coxae almost touching; abdomen oval, pale, mottled with brown, with
three dark chevrons on posterior half, venter brown, with a pair of
indistinct, widely separated lateral pale stripes and two pairs of pale
spots in middle area; legs, III left missing, 4-3-1-2, brown with pale
tarsi, no rings or stripes, I pair slightly enlarged, femur flattened later-
ally, spines, all from a raised base, patella, 0, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2,
those on prolateral side long and overlapping no lateral or dorsal,
metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, basal pair as long as joint, distal pair reach-
ing tip of tarsus, no lateral, II pair, spines, same as on I pair, except
tibia, prolateral, 1, metatarsus, prolateral, 2, few spines on posterior
pairs, I, II and III tibiae longer than metatarsi, IV metatarsus longer
than tibia; palpus shorter than cephalothorax, tibia shorter than
patella, tibial apophysis a small curved spine half hidden by the basal
lobe of the bulb, tibia with a very large swollen prolateral lobe, cym-
bium as long as tibia plus patella, bulb extends on tibia in a large lobe,
embolus a short, slender black spine at tip.

Female. Length, 2.7 mm., ceph. 1.6 mm. long, 1.2 mm. wide, abd.
1.8 mm.

Cephalothorax, eyes and mouth parts same as in male; abdomen with
pattern more definitely marked but the three chevrons on the posterior
half the most distinct, basal half of alternate dark and pale stripes,
venter pale, clouded with a darker brown; legs, 4-3-1-2, tarsi shorter
than metatarsi, spines same as in male; epigynum, chitinized area
wider than long, convex, posterior margin faintly notched in the
middle, with two small oval darkened spots near anterior margin.

Holotype cf Dom. Rep.; Loma Rucilla Mountains, Cordillera
Central, 5,000-8,000 feet, June 1938, (Darlington)

Allotype 9 Dom. Rep.; Loma Rucilla Mountains, 5,000-8,000
feet, June 1938, (Darlington)

Paratype c? Dom. Rep.; Loma Rucilla Mountains, 5,000-8,000
feet, June 1938, (Darlington)

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 497

Oningis crassus spec. nov.
Figures 58, 60, 67

Male. Length, 2.5 mm., ceph. 1.3 mm. long, abd. 1.2 mm.

Cephalothorax brown, darker about the eyes, a stripe of white hairs
from a.l.e. on sides, a brown median line of white hairs from thoracic
groove to posterior margin, cephalic portion high, anterior margin
four-fifths of entire length, sides parallel to p. I.e., then gradually-
narrowing to posterior margin which is a little more than half the
anterior, eye area flat, a circular depression between dorsal eyes from
which starts the short thoracic groove," thoracic portion slopes grad-
ually from groove to margin; eyes cover almost half the carapace,
anterior row recurved by upper margin, a.m.e. large, touching, a.l.e.
less than a radius of a.m.e. and separated from them by a line, small
eyes nearer third row than first, dorsal eyes on extreme margin of
carapace, convex and larger than a.l.e.; quadrangle of eyes narrower
behind than in front; clypeus almost wanting below a.m.e., white hairs
beneath a.l.e.; mandibles dark brown, with a green iridescence, small,
vertical, front flat, a small tooth or cusp on exterior margin two-thirds
from base, median area excavate, fang groove horizontal, one small
tooth on inferior margin, fang longer than groove and evenly curved;
labium brown, longer than wide; maxillae twice as long as labium,
sides parallel, no exterior lobe; sternum brown, convex, oval, four-
fifths as wide as long, I coxae separated by a diameter and a half,
largest, twice as long as wide, trochanter more than half as long as
coxa, IV coxae contiguous; abdomen brown, with a narrow basal band
of white hairs that continues on sides to spinnerets and a narrow
median stripe of white hairs from base to almost the middle, on
posterior half of dorsum, very small iridescent scales, venter dull
brown, opening of posterior spiracle a short, straight slit anterior to
spinnerets, spinnerets brown, long and compact; legs, 4-1-3-2, I left
missing, I pair enlarged, femur flattened laterally, brown, iridescent
on prolateral side, patella, pale, tibia and metatarsus pale brown,
tarsus pale, little over one-half as long as metatarsus, spines, patella,

0, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, all from a raised base and longer than diameter
of the joint, middle pair longest, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, basal pair
two-thirds as long as joint, II pair, femur brown, flattened laterally
and iridescent on prolateral side, other joints pale, spines, patella, 0,
tibia, ventral, 2-2, lr, retrolateral row of spines very long, prolateral,

1, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, prolateral, 2, III and IV pairs, no dorsal
basal spine on tibiae, femora dark, other joints pale, spines, metatarsi,

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ventral, 2 apical; palpus shorter than cephalothorax, distal half of
femur, patella and tibia white, with soft white hairs, terminal joint
brown, with a prolateral fringe of stiff hairs beyond the cavity, both
patella and tibia short, subequal, tibial apophysis longer than diameter
of joint, slender, parallel to cymbium, ending in a dark hook, bulb
extending on tibia, embolus a spiral curve at tip.

Female. Length, 2.8 mm., ceph. 1.4 mm. long, 1.1 mm. wide, abd.
1.4 mm.

Cephalothorax and eyes same as in male; mandibles pale brown,
vertical, flat, no tooth on exterior margin, fang groove horizontal,
inferior margin with a broad plate or cusp near median edge, end
nearer base of fang in a sharp point, fang longer than groove; month
parts and sternum same as in male; I coxae largest, trochanter half as
long as coxa; abdomen oval, brown, basal -band and median stripe
difficult to follow as there are no white hairs, five dark chevrons on
posterior half, and sides with alternate pale and dark lines, no irides-
cent scales as in male, venter pale; legs, 4-1-3-2, I left missing, pale
brown, I pair slightly enlarged, femur not iridescent, spines as in male
but metatarsal spines longer, II pair, spines, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2,
outer row of spines very long from a raised base, overlapping, inner
row of spines, very small, prolateral, 1, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2,
prolateral, 2, III and IV pairs, pale, spines, metatarsi, ventral, 2 apical;
epigynum large for the size of the spider, area longer than wide, a semi-
circular depression with chitinized margins enclosing two depressed
areas separated by a narrow septum.

Holotype cf Dom. Rep.; Sanchez, July 1938, (Darlington)
Allotype 9 Dom. Rep.; Sanchez, July 1938, (Darlington)
Paratype 9 Dom. Rep.; Loma Rucilla Mountains, 5,000-8,000
feet, -June 1938, (Darlington)

Paratype 9 Haiti; Ennery, 7 September 1934, (Darlington)
The genus was based by Simon on one species, Neon pompatus Peck-
ham, 1893, from St. Vincent. The original description is very meager
and possibly Simon saw the types in the British Museum, as he men-
tions in the generic description several characters that are not noted
in either the original description or figures. A female cotype is in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology Collection.

The genus is placed near Saitis, which has short tarsi but it differs
from that genus by almost no spines on the posterior legs. Oningis
pompatus has a submedian ventral spine on the posterior tibiae, as
well as the apical pair on the metatarsi. The cotype, also, has a lateral
spine on the first tibia.

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 499

The figure of the palpus of Oningis pompatus is quite unlike the
palpus of 0. crassus or 0. mi nut us Petrunkevitch from Puerto Rico,
the only other species in the genus. In pompatus, the embolus starts
from the base and continues as a long slender tube to the tip, and the
bulb does not extend on the tibia. In minutus and crassus the embolus
is a spiral curve at the tip and the bulb extends onto the tibia. These
two probably belong to the same genus, although in the description of
minutus there is no mention of the difference in size of the spines on the
second tibia, and in minutus female, the tooth on the lower margin of
the fang groove is pointed and strong.

In Oningis crassus, the male and the female have very different
mandibles. As in so many of the Haitian species, the male mandibles
have a cusp on the exterior margin and the median margin is excavate.
Also, in the male, the tooth on the lower margin of the fang groove is
small and sharp. In the female, the mandibles are small and the tooth
•on the fang groove is a plate that covers about one third of the margin.
The spines however, are the same in both male and female and there is
even a greater discrepancy in size between the inner and outer row of
spines on the second tibia in the female than in the male.

Parahentzia gen. nov.

Cephalothorax rather low, sides rounded, almost as wide as long,
cephalic portion not separated from thoracic, groove very short, mid-
way between anterior and posterior margins; mandibles in male verti-
cal, very broad, tooth or cusp on exterior margin that projects forward,
about midway between base and fang, fang groove parallel to median
margin and fang when in place, parallel to median margin as in Hentzia;
labium twice as long as wide, with sides depressed and a small pit in
depressed area each side above the base; sternum almost as wide as long;
first pair of legs enlarged, spines, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, as in Metaphi-
dippus, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, few spines on posterior legs, no dorsal
basal spine on tibiae, apical whorl of four spines on third and fourth
metatarsi; palpus of the Hentzia type.

Genotype Parahentzia mandibularis spec. nov.

The genus, known only from the male, differs from Hentzia in the
very broad cephalothorax with rounded sides, broad, vertical mandi-
bles with a tooth on the outer margin, broad sternum, with the en-
larged first pair of legs. It agrees with that genus in the second row of
eyes being nearer the first than the third row, a very short thoracic

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groove midway between anterior and posterior margins of the cara-
pace, and the palpus.

Parahentzia mandibulars spec. nov.
Figures 68, 69, 71

Male. Length, 5.6 mm., ceph. 2.1 mm. long, 2.0 mm. wide, abd.
3.1 mm.

Cephahtkoraz chestnut-brown, with a few white scales above an-
terior eye row and on sides, eyes surrounded by black, cephalothorax
rather low, eye area slightly raised and flat, sides very much rounded,
greatest width at thoracic groove, posterior margin narrow, thoracic
groove very short, as near posterior margin as to anterior, groove in a
slight depression; eyes, anterior row recurved, a.m.e. separated by a
line, a. I.e. about one-third diameter of a.m.e. and separated from them,
by a radius of a. I.e., small eyes nearer first than third row, a.l.e. sub-
eqnal with a.l.e. and well in from margin of carapace; quadrangle
slightly wider behind than in front and covering about two-thirds of
carapace; clypeus wanting below a.m.e., margin with a few hairs;
mandibles brown, vertical, flat, with a strong carina on median margin,
exterior margin with a basal lateral lobe, and about the middle, a strong
tooth or cusp directed outward from the plane, and best seen in a
lateral view, area from base to tooth on exterior margin concave, tip
contracted to width of fang, fang groove about parallel to median mar-
gin, above base of fang are two sharp spicules on one mandible only,
which may be teeth, inferior margin with a strong carina, fang long and
sinuous and when in place, sharply bent and about parallel to median
margin; labium brown, almost twice as long as wide, lateral margins
inclined, and depressed, leaving a flat median area from base to tip, in
lateral depressions are two circular pits; maxillae twice as long as
labium, margins by labium concave, tips widened and truncate, with
upper margins straight and upper outer corner prolonged in a hook or
tooth; sternum brown, very convex, nearly as wide as long, (3.0:3.5),
anteriorly narrowed to width of labium, with semi-circular depressed
areas each side parallel to coxae, (sigillae) and median part little wider
than median piece of labium, lateral margins almost parallel, with a
blunt point in front of IV coxae; abdomen long and narrow, brown,
with a pair of widely separated narrow stripes of white scales, in area
between stripes four pairs of dark brown spots can be traced, entire
abdomen with scattered long hairs, venter same color as dorsum, no

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 501

lobe over posterior spiracle, spinnerets closely grouped; legs, 1-4-2-3,
I pair enlarged, dark brown, with metatarsus pale, all joints with few
hairs and no scales, femur flattened laterally, with prolateral side much
darker, a scant retrolateral fringe at tip of femur and on patella,
spines, patella, prolateral, 1, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, not opposite, spines
on inner row heavier, basal spine just below middle, basal spine on
outer row one third above base, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, distal and
sub-median, II pair pale yellow, spines, patella, 0, tibia, ventral, distal,
2, sub-median, 1, III and IV pairs, pale yellow, very few spines, meta-
tarsi with distal whorl of 4 spines; palpus of the type of Hentzia, little
shorter than cephalothorax, very slender, femur bent, patella little
longer than wide, tibia seen from above about half as long as patella,
tibial apophysis black, sharp and pressed close to cymbium, tarsus
little longer than patella plus tibia, bulb extends on tibia, embolus
starts on prolateral side near tip, a very slender black spine.

Holotype c? Dom. Rep.; foot hills of Cordillera Central, south of
Santiago, 1,000-3,000 feet, June 1938, (Darlington)

Paratype cf Haiti; Port-au-Prince, July 1941, (Ducasse)
Parahentzia mandibularis has some characters that are very unusual
in Salticidac. The deep lateral pits on the labium near the base have
been seen in a few Haitian species and the pair of semi-circular depres-
sions at the anterior end of the sternum is found in some species of
Clubionidae from Panama. The lateral tooth on the exterior margin
of the mandibles, evidently varies in size as in the paratype from
Port-au-Prince, it is only a large hump but it can be seen in a lateral
view.

Parathiodina gen. no v.

Cephalothorax rather high, sides rounded, widest posterior to dorsal
eyes, thoracic groove in line with dorsal eyes, posterior half of thoracic
portion falls abruptly to margin, posterior margin less than half the
anterior; eyes of anterior row equidistant, very unequal in size, second
row of eyes nearer first than third row, dorsal eyes not on extreme mar-
gin of carapace; quadrangle of eyes wider behind than in front; maxillae
not widened at tip; legs, 1-4-3-2, first pair enlarged, tibia with two
pairs of very long bulbous hairs at base, spines, apical whorl of four
spines on third and fourth metatarsi; palpuss horter than cephalo-
thorax, tibial apophysis and palpal organ of the type of Thiodina.
Female unknown.

Genotype Parathiodina compta spec. nov.

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The genus Parathiodina is separated from Thiodina by a wider
cephalothorax, quadrangle wider behind than in front, and fewer
spines on posterior legs. It is separated from Cotinusa by the higher
cephalothorax, thoracic groove almost in line with the dorsal eyes and
two pairs of bulbous hairs on the first tibiae, and from Ceriomura by
the spines on the posterior legs.

In the Histoire Naturelle des Araignees, 2, pp. 454 and 456, Simon
states that all species of the genus Cotinusa lack these bulbous hairs.
The genotype, Cotinusa distincta (Peckham), lacks these hairs and in
the paper where the genus was first described, Simon proposed five
additional species from Venezuela and Brazil. Two of these have
the bulbous hairs, one has the hairs lacking and the other two have no
mention of them. So it is possible that the two with the bulbous hairs
should be transferred to the genus Parathiodina.

Parathiodina compta spec. nov.
Figures 42, 45
Nilacantha cockerelli Banks, 1903, p. 341, (nee Peckham, 1901)

Male. Length, 5.5 mm., ceph. 2.4 mm. long, 1.6 mm. wide, abd.

3.0 mm.

Cephalothorax golden-brown, eyes on black spots, nearly as wide
as long, (6 : 7), cephalic portion rather high, flat, sides nearly vertical,
with many white hairs, widest posterior to dorsal eyes, so sides are
rounded, a transverse recurved depression posterior to p.l.e., thoracic
groove faint, almost in line with dorsal eyes, thoracic portion almost
twice as long as cephalic and posterior margin much narrowed; eyes,
anterior row slightly recurved by upper margins, eyes equidistant,
a.m.e. very large, convex, separated by little more than a line, a.l.e.
less than a radius of a.m.e. in diameter, second row much nearer first
than third row, p.l.e. convex and slightly larger than a.l.e.; quadrangle
as wide behind as in front; clypeus dark, below a.m.e. little more than
a line, fringe of white hairs on margin; mandibles dark, vertical, rather
small, fang groove slightly oblique, superior margin with three small
contiguous teeth, inferior margin with one strong tooth, fang with
a thick base, narrows suddenly, so that distal two-thirds is very slender,
no tooth; labium dark, as long as wide; maxillae almost twice as long
as labium, tips only slightly widened and outer margins rounded;
sternum brown, anteriorly narrowed to width of labium between I
coxae, sides parallel, tip pointed, IV coxae touching; abdomen about

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 503

one-third as wide as long, a dull brown with median area paler, sides
with a few dark spots, each bearing a short hair, venter dark from
pedicel to spinnerets; legs, 1-4-3-2, I and II pairs enlarged, I pair
heaviest, femur dark brown, flattened laterally and ventrally, with a
violet iridescence on ventral side and a carina on each margin, the
retrolateral heavier, patella and tibia paler, and metatarsus and tarsus
very pale, spines, patella, prolateral, 1, tibia, ventral, 2 sub-apical, lp,
all spines very short, 2 pairs of slender bulbous hairs half the length of
the joint on basal half, difficult to see as they are in a mass of short
black hairs, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, very short, II pair, femur
flattened ventrally with a violet iridescence, spines, patella, prolateral,
1, tibia, ventral, lr-lr-lr, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, III and IV pairs,
pale, with few spines, patellae, 0, tibiae, no dorsal basal spine, meta-
tarsi, an apical whorl of 4 spines, IV pair plainly longer than III pair;
palpus, dark, very small, shorter than cephalothorax, tibia shorter
than patella, tibial apophysis bifid with superior branch short and
truncate, inferior dark, slender and sinuate, large ventral lobe pro-
truding from basal half, best seen in profile, bulb large, but not ex-
tending beyond cavity, embolus a long slightly curved spine on pro-
lateral side, which almost reaches tip of cavity.

Holotype cf Haiti; Camp Perrin, 9 October 1934, (Darlington)
Paratype cf Haiti; 25 km. north of Port-au-Prince, 25 October 1934,
(Darlington)

Holotype cf Haiti; Poste Terre Rouge, 15 October 1934, (Darlington)
Paratype cf Haiti; Port-au-Prince, (Crew), Banks Coll.

Pensacola Peckham 1885

The genus Pensacola was erected by the Peckhams in 1885, for sig-
nata, a species known by both males and females from Guatemala.
Since then, Simon has described several other species from Brazil, and
two species of the Peckhams, described as Hamilliis radians and
sylvestris have been added to the genus. The Peckham types are now
in the Museum Collection, and asF.O.P.-Cambridge suggests, Pensacola
signata and Hamillus sylvestris, are synonymous.

The type, Pensacola signata, differs in several points from the species
found in Hispaniola and eventually the latter species may prove to be
a separate genus. The genotype has the cephalothorax quite short
compared to the width and the sternum is very narrow ; the mandibles
are very long, narrow at the base, widening on each margin with a
heavy carina on the exterior margin with a faint tooth about the

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middle, this tooth was not noted in the original description ; the tooth
on the median margin is long and slender and the area below is concave,
rather than excavate; the maxillae, while greatly widened are pointed,
not truncate. The different spacing of spines on the first tibia is not
marked as in the island species. The second spine on the inner row is
more than its length from the apical and the spine on the outer row is
nearly opposite. The third pair is basal.

The five species found in Hispaniola have a much longer cephalo-
thorax, and wider sternum; the mandibles, with the exception of
electa have more processes; the maxillae in all species are greatly
widened with the lateral margins truncate, not pointed.

Key to Pensacola Males

1. Mandibles with no tooth on median margin or exterior margin 2

Mandibles with tooth on median margin and exterior margin 3

2. A diagonal carina from middle of median margin to base of fang with dista^

slightly depressed maxittosa

Mandibles with no transverse carina, narrowed on distal third to width of
fang electa

3. Median margin of mandibles with a long tooth that almost reaches fang

groove peckhami

Median margin of mandibles with a short tooth 4

4. Median margin of mandibles with two teeth, basal tooth short, distal tooth

long and bent at right angles darUngtoni

Median margin of mandibles with one short tooth near base, area below
depressed montana

Pensacola darlingtoni spec. nov.
Figures 72, 74, 76

Male. Length, 6.0 mm., ceph. 3.1 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, abd.
2.6 mm.

Cephalothorax brown, with wide pale lateral stripes and a pale
median stripe from groove to posterior margin, the pale stripes with
many white scales, cephalic portion high, with a shallow recurved
depression between dorsal eyes from which starts the short thoracic
groove, a pair of long trichobothria just posterior to groove, thoracic
portion slopes gradually from groove for a short space and then falls
abruptly to margin, sides of thoracic portion concave; eye area flat,
covers two-fifths of carapace, anterior row of eyes recurved by upper

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 505

margins, a. I.e. less than a radius of a.m.e., a.m.e. separated by a line,
a.l.e. separated from a.m.e. by a radius of a.l.e., above a.m.e. a thick
fringe of white hairs which extends between a.m.e. and a.l.e., several
long hairs over anterior eyes, small eyes midway between first and third
rows, p. I.e. not on extreme margin of carapace, subequal with a.l.e.,
raised and directed slightly backward; quadrangle not as wide behind
as in front; clypeus very narrow, less than half a radius of a.m.e., with
long white hairs below a.l.e. that are directed forward and a thick
fringe of long white hairs on margin; mandibles pale brown, vertical,
about half as long as carapace, with median margins deeply excavate
and modified by various processes best understood from figure, lower
median process bent midway at right angles to the plane of the man-
dibles and extended forward, on exterior margin about midway from
base to fang, a small tooth directed downward, fang groove horizontal,
superior margin with a small tooth or process at median edge, followed
by a carina broken in denticles to base of fang, inferior margin with
one small sharp tooth and a carina, fang twice as long as groove,
sharply bent about middle; labium brown, much longer than wide at
base, distal half with sides inclined so that tip is almost pointed;
maxillae not quite twice as long as labium, inclined, distal half greatly
widened, so that it is broader than long, lateral margins truncate with
upper and lower corners prolonged in a lobe or tooth; sternum pale,
almost as wide as long, anteriorly twice as wide as labium, sides almost
parallel, rounded in front of IV coxae; abdomen oval, sides a dull brown,
with a median pale stripe, narrow at base, widening on posterior half
with indistinct chevrons, entire abdomen covered with hairs of two
lengths, short iridescent hairs and scattered long hairs, venter pale,
mottled with darker spots, chitinized lobe over opening of spiracle
can be faintly seen; legs, 1-3-4-2, I pair brown, slightly enlarged,
femur flattened laterally, distal half of patella and entire tibia with a
thick ventral brush of black hairs and a narrow median dorsal crest
of short white hairs, spines, patella, prolateral, 1 small spine, tibia,
ventral, 2-2-2, second spine on inner row very near apical spine, the
spine on opposite side much nearer middle, third pair are opposite and
near base, all spines very small, retrolateral, 1 small, prolateral, 2,
metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 2, II pair pale
brown, much shorter than I pair, no brush on patella or tibia, spines,
patella, prolateral, 1, tibia, ventral, apical, 2, followed by lr-lr,
prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 2, III and IV pairs, pale, III patella and
tibia longer than IV patella and tibia, spines numerous, patellae,
lateral, 1-1, tibiae with dorsal basal spine, metatarsi with apical whorl

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of 4 spines and a median whorl; palpus longer than cephalothorax,
femur dark, slender and curved, patella and tibia white, with lateral
fringes of long white hairs, seen from above tibia very little longer than
patella, tibial apophysis slender, not quite as long as diameter of joint,
terminal joint small, covered with coarse hairs, bulb extends beyond
cavity, embolus a simple curved spine at tip.

Holotype c? Dom. Rep.; Loma Rucilla Mountains, Cordillera
Central, 5,000-8,000 feet, June 1938, (Darlington)

Para types 2 c? Dom. Rep.; Loma Viega, Cordillera Central, south
of Constanza, 6,000 feet, August 1938, (Darlington)

Pensacola darlingtoni differs from P. signata Peckham, the type of
the genus, by the narrower cephalothorax, with higher cephalic por-
tion, much wider sternum, and in the mandibles, by the more excavate
median area, with the long bent tooth at the basal portion, a large
tooth on the exterior margin, transverse fang groove and the very long
fang and in the maxillae, by the truncate lateral margins with an upper
and lower tooth.

Pensacola electa spec. nov.
Figures 59, 75, 77

Male. Length, 6.2 mm., ceph. 3.1 mm. long, 2.8 mm. wide, abd.
5.1 mm.

Cephalothorax mahogany-brown, with scattered white scales on
sides and a large median spot of white scales which includes the thor-
acic groove, cephalic portion high, sides rounded, thoracic groove
short in a shallow depression between dorsal eyes; eyes, anterior row
recurved by upper margins, with a row of long bristles above, a.m.e.
large, separated by more than a line, a.l.e. about a radius of a.m.e. and
separated from them by almost a diameter of a.l.e., small eyes midway
between first and third rows, dorsal eyes not on margin, raised from
carapace, larger than a.l.e.; quadrangle as wide behind as in front;
clypcus wanting below a.m.e., with no hairs or scales; mandibles, 1.7
mm. long, slightly divergent, flat, with middle area slightly corru-
gated, light brown, with many fine white hairs, distal half abruptly
narrowed on median margin to width of fang, on right mandible a faint
swelling which is chitinized, above the fang, no median tooth or cusp
on outer margin, fang groove oblique with margins of groove indistinct,
superior margin with two contiguous teeth near median edge, inferior
margin with a large blunt tooth about half way from base of fang,
fang longer than groove with distal fifth abruptly bent; labium longer

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 507

than wide, sides parallel; maxillae not twice as long as labium, inclined,
tips widened with upper and lateral margins strongly chitinized,
upper outer corner produced in a small sharp hook, lower corner with a
tubercle projecting from plane; sternum yellow, four-fifths as wide as
long, slightly narrowed between I coxae; abdomen oval, middle dark
with a pair of large pale spots about middle, venter pale with dark dots ;
legs, 1-4-3-2, brown, I pair enlarged slightly, metatarsus about twice
as long as tarsus, tibia darker because of dark hairs and a short ventral
fringe of black hairs, spines, patella, prolateral, 1, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2,
second spine on inner row about length of spine below apical, spine on
outer row fully twice as far from apical, third pair basal, prolateral,
1, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 2, II pair much
smaller than I pair, with no fringe, spines, patella, prolateral, 1 tibia,
ventral, 2-2, distal, lr, prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 0, metatarsus, ven-
tral, 2-2, III and IV pairs, many spines, patellae, lateral, 1-1, tibiae,
dorsal basal spine; palpus as long as cephalothorax, dark, with dark
hairs, slender, left palpus with a blunt ventral tooth at tip of femur,
which may have been from an injury, tibia longer than patella, tibial
apophysis not as long as diameter of joint, cymbium longer than tibia,
bulb extends beyond cavity in a short lobe, embolus a spiral curve at
tip.

Female. Length, 7.0 mm., ceph. 2.6 mm. long, 2.0 mm. wide, abd.
4.5 mm.

Cephalothorax same as in male but paler, no white hairs or scales;
eyes same as in male; mandibles vertical, rather small, fang groove short
oblique, superior margin with two contiguous teeth, inferior margin
with one large tooth, fang little longer than groove; labnim pale, longer
than wide; maxillae pale, inclined, tips slightly widened but no lobes;
abdomen with a large dark spot that about covers the dorsum, framed
in white and faint pale spots that correspond to the larger spots found
in male, venter pale with a few dark spots about margins; legs, 1-4-3-2,
pale, few hairs and no fringes so spines are very distinct, spines as in
male; epigynum, area as wide as long, a pair of pale ovals, separated by
a narrow septum, with a heavily chitinized spot at posterior margin
that are probably the openings, beneath the skin and in posterior part
of the pale area, dark oval sacs, between margin and fold more dark
sacs.

Holotype cf Dom. Rep.; Valle Nuevo, southeast of Constanza,
Cordillera Central, 7,000 feet, August 1938, (Darlington)

Allotype 9 Dom. Rep.; Valle Nuevo, southeast of Constanza,
Cordillera Central, 7,000 feet, August 1938, (Darlington)

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Pensacola electa does not have the median tooth on the mandibles
that is found in other Haitian species of the genus, but it has the modi-
fied maxillae, the same spacing of spines, similar abdominal markings
and the palpus longer than the cephalothorax.

Pensacola maxillosa spec, now
Figures 78, 79, 80 84

Male. Length, 6.0 mm., ceph. 3.0 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, abd.
3.0 mm.

Cephalothorax pale brown, eye area much darker, a median pale
stripe from groove to posterior margin which in life probably is covered
with white scales as a few remain about the groove and on thoracic
slope, cephalic portion moderately high, sides rounded from anterior
margin, posterior margin narrower than anterior, cephalic part short,
about two-fifths length of carapace, a recurved depression between
dorsal eyes, thoracic groove short and posterior to eyes, eye area flat,
thoracic portion slopes gradually for one-third distance and then rapidly
to posterior margin, numerous long bristles over anterior eye row and
between lateral eyes, a few golden scales in eye area ; eyes, anterior row
of eyes strongly recurved by upper margins, a.m.e. large, separated by
a line, a. I.e. about a radius of a.m.e. and separated from them by less
than half a radius of a. I.e., small eyes nearer first than third row, dorsal
eyes far from margin and subequal with a.l.e.; quadrangle as wide
behind as in front; ch/peus wanting below a.m.e., with no hairs or
scales; mandibles pale, almost vertical, two-thirds as long as cephal-
othorax, outer margins slightly divergent, inner margins on distal half
excavate with a diagonal carina from about the middle on inner margin
to base of fang, fang groove oblique, long, margins poorly defined,
superior margin with two small contiguous teeth near median edge,
inferior margin with a long, strong tooth quite near the base of the
fang, fang longer than groove, sinuous and tip bent; labium longer than
wide, distal half narrowed; maxillae almost twice as long as labium,
slightly inclined, distal half widened in a lobe, so that greatest width
about equals length; sternum pale, flat, narrowed between first coxae,
sides parallel, fourth coxae touching; abdomen oval, with a dark dia-
mond on basal half with posterior end continued as a median stripe
to tip, sides pale, entire abdomen with scattered long, dark hairs and
many short hairs, venter pale, with faint dark dots, a small lobe over
opening of posterior spiracle; legs, 1-4-3-2, all patellae except first
with lateral spines, I pair slightly enlarged, pale brown, tibia darker

BRYANT: RTSPANIOLAN SPIDERS 509

with a dense ventral brush of short dark hairs, femur with ventral
fringe of white hairs on retrolateral side, patella with prolateral fringe
of white hairs, spines, patella, prolateral, 1, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2,
second spine on inner row very near apical spine, opposite spine much
nearer the middle of the joint, third pair basal, prolateral, 3, not in
line, retrolateral, 2, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, apical and submedian,
apical pair very small, prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 2, both opposite
ventral pairs, II pair pale, a few dark ventral hairs on tibia, spines,
tibia, ventral, 2 apical, 2 subapical, but not opposite, lr, prolateral, 3,
not in line, retrolateral, 2 III and IV pairs pale, tibiae with dorsal
basal spine, metatarsi with apical and submedian whorl; palpus as
long as cephalothorax, slender, femur pale, bent, tibia longer than
patella, tibial apophysis about as long as diamter of the joint, tibia
with prolateral fringe of long black hairs, terminal joint pale, not as
long as tibia, bulb protruding slightly from cavity, embolus at end of
bulb in a complete circle.

Female. Length, 5.6 mm., ceph. 2.7 mm. long, abd. 3.0 mm.

Cephalothorax brown, median pale stripe on posterior half very indis-
tinct, eye area not darkened but black about eyes, thoracic portion
not as long as in male, but sides rounded; eyes as in male; clypeus
wanting below a.m.e., with no scales or hairs; mandibles brown, short,
vertical, flat anteriorly, sides parallel, fang groove short, superior mar-
gin with two contiguous teeth near median edge, inferior margin with
a plate near base of fang in same position as large tooth in male, fang
short with a thick base; labium pale, same as in male; maxillae pale,
not twice as long as labium, outer margin rounded, not produced in a
lobe; sternum as in male; abdomen oval, the dark diamond with a pair
of pale spots and the dark areas on posterior half much heavier, dorsum
with scattered long dark hairs and short iridescent scales, venter pale
with a median faint dark area and many dark spots on sides; legs,
I left missing, 1-4-3-2, all patellae with lateral spines, I pair not en-
larged, femur pale, tibia darker but no ventral brush of dark hairs as
in male, spines same as in male, II pair, brown, spines as in male, III
and IV pairs, pale, spines as in male; epigynum a pale depressed area,
divided by a narrow septum which wridens at fold, each side can be
seen oval spermatheca beneath the skin and a heavily chitinized
small opening on the widened part of septum above the fold.

Holotype c?1 Dom. Rep.; Cordillera Central, Loma Viega, south
of Constanza, 6,000 feet, August 1938, (Darlington)

Allotype 9 Dom. Rep.; Cordillera Central, Loma Viega, south
of Constanza, 6,000 feet, August 1938, (Darlington)

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Paratype d" Dom. Rep.; Loma Viega, 6,000 feet, August 1938,
(Darlington)

Paratypes cf 3 9 Dom. Rep. ; Loma Rucilla Mountains, 5,000-8,000
feet, June 1938, (Darlington)

Paratypes 3cT 1 9 Dom. Rep. ; Loma Viega, 6,000 feet, August 1938,
(Darlington) small

The generic position of this species is doubtful. The cephalothorax
in both male and female is much more rounded on the sides than in the
other species of the genus, the cephalothorax is not as high and the
mandibles in the male do not have the long median tooth and the tooth
on the inferior margin is very near the base of the fang. A few of the
males from Loma Viega, are much smaller and have vertical mandibles,
but with the same diagonal carina and the teeth on the fang groove are
the same as in the larger specimens. In the female of both large and
small forms, the tooth is distinctly bicuspid.

Pensacola Montana spec. nov.
Figures 81, 82

Male. Length, 6.0 mm., ceph. 3.1 mm. long, 2.0 mm. wide, abd"
2.5 mm.

Cephalothorax brown, eye area almost black, with a few golden
scales, flat, a narrow median pale stripe which includes thoracic
groove and extends to posterior margin, lateral pale stripes the same
width as the median stripe from p.l.e., covered with white hairs, these
stripes fade before reaching posterior margin, cephalothorax moder-
ately high, sides slightly rounded, thoracic sides concave, posterior
margin only little narrower than anterior, a recurved depression pos-
terior to dorsal eyes, thoracic groove short; eyes, anterior row recurved
by upper margins, a.m.e. separated by a line, a.l.e. about equal to a
radius of a.m.e. and separated from a.m.e. by less than a radius of
a.l.e., small eyes midway between first and third rows, p.l.e. not on
extreme margin of carapace, convex, and subequal to a.l.e.; quadrangle
about as wide behind as in front; clypeus very narrow below a.m.e.,
with no hairs or scales; mandibles dark brown, vertical, flat, median
margins parallel for about one-third from base, where there is a small
sharp tooth, margin below is excavate and ends in a sharp tooth at fang
groove, median distal half is concave, exterior margin almost parallel,
with a long sharp tooth two-thirds from base, fang groove horizontal,
long, superior margin with a sharp tooth at median edge and a very
small tooth below, a serrate carina to near base of fang, each serration

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 511

bearing a bristle, inferior margin with a sharp tooth almost parallel
to groove and a carina to near base of fang, fang much longer than
groove and constricted about middle ; labium brown, longer than wide,
tip narrower than base; maxillae almost twice as long as labium, in-
clined, distal half widened so that greatest width equals length, with a
small hook or tooth at upper outer corner; sternum pale brown, slightly-
convex, almost two-thirds as wide as long, sides almost parallel, IV
coxae slightly separated; abdomen oval, with a median pale stripe from
base to spinnerets, slightly indented about the middle, much narrower
lateral pale stripes from base to spinnerets, entire dorsum with many
long coarse dark hairs, venter pale with a narrow median brown stripe
from fold to spinnerets; legs, II left missing, 1-4-3-2, I pair enlarged,
femur dark brown, other joints pale, scantily covered with short dark
hairs, femur flattened laterally and ventrally, flat ventral area with a
violet iridescence, a retrolateral fringe of short dark hairs and a dorsal
basal fringe of short hairs, spines, patella, prolateral, 1, small, tibia,
ventral, 2-2-2, small, second spine on inner row, about length of
spine from apical, spine on outer row more than twice as far from
apical, third pair basal, prolateral, 3, retrolateral, 2, metatarsus, ven-
tral, 2-2, prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 2, both opposite ventral spines,

II pair, femur darker than other joints, spines, patella, prolateral, 1
tibia, ventral, 2-2, lr, prolateral, 3, retrolateral, 1, III and IV pairs,
pale, spines, patellae, lateral, 1-1, tibiae with small dorsal basal spine,

III metatarsus, distal and median whorls, IV metatarsus, distal, me-
dian and basal whorls; palpus about as long as cephalothorax, femur
dark, slender and bent, seen from above, patella little longer than tibia,
tibial apophysis rather small, dark and sharp, terminal joint little
longer than tibia, with bulb prolonged in a lobe beyond cavity, em-
bolus confined to tip in a spiral curve.

Female. Length, 7.1 mm., ceph. 3.1 mm., abd. 4.0 mm.

Cephalothorax and eyes same as in male but lateral stripes of white
scales not as conspicuous; mandibles dark brown, vertical, flat, no
tooth or cusp on either margin, fang groove slightly oblique, rather
short, superior margin with two contiguous teeth on median edge,
inferior margin with a bicuspid tooth nearer fang than the teeth on
opposite margin, fang slightly longer than groove, with a heavy base
and evenly curved; labium brown, longer than wide, tip narrowed;
maxillae not twice as long as labium, inclined, outer margin evenly
rounded ; palpi brown, terminal joint with a thick prolateral fringe of
dark hairs; sternum same as in male; abdomen brown, median pale
stripe does not reach base, posterior half broken by four brown tri-

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angles, lateral stripes strongly indented about middle, dorsum with
many short iridescent hairs, venter pale with a median dark stripe,
lateral areas with darker spots; legs, 4-3-1-2, brown, I pair slightly
enlarged, three terminal joints darker, femur not flattened ventrally,
no fringes, spines, patella, prolateral, 1, tibia little longer than patella,
spines, ventral, 2-2-2, with second spine on inner row nearer apical,
spines about as long as diameter of joint and from a raised base, pro-
lateral, 2, retrolateral, 0, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, basal pair almost as
long as joint, prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 2, II pair, patella, prolateral, 1,
tibia, ventral, 2-2-lr, prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 0, metatarsus, ventral,
2-2, prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 2, III and IV pairs, patellae, lateral, 1-1,
tibiae with dorsal basal spine, III metatarsus, distal and median
whorls, IV metatarsus, distal, median and basal whorl; epigynum
rather small for the size of the spider, depressed white area wider than
long, divided by a narrow septum, each side are round spermatheca
with a small dark brown dot at posterior end which may be the open-
ing.

Holotype cf Dom. Rep.; Loma Rucilla, Pico del Yaque, 3,000-
10,000 feet, June 1938, (Darlington)

Allotype 9 Dom. Rep.; Loma Rucilla, Pico del Yaque, 8,000-
10,000 feet, June 1938, (Darlington)

Paratype 9 Dom. Rep.; Loma Rucilla, Pico del Yaque, 8,000-
10,000 feet, June 1938, (Darlington)

Pensacola peckhami spec. nov.
Figures 83, 85, 86

Male. Length, 4.5 mm., ceph. 2.5 mm. long, 1.8 mm. Avide, abd-
2.0 mm.

Cephalothorax chestnut-brown, darker about eyes, pale about thor-
acic groove, with a faint median pale stripe to posterior margin, lateral
margins on thoracic portion covered with white scales, cephalic portion
high, a faint recurved depression between dorsal eyes, thoracic groove
short, thoracic portion first slopes gradually, then abruptly to posterior
margin; eye area flat, covers about two-fifths of carapace, anterior row
recurved by upper margins, a.m.e. almost touching, a. I.e. less than a
radius of a.m.e. and separated from them by a radius of a. I.e., white
scales between a.m.e. and on upper margins a row of long bristles with
a few orange-red scales, small eyes midway between first and third
rows, p. I.e. convex, subequal with a. I.e. and raised from carapace on
extreme margin; quadrangle not as wide behind as in front; chjpcus re-

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 51

• >

treating, and almost wanting below a.m.e., with a fringe of very long
white hairs on margin and a group of three long bristles below a.m.e.;
mandibles pale brown, two-thirds as long as carapace, median margin
parallel for basal half, distal half slightly excavate and concave,
median tooth starts at excavation and almost reaches fang groove,
long, sharp and directed slightly outward, tooth on exterior margin
rather small and inconspicuous, below the long median tooth a small
chitinized cusp very near fang groove, fang groove horizontal, superior
margin with two contiguous teeth at median margin, followed by a
granulate carina to base of fang, inferior margin with one long sharp
tooth directed towards the median margin and a short carina from base
of fang, fang little longer than groove, distal half slender; labium pale
brown, longer than wide, with distal half much narrowed; maxillae
half as long again as labium, distal half widened to form a lobe, so that
width almost equals length, lateral margins prolonged in a slight
tooth; sternum pale, convex, two-thirds as wide as long, anteriorly
little wider than labium, lateral margins almost parallel, bluntly
rounded in front of IV coxae; abdomen oval, sides dull brown, a pale
median stripe, narrow at base and much wider at posterior half with
indistinct chevrons, entire dorsum covered with small white iridescent
scales and a few long hairs, venter pale with opening of posterior spir-
acle marked by a faintly chitinized line; legs, 4-3-1-2, I pair heaviest,
brown, femur flattened laterally, constricted at distal quarter with a
fringe of long black hairs on retrolateral margin, patella flattened dor-
sally with a thin ventral brush of black hairs, tibia a darker brown
with a thin ventral fringe of short black hairs, metatarsus and tarsus
paler, spines, patella, prolateral, 1, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, middle spine
on inner row about length of spine from apical spine, spine on outer
row nearer the middle, basal pair small, prolateral, 1, retrolateral, 3,
metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, basal pair as long as joint, prolateral, 2,
retrolateral, 2, II pair brown, spines, patella, lateral, 1-1, tibia, ven-
tral, 2-2, lateral, 2-2, III and IV pairs with numerous spines, patellae,
lateral, 1-1, tibiae with dorsal basal spine, metatarsi with distal and
median whorls; palpus not as long as cephalothorax, femur curved,
basal half dark, distal half with patella and tibia white, from above,
patella and tibia the same length, each with lateral fringes of long
white hairs, tibial apophysis as long as diameter of joint, terminal joint
longer than tibia, bulb protrudes slightly from cavity, embolus a
curved dark spine at tip.

Female. Length, 5.0 mm., ceph. 2.5 mm., abd. 2.7 mm.

Cephalothorax darker than in male but with the same pale median

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stripe with white and orange scales; eyes same as in male; mandibles
dark brown, vertical, convex, with no indications of teeth on either
median or exterior margin, fang groove horizontal and short, superior
margin with two contiguous teeth and no carina, inferior margin with
a large bicuspid tooth with longer edge nearer base of fang, fang as
long as groove; labium as in male; maxillae one and a half times as
long as labium, distal half widened but not extended in a lobe ; sternum
as in male; abdomen with the same markings as in male, no chitinized
line over opening of posterior spiracle; legs, 4-3-1-2, brown, all joints
with faint apical and basal dark rings, spines, I pair same as in male,
II pair, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, not opposite or equal, III and IV pairs,
same as on male; palpi with the same joints white as in the male;
epigynum, a pair of oval depressions, separated by a very narrow sep-
tum, in each depression an oval sac beneath the skin from which a
convoluted tube leaves posterior end.

Holotype d" Dom. Rep.; Cordillera Central, Loma Rucilla Moun-
tains, 5,000-8,000 feet, June 1938, (Darlington)

Allotype 9 Dom. Rep.; Cordillera Central, Loma Rucilla Moun-
tains, 5,000-8,000 feet, June 1938, (Darlington)

Paratypes 2d71 Dom. Rep.; Loma Rucilla Mountains, June 1938,
(Darlington)

Paratype cf Dom. Rep.; Cordillera Central, Constanza, 3,000-
4,000 feet, August 1938, (Darlington) *

Phidippus C. L. Koch 1846
Phidippus regius C. L. Koch
Figures 87, 92
Phidippus regius C. L. Koch, 1846, 13, p. 146, pi. 454, fig. 1203 " 9 Cuba"

Male. Length, 12.0 mm., ceph. 6.4 mm. long, 4.9 mm. wide, abd.
6.5 mm.

Cepkalothorax dark brown, ocular area paler, entire carapace covered
with short black hairs, most numerous on thoracic slope, cephalic
portion high, widest in eye area, thoracic groove very short, in a de-
pression between dorsal eyes, thoracic slope falls sharply on posterior
half; eyes, anterior row recurved, so that upper margins of a.m.e.
and lower margins of a. I.e. almost form a straight line, cover about
three-quarters of anterior margin, a.m.e. separated by about a third
of a diameter, a. I.e. less than a radius of a.m.e. and separated from
them by a diameter of a. I.e., small eyes one-third nearer first than

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 515

third row, dorsal eyes on strong dark tubercles and larger than a. I.e.;
quadrangle wider behind than in front; clypeus about a radius of a.m.e.
below a.m.e.; mandibles vertical, flat, corrugated, a brilliant iridescent
green, shading to violet, median margin divergent, with a swelling
above the base of the fang, fang groove strongly oblique, superior
margin with two contiguous teeth, near median margin, tooth nearer
base of fang larger, inferior margin excavate near base of fang, one
large tooth opposite teeth on upper margin, fang slightly longer than
groove, from a heavy base and evenly tapering; labium longer than
wide; maxillae almost twice as long as labium, with upper outer corner
prolonged in a distinct point; sternum dull brown, with many long
hairs, little wider than labium at anterior end, ending in an obtuse
point in front of IV coxae, a distinct lobe raised above the sternum
opposite III coxae; abdomen oval, with many long black hairs, basal
band of white scales short, not extending on sides, a large triangular
spot of white scales about the middle, followed by a pair of widely
separated white bars midway to spinnerets, venter a solid black, cov-
ered with short black hairs; legs, 1-4-2-3, I pair enlarged, femur later-
ally compressed, femur and tibia dark with a heavy brush of dark
hairs, distal half of metatarsus dark, patella nearly as long as tibia,
femur with a dorsal crest of black hairs and a ventral brush, patella
pale brown with a scant prolateral fringe of long white hairs and a
scant retrolateral brush of dark hairs, tibia brown, with a thick ventral
brush of black hairs, heaviest on prolateral side, and a few black hairs
on dorsal side, metatarsus brown with a scant fringe of long white
hairs and many white scales, spines difficult to see because of hairs,
patella, prolateral, 1, tibia impossible to see spines, metatarsus, ven-
tral, 2-2, distal and median, II pair much smaller than I pair, fringes
same except no white hairs or scales on metatarsus, patella, no spines,
posterior pairs with many dark hairs on femora and tibiae, metatarsi
pale, spines, III patella, no spine, IV patella, retrolateral, 1, tibiae, no
dorsal basal spine; palpus shorter than cephalothorax, brown with
many dark hairs, terminal joint darker, seen from above patella longer
than tibia, tibial apophysis a small dark sharp, incurving hook, cym-
bium flattened at tip, but with no circle of spicules, bulb large, extend-
ing on tibia to patella, embolus a very short dark point at tip, of the
same type as Phidippus audax but much smaller.

cf Dom. Rep. ; Puerto Plata, July- August 1941, (D. Hurst)
cf Dom. Rep. ; Villa Altagracia, July 1938, (Darlington)
Phidippus regius was described from a female from Cuba. It belongs
to the section of the genus best known by audax Hentz. The two are

516 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

very much alike but probably are not found in the same locality. P.
regius is much smaller than specimens of audax found in ths south, and
in the specimens seen, have a prolateral spine on the first patella.
This is missing in audax. In the palpus, the embolus of regius is stouter
and shorter.

Plexippus C. L. Koch 1850
Plexippus paykulli (Audouin)

Attus paykulli Audouin, in Savigny, Descr. Egypte, Nat. Hist,, 1827, 1, p. 272

"cf Egypte"
Plexippus paykulli Banks, 1903, p. 341.

9 s Dom. Rep.; Puerto Plata, July 1941, (D. Hurst).

Siloca Simon 1902

SlLOCA ELECTA Spec. llOV.

Figures 89, 90, 91

Male. Length, 4.5 mm., ceph. 2.6 mm. long, 1.8 mm. wide, abd.

2.0 mm.

Cephuloihorax pale brown, with a vague median paler stripe from
groove to posterior margin, darker about the eyes, ocular area and
thoracic slope with small white, iridescent scales which shade from
white to green in changing lights, cephalic portion high, sides vertical
and parallel, eye area flat, a short transverse depression posterior to
dorsal eyes from which starts the short thoracic groove, thoracic por-
tion slopes gradually from groove and then falls rapidly to posterior
margin; eyes, anterior row only slightly recurved by upper margins,
with a fringe of yellowish scales and a row of long hairs above, a.m.e.
separated by over a line, a. I.e. about a radius of a.m.e. and separated
from them by a radius of a.l.e., small eyes nearer third row than to
first, dorsal eyes on extreme margin of carapace, convex and slightly
larger than a.l.e.; quadrangle of eyes slightly narrower behind than in
front; clypeus less than a radius of a.m.e. and covered with long, soft
white hairs; mandibles vertical, dark brown, shining, with no hairs or
scales, both margins parallel until near the tip, front covered with a
sheath that extends beyond mandible almost to fang groove, fang
groove horizontal, superior margin with two contiguous teeth at
median edge, inferior margin with one fissident tooth opposite teeth
on upper margin, fang with a thick base; labium longer than wide, tip
rebordered, and about half as wide as at base; maxillae not twice as

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 517

long as labium, almost parallel, distal half dilate, so that width at tip
is fully two-thirds length; sternum dark brown with a violet iridescence,
more than half as wide as long, narrowed between I coxae and pointed
between IV coxae; coxae II, III and IV dark brown with a violet
iridescence; abdomen oval, widest at posterior half, basal half brown,
indented about the middle and continued as a pair of widely separated
dark stripes, middle area pale, four short parallel dark cross bars
above spinnerets, sides dark and covered with coarse black hairs,
venter black from fold, posterior spiracle covered by a straight trans-
verse chitinized fold with a finely serrate edge, almost the width of the
abdomen and twice the width of the spinnerets, spinnerets closely
grouped and superior pair very slender; legs, 4-3-1-2, not varying
greatly in length, I pair, femur dark brown, shading to an iridescent
violet, flattened laterally, dorsal ridge with a crest of colorless hairs
on basal half, also flattened ventrally with area depressed and an
iridescent violet, with a distinct lateral and basal carina and a retro-
lateral fringe of long colorless hairs, patella and tarsus pale, tibia and
metatarsus brown with many short dark hairs, spines, all patellae with
1 prolateral spine, I pair, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, prolateral, 2, area be-
tween ventral spines with many black hairs, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2,
prolateral, 2, opposite ventral spines, II pair, femur same as I pair but
ventral fringe is longer, other joints pale yellow, spines, ventral, 2
apical, lr-lr, prolateral, 3 not in line, retrolateral, 2, metatarsus,
ventral, 2-2, prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 2, lateral spines opposite ven-
tral, III and IV pairs, all joints pale, femora with dorsal and lateral
small white scales that shade to an iridescent green in changing lights,
ventral surface with a mass of black hairs on basal two-thirds, heavier
on IV pair, many spines, a dorsal basal spine on tibiae, III and IV
tibiae shorter than metatarsi, III metatarsus with apical and sub-
median whorls, IV metatarsus with apical, submedian and basal
whorls; palpus short, about half as long as cephalothorax, femur and
patella snowy white, seen from above, tibia a little shorter than patella,
tibia a dull yellow with many long hairs, especially on ventral side,
tibial apophysis about as long as diameter of joint, and projecting at an
angle, terminal joint small, not as long as tibia plus patella, bulb ex-
tends on tibia as a large lobe, embolus at tip in a spiral curve.

Female. Length, 6.4 mm., ceph. 2.7 mm. long, 2.1 mm. wide, abd.
3.4 mm.

Cephalothorax dark brown, with a median pale stripe from thoracic
groove to margin, wide lateral pale stripes from above II coxae to
margin, with a few white scales on posterior half of stripes, a few white

518 BULLETIN: -MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

scales below lateral eyes and in ocular area, cephalic portion high,
ocular area flat, recurved depression between dorsal eyes with a short
thoracic groove, thoracic portion slopes rapidly to posterior margin a
short distance from groove ; eyes same as in male ; clypeus about a line
below a.m.e., no white hairs as in male but a fringe on margin; man-
dibles brown, vertical, no shield, sides parallel, fang groove oblique,
superior margin with two contiguous teeth, inferior margin with a
fissident tooth, end nearer fang base longer, fang with a heavy base,
evenly curved; labium longer than wide; maxillae, tips widened but no
lobe as in male; sternum pale, narrowed between I coxae; abdomen
oval, with a pale median stripe from base to spinnerets, stripe narrower
at base with irregular margins, sides darker, venter pale; legs, 4-3-1-2,
anterior pairs heavier, pale, all joints with dark rings, most conspicuous
on tibiae and metatarsi, spines, I pair, patella, prolateral, 1, tibia,
ventral, 2-2-2, prolateral, 3, not in line, retrolateral, 1, metatarsus,
ventral, 2-2, prolateral, 2, retrolateral, 2, II pair, patella, lateral, 1-1,
tibia, ventral, 2-2, lr, prolateral, 3, metatarsus, ventral, 2-2, pro-
lateral, 2, retrolateral, 2, posterior pairs, patellae, lateral, 1-1, tibiae,
dorsal basal spine, metatarsi, apical and basal whorls; palpi pale, with
a dark spot at tip of patella and tibia; epigynum, area wider than long
with chitinized margins, divided by a narrow septum, openings elon-
gate diagonal ovals at base of depressed area, below are sacs and tubes
beneath the skin vaguely outlined.

Holotype cf Dom. Dep.; rain forest near Valle Nuevo, Cordillera
Central, 6,000 feet, August 1938, (Darlington)

Allotype 9 Dom. Rep.; Loma Rucilla Mountains, 5,000-8,000
feet, June 1938, (Darlington)

Paratypes 3c? Dom. Rep.; rain forest near Valle Nuevo, 6,000 feet,
August 1938, (Darlington)

Paratypes 3d" Dom. Rep.; Loma Viega, 6,000 feet, south of Con-
stanza, August 1938, (Darlington)

Paratypes c? 9 Dom. Rep.; Loma Rucilla Mountains, 5,000-
8,000 feet, June 1938, (Darlington)

Siloca electa has several rather unusual characters. The mandibles
have a sheath-like surface that is unlike anything seen in the family, and
the chitinized lip over the opening of the spiracle is larger and more
conspicuous than any found, even in Haitian species. The anterior
femora with the ventral surface iridescent and surrounded by a carina
is not often seen. The retrolateral fringe on the first pair of legs^ is
colorless but the other legs have fringes of black hairs and the entire
ventral surface of the posterior pairs is covered with black hairs.

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAN SPIDERS 519

Wallaba Mello-Leitao 1940
Wallaba decora spec. nov.
Fig 88

Male. Length, 5.0 mm., ceph. 2.5 mm. long, 1.7 mm. wide, abd.
2.5 mm.

Cephalothorax dark brown, eye area black, scattered white scales
between second and third eye row and on lateral thoracic slopes,
cephalic portion rather high, sides sloping out, margin below small
eyes and posterior eyes with many short black hairs directed forward,
so carapace is widest at that point, recurved transverse depression
between dorsal eyes, thoracic groove posterior to p.l.e., posterior por-
tion only a little lower than cephalic for half its length, then it falls
abruptly to margin; eyes, anterior row strongly recurved by upper
margins, eyes equidistant, a.l.e. more than a radius of a.m.e., a thick
fringe of short black hairs above eyes, small eyes midway between
first and third rows, dorsal eyes subequal to a.l.e. and on margin of
carapace, but lateral margin much wider at that point; quadrangle
slightly narrower behind ; clypeus dark brown, with no hairs or scales,
vertical, more than a radius of a.m.e.; mandibles dark brown, rather
small, anterior surface flat, no hairs or scales, iridescent, cone-shaped,
fang groove very short, superior margin with two contiguous teeth
near median edge, inferior margin with one small sharp tooth, fang
short with a thick base; labium brown, slightly longer than wide;
maxillae about one and a half times as long as labium, tips widened
with a small lobe or tooth on upper outer corner; sternum pale brown,
three-fourths as wide as long, anteriorly little wider than labium and
broadly rounded in front of IV coxae, IV coxae touching; abdomen
oval, a dull brown with paler muscle spots, and six pale chevrons on
posterior half, in life probably entire dorsum covered with small iri-
descent scales as a few remain about base and sides, scattered long
dark hairs, venter pale with three vague gray stripes from fold to
spinnerets, a short dark line over opening of posterior spiracle; legs,
1-4-3-2, not differing greatly in length, anterior pairs heavier than
posterior, all joints with small black hairs and very small white iri-
descent scales, I pair heaviest, femur, tibia and metatarsus pale brown,
patella and tarsus paler, femur flattened laterally and on ventral distal
half of retrolateral margin a fringe of long white hairs and shorter
dark hairs and on prolateral margin a crest of dark short hairs, spines,
patella, 0, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, middle pair longest, prolateral, 1, retro-
lateral, 1, both on distal third, joint with fine shcrt hairs, thickest on

520 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

prolateral side but hardly enough to call a fringe, metatarsus, ventral,
2-2-2, basal pair very long, prolateral, 1, retrolateral, 1, both very
short and opposite distal pair, II pair paler than I pair, spines, patella,
prolateral, 1, tibia, ventral, 2-2-2, prolateral, 3, not in line, retro-
lateral, 2, metatarsus, same as I pair, III and IV pairs pale, spines,
patellae, lateral, 1-1, tibiae with small dorsal basal spine, ventral,
1 long, median spine, metatarsi, apical whorl of 4 spines; palpus shorter
than cephalothorax, femur pale yellow, patella seen from above
slightly longer than tibia, both joints white, cymbium brown, with a
retrolateral crest of short white hairs, tibial apophysis almost as long
as diameter of joint, slender and pressed close to cymbium, cymbium
longer than patella plus tibia, bulb extends on tibia and embolus a
spiral curve at tip.

Holotype <? Haiti; Kenskoff, 5.000-7,000 feet, September 1934,
(Darlington)

Paratype d1 Haiti; La Visite, 6,000-7,000 feet, 16-23 September
1934, (Darlington)

It is with some hesitation that this species is placed in the genus
Wallaba, as the eyes of the second row are midway between the first
and third rows, instead of very near the third row. However, both
have the unusual character of three pairs of spines beneath the anterior
metatarsi and the first pair of legs longest. Wallaba decora undoubtedly
belongs with Cybele albipalpis Peckham, 1901, from Jamaica, as this
species has three pairs of ventral spines on the anterior metatarsi, sim-
ilar fringes on the first pair of legs but a group of bristles behind the
a. I.e., instead of the dark bristles on the lateral margin between the
first and second coxae. It does not belong to Compsodecta Simon,
where it has been placed by some authors.

BRYANT: HISPANIOLAX SPIDERS 521

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Audouin, V.

1827. Explicat. sommaire des pis. d'arachnides. In Savigny, Descript. de
1'Egypte, Nat. Hist,, 1, pt. 4.

Banks, Nathan

1903. A List of Arachnida from Hayti, with descriptions of New Species.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, pp. 340-345, pi. 15.

Bryant, Elizabeth B.

1940. Cuban Spiders in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bull.

Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard, 86, pp. 249-533, pis. 1-22.
1942. Notes on the Spiders of the Virgin Islands. Ibid., 89, pp. 317-363,

pis. 1-3.

COCKERELL, T. D. A.

1893. A New Jamaica Spider. Journ. Inst, Jamaica, 1, p. 221.

Dufour, Leon

1831. Descript, et figures de quelques. Arachn. nouv. ou mal connus.
Ann. Sci. Nat., 22, pp. 355-371, pis. 10, 11.

Keyserling, Graf Eugen von

1884. Neue Spinnen aus Amerika. VI, Verh, k.k. zool.-bot. Gesell.
Wien, 34, pp. 489-534, pi. 13.

Koch, C. L.

1846. Die Arachniden, etc., vol. 13.

Peckham, G. E. and E. G.

1885. On some New Genera and Species of Attidae from the eastern part
of Guatemala. Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Wise, pp. 62-86, pi. 2.

1892. Ant-like Spiders of the Family Attidae. Occ. Pap. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Wise, 2, pp. 1-83, pis. 1-7.

1894. Spiders of the Marptusa Group of the Family Attidae. Ibid., 2,
pp. 85-156, pis. 8-14.

1901. On Spiders of the Family Attidae found in Jamaica. Proc. Zool.

Soc. London, pp. 6-16, pis. 2-4.
1909. Revision of the Attidae of North America. Trans. Wise. Acad.

Sci., 16, pp. 355-646, pis. 29-51.

Peckham, G. W. and Wheeler, W. M.

1889. Spiders of the Sub-family Lyssomanes. Trans. Wise Acad. Sci.,
7, pp. 221-256, pis. 11, 12.

Petrunkevitch, Alexander

1911. A Synonymic Index-Catalogue of Spiders of North, Central, and
South America, etc. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, 29,
pp. 1-791.

522 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Simon, Eugene

1888. Descriptions d'especes et de genre nouveaux de PAmerique centrale

et des Antilles. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 8, pp. 203-222.
1900. Descriptions d'Arachnides nouveaux de la famille des Attidae.

Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, 44, pp. 381-407.
1892-1903. Histoire Naturelle des Araignees. 2nd. edition, Paris, vol. 2,

fasc. 3, 1901, pp. 381-668, figs. 385-792; fasc. 4, 1903, pp. 669-

1080, figs. 793-1122.

PLATES

PLATE 1

Bkyant — Hispaniolan Spiders

PLATE 1

Fig. 1. Agobardus anormalis Keys., male cephalothorax.
Fig. 2. Agobardus anormalis Keys., male, left mandible.
Fig. 3. Agobardus anormalis Keys., left palpus, ventral view.
Fig. 4. Agobardus anormalis Keys., epigynum.

Fig. 5. Agobardus anormalis var. montanus Bryant, male, left mandible,
ventral view.

Fig. 6. Agobardus brevitarsus Bryant, male, mandibles, ventral view.
Fig. 7. Agobardus obscurus Bryant, male, right mandible, ventral view.
Fig. 8. Agobardus brevitarsus Bryant, right palpus, ventral view.
Fig. 9. Agobardus perpilosus Bryant, left palpus, ventral view.
Fig. 10. Agobardus perpilosus Bryant, male, left mandible, ventral view.
Fig. 11. Agobardus brevitarsus Bryant, epigynum.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Bryant. Hispaniolan Spiders. Plate 1

^f'^^^^.f^

PLATE 2

Bryant — Hispaniolan Spiders

Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig
Fig

PLATE 2

12. Amycus cambridgei Bryant, left palpus, prolateral view.

13. Amycus cambridgei Bryant, epigynum.

14. Antillattus gracilis Bryant, left palpus, prolateral view.

15. Antillattus placidus Bryant, male, ventral view of mouth parts.

16. Amycus cambridgei Bryant, male, dorsal view.

17. Amycus cambridgei Bryant, female, ventral view of mouth parts.

18. Antillattus gracilis Bryant, male, left mandible, front view.

19. Amycus cambridgei Bryant, male, ventral view of mouth parts.

20. Antillattus gracilis Bryant, male, left mandible, ventral view.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Bryant. Hispaniolan Spiders. Plate 2

PLATE 3

Bryant — Hispaniolan Spiders

PLATE 3

Fig. 21-. Bythocrotus cephalotes (Simon), left palpus, prolateral view.

Fig. 22. Commons modesta Bryant, male, left mandible, ventral view.

Fig. 23. Commons modesta Bryant, left palpus, ventral view.

Fig. 24. Bythocrotus cephalotes (Simon), epigynum.

Fig. 25. Bythocrotus cephalotes (Simon), left palpus, ventral view.

Fig. 26. Compsodecta haytiensis (Banks), left palpus, prolateral view.

Fig. 27. Corythalia elegantissima (Simon), left palpus, prolateral view.

Fig. 28. Compsodecta haytiensis (Banks), male, mandibles, front view.

Fig. 29. Compsodecta peckhami Bryant, male, ventral view of mouth parts.

Fig. 30. Corythalia elegantissima (Simon), palpus, ventral view.

Fig. 31. Compsodecta peckhami Bryant, male, right mandible, ventral view.

Fig. 32. Compsodecta haytiensis (Banks), male, ventral view of mouth parts.

Fig. 33. Compsodecta haytiensis (Banks), epigynum.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL

Bryant. Hispaniolan Spiders. Plate 3

PLATE 4

Bryant — Hispaniolan Spiders

PLATE 4

Fig. 34. Descanso formosus Bryant, left palpus, ventral view.

Fig. 35. Compsodecta peckhami Bryant, left palpus, prolateral view.

Fig. 36. Descanso magnus Bryant, epigynum.

Fig. 37. Corythalia locuples (Simon), left palpus, ventral view.

Fig. 38. Corythalia locuples (Simon), left tibial apophysis.

Fig. 39. Dinattus heros Bryant, left palpus, ventral view.

Fig. 40. Descanso montanus Bryant, left palpus, prolateral view.

Fig. 41. Descanso formosus Bryant, male, dorsal view.

Fig. 42. Parathiodina compta Bryant, left palpus, prolateral view.

Fig. 43. Corythalia locuples (Simon), epigynum.

Fig. 44. Corythalia elegantissima (Simon), epigynum.

Fig. 45. Parathiodina compta Bryant, left palpus, ventral view.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Bryant. Hispaniolan Spiders. Plate 4

UUiliUJ-U

PLATE 5

Bryant — Hispaniolan .Spiders

Fig. 46.
Fig. 47.

ig. 48.

ig. 49.

ig. 50.

ig. 51.

ig. 52.

;. 53.

54.

55.

F
F

F
F
F

PLATE 5

Dinattus minor Bryant, male, front view.
Dinattus heros Bryant, epigynum.
Nebridia manni Bryant, left palpus, ventral view.
Metacyrba pictipes Banks, left palpus, ventral view.
Dinattus heros Bryant, male, front view.
Dinattus erebus Bryant, epigynum.
Dinattus minor Bryant, male, cephalothorax.
Descanso formosus Bryant, epigynum.
Dinattus heros Bryant, male, cephalothorax.
Dinattus minor Bryant, left palpus, ventral view.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Bryant. Hispaniolan Spiders. Plate o

PLATE 6

Bryant — Hispaniolan Spiders

PLATE 6

Fig. 56. Metaphidippus prudens (Peckham), left palpus, ventral view.

Fig. 57. Metaphidippus prudens (Peckham), left palpus, tibial apophysis.

Fig. 58. Oningis crassus Bryant, left palpus, prolateral view.

Fig. 59. Pensacola electa Bryant, male, mandibles, front view.

Fig. 60. Oningis crassus Bryant, male, mandibles, front view.

Fig. 61. Nebridia manni Bryant, epigynum.

Fig. 62. Nebridia mendica Bryant, male, cephalothorax.

Fig. 63. Metaphidippus prudens (Peckham), epigynum.

Fig. 64. Nebridia manni Bryant, male, cephalothorax.

Fig. 65. Nebridia mendica Bryant, left palpus, prolateral view.

Fig. 66. Nebridia manni Bryant, male, mandibles, ventral view.

Fig. 67. Oningis crassus Bryant, epigynum.

Fig. 68. Parahentzia mandibulata Bryant, left mandible, front view.

Fig. 69. Parahentzia mandibulata Bryant, left palpus, prolateral view.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Bryant. Hispaniolan Spiders. Plate 6

y \/^J{,'i,i.,,i,/,/'Jwv

\V',"« •' ' ' '/ '<'■ ' ''" I

K_£_ i i i' • i I '

/ m ',',

PLATE 7

Bryant — Hispaniolan Spiders

PLATE 7

Fig. 70. Oningis armatus Bryant, left palpus, prolateral view.

Fig. 71 . Parahentzia mandibulata Bryant, male, ventral view of mouth parts

Fig. 72. Pensacola darlingtoni Bryant, male, front view of mandibles.

Fig. 73. Oningis armatus Bryant, epigynum.

Fig. 74. Pensacola darlingtoni Bryant, left palpus, ventral view.

Fig. 75. Pensacola electa Bryant, epigynum.

Fig. 76. Pensacola darlingtoni Bryant, male, ventral view of mouth parts.

Fig. 77. Pensacola electa Bryant, male, ventral view of mouth parts.

Fig. 78. Pensacola maxillosa Bryant, male, front view of mandibles.

Fig. 79. Pensacola maxillosa Bryant, male, ventral view of mouth parts.

Fig. 80. Pensacola maxillosa Bryant, female, ventral view of mandibles.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Bryant. Hispaniolan Spiders. Plate 7

PLATE 8

Bryant — Hispaniolan Spiders

PLATE 8

Fig. 81. Pensacola montana Bryant, male, mandibles, front view.

Fig. 82. Pensacola montana Bryant, male, ventral view of mouth parts.

Fig. 83. Pensacola peckhami Bryant, male, mandibles, front view.

Fig. 84. Pensacola maxillosa Bryant, epigynum.

Fig. 85. Pensacola peckhami Bryant, male, ventral view of mouth parts.

Fig. 86. Pensacola peckhami Bryant, epigynum.

Fig. 87. Phidippus regius Koch, left tibial apophysis.

Fig. 88. Wallaba decora Bryant, left palpus, ventral view.

Fig. 89. Siloca electa Bryant, epigynum.

Fig. 90. Siloca electa Bryant, left palpus, ventral view.

Fig. 91. Siloca electa Bryant, male, opening of posterior spiricle.

Fig. 92. Phidippus regius Koch, left palpus, ventral view.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

Bryant. Hispaniolan Spiders. Plate 8

196

71 270S C 70 1

-1

Date Due

ACME
BOOKBINDING CO., INC.

NOV 2 9 1983

100 CAMBRIDGE STREET
CHARLESTOWN. MASS.

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